Flags  of  the  World 


BY 

BYRON  McCANDLESS 

l.U>iilt'njiit-C'<»nini.iiuU'r  V.  S.  N.i\y 
\NI> 

GILBERT   GROSVENOR 


With    ll'»7   lla<:s   in    1  nil   Colors 
300   AdiiitioiKiI    liiiistr.itions    in    Bl;u  k    .in. I    Wliiti- 


PlBLIsin.l)  ii\    I  m.  N  \  I  lON.M.  t.KOt.KAlMllc:  MJI.IKTY 

\\  ASHINCJTON.  n.  C. 

I  .  S.  A. 


ii)llillillllilllilllllllllllliillliiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiini;iiiii:iiiii!!iiiii 


a-ic^^y- 


\    ■ 


Copyright  by  the 
National  Geographic  Society 


Washinc.ton 

Prkss  oi-  Judd  &:  Detwku.kr,   Inc. 

1917 


THE    WHITE    HOUSE 

WA  S  H  INOTO  N 


14  December,  1917 


My  dear  Mr.  Grosvenor: 

The  Flag  Niimber  of  the  National 
Geographic  Ifegazine  is  indeed  most  interest- 
ing and  most  valuable.   I  sincerely  congratu- 
late you  on  the  thoroughness  and  intelligence 
with  which  the  work  has  heen  done.   It  consti- 
tutes a  very  valuable  document  indeed. 

Cordially  and  sincerely  yours, 
A. 


Mr.  Gilbert  H.  Grosvenor,  Director, 
National  Geographic  Society. 


THE    SECRETARY  OF   THE   NAVY, 

V/ASHINGTON. 

Deoemter  3,  1917 
My  dear  Mr.  Srosvenor: 

I  wish  to  congratulate  and  thank  you  for  the  magnificent 
Flag  Number  of  the  Rational  Geographic  Magazine.   It  had  for  me  a  per- 
sonal as  well  as  a  national  interest,  because  during  the  weeks  that 
Lieutenant  Commander  Byron  McCandless  was  busy  in  the  preparation  of  the 
articles  and  the  flags  which  adorn  the  magazine  I  caught  something  of 
the  spirit  of  enthusiasm  and  patriotism  which  marked  the  delightful  la- 
bor which  he  brought  to  the  study  and  preparation  of  what  is  truly  an 
historic  number-   To  have  given  to  the  people  a  beautiful  Flag  Number 
at  any  time  would  have  been  in  keeping  with  the  educational  service  which 
the  National  Geographic  Magazine  has  long  rendered  to  the  American  pub- 
lic. To  have  given  this  service  at  this  time,  when  the  Flag  means  more 
to  us  than  ever  before  in  our  history,  and  when  millions  of  young  men  are 
responding  cheerfully  to  its  call  because  of  the  principles  it  symbolizes, 
your  Flag  Number  may  be  truly  said  to  be  a  contribution  to  the  victory 
which  will  he  won  under  the  inspiration  of  the  ideals  which  the  Flag  em- 
bodies. 

Sincerely  yours, 

Mr.  Gilbert  H.  Grosvenor,  Editor, 
The  National  Geographic  Ivlagazine, 
Washington,  D.  C 

THE  SECRETARY  or  WAR. 
WASHINGTON. 

Jlecember  12,  1917 
My  dear  Mr.  Grosvenor; 

1  am  very  glad  to  have  the  second  copy  of  the  Flag  Issue  of 
the  National  Geographic  Magazine  which  you  v/ere  good  enough  to  send 
me,  the  first  having  already  reached  me  at  my  home,  and  I  wish  to  thank 
you  on  behalf  of  ray  associates  in  the  War  department  for  the  Society's 
generous  offer  to  present  a  special  edition  of  5000  copies  of  the  mag- 
azine for  the  use  of  the  men  in  the  Army. 

This  issue  is  not  only  of  general  interest,  as  all  the  issues 
of  the  magazine  are,  but  of  permanent  value  for  reference,  and  of  par- 
ticular usefulness  to  the  men  in  the  military  service  of  the  United 
States  at  this  tine. 

With  best  v. ishes  and  renewed  thanks,  I  am 

Cordially  yours. 


Mr.  Gilbert  H.  Grosvenor,  Editor, 

The  National  Geographic  Magazine, 
Washington.  D.  C. 


M'Kl". 

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thp:  fla(^  book 


FLAGS  >ymb<)li/c  the  iiohlc  aspira- 
tions and  gl(irii>iis  adiievonK'tits  of 
tlic  human  race;  they  ci)it(>inizc  the 
romance  of  history;  tliey  incarnate  the 
chivalry  of  the  a.LCes. 

Their  oris^in  is  divinity  itself ;  for  w  hen, 
at  the  be},'innin_<j  of  recorded  time,  Jeho- 
vah made  a  covenant  with  man,  i)rom- 
h'lng  that  never  aijain  would  He  send  the 
waters  to  cover  the  face  of  the  earth  and 
destroy  all  t1csh.  He  unfurled  the  first 
tiatf — the  niultihued  banner  of  the  rain- 
bow— which  He  set  in  the  clouds  as  a 
symbol  of  security  and  an  assurance  tti 
all  future  generations  of  His  watchful 
care. 

And  since  that  day  man  has,  in  his 
finite  way,  employed  his  earthly  banners 
as  emblems  of  faith,  of  hope,  and  of  his^h 
resolve. 

-Around  the  bits  of  varicolored  l)uut- 
incj  which  the  |hmi])1c  of  each  lanil  nom- 
inate as  a  national  tlai^,  there  cluster 
thouj^hts  of  loyalty,  of  patriotism,  and  of 
jH-rsoiial  sacrifice  which  have  enabled  the 
world  to  move  forward,  from  the  days 
when  each  individual  strui^ijled  for  him- 
.<;clf  alone,  like  other  wild  animals  of  i)lain 
and  mountain  side,  imtil,  through  com- 
numity  of  interests  ami  unity  of  ctTort, 
mankind  has  been  enabled  to  rear  the 
sjilendid  structure  of  twentieth  century 
civilization. 

When  the  savage  began  to  emerge  from 
his  isolation  and  took  the  first  steps  to- 
ward becoming  a  social  creature,  profit- 
ing by  association  and  cixiperation  with 
fellow  human  In-ing-,  one  of  his  first 
needs  was  a  siijn  or  a  svmlx)l  wherebv  he 


could  distinguish  during  primitive  battles, 
lietween  creatures  of  his  own  tribe  or 
family  and  those  of  enemy  tril)es.  .\ 
l)eculiar  type  of  club,  a  splotch  of  colored 
clay  on  the  bixly  nf  the  warrior,  and  later 
some  rude  device  on  his  clumsy  shield 
served  for  a  time  the  puqiose  of  insignia. 
F.ventually  these  bits  of  wood,  bodily 
ornamentation,  and  shield  signs  were  re- 
placed by  the  skins  (.if  animals  attached 
to  poles  so  that  they  might  be  held  high 
in  the  air  and  recognized  at  a  distance. 
I'rom  such  crude  beginnings  it  is  easy  to 
trace  the  evolution  of  the  flags  of  civil- 
ized man. 

Today,  while  it  i^  true  that  we  are 
thinking  of  the  flags  of  our  own  and  of 
other  nations  in  relation  to  sanguinary 
strife,  these  emblems  of  armies  and  navies 
have  a  deep  and  noble  significance  far 
removed  from  their  use  in  leading  men 
to  battle.  In  reality  llag>  are  the  bul- 
warks of  idealism. 

W    I.\SI'IR.\TI()\    To    nCRSONAL    SACKIIICK 

The  (lag  ei)itomizes  for  an  army  the 
high  i»rinci])les  for  which  it  strives  in 
battle.  Were  it  not  for  the  ideals  which 
it  keeps  ever  before  the  soldier  he  would 
be  iK'stialized  by  .slaughter.  It  keeps 
men's  motives  lofty  even  in  mortal  com- 
bat, making  them  forgetful  of  in-rsonal 
gain  and  of  per-onal  revenge,  but  eager 
for  personal  sacrifice  in  the  cause  of  the 
country  they  scr\T. 

With  full  realization  of  what  the  «torics 
of  the  flags  of  the  worhl  mean,  each  to 
its  own  |H.*ople.  and  with  the  belief  that 
.\mcricans    will    \k    insi)ired    by    imder- 


Xote:  The  pages  of  the  Flas  Hook  arc  numlicrcd  as  they  ap|>carcd  in  the  X.^Tion.xl  0»<>- 
CR.\PH1C  M.Vf.AZINE   (Xo.  4.  ^'l>l.  jj). 


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TUK  PRKSIUENT  Ol"  THE  IMTKl)  STATKS  ON'   ItOAKli  A   UARCK  WIIICII    FLir^   HIS  I'LAG 

AT   Tin:    liOVV    WHILE   TAKINC.    HIM    I'RO.M    THi:    ".M  AYIM.(I\VI:r"    TO 

THE   FLACSIIH'    (SEE  ALSO   I' AGE   324) 

The  President's  flag  (Xo.  2,  page  310)  is  one  of  the  most  diflicult  flags  to  make,  requir- 
ing the  labor  of  a  skilled  seamstress  for  an  entire  montli.  Every  detail  of  the  eagle,  each 
feather  and  each  scale,  must  lie  carefiilly  emliroidered.  ( )ii  two  days  of  tlie  year  the  ships  of 
the  American  Xavy  arc  ''fidl  (Iresstd,"  as  are  the  hattlcships  shown  here.  Those  occasions 
are  the  Fourth  of  July,  the  birthday  of  the  nation  itself,  and  the  Twenty-second  of  I'ebruary, 
the  birthday  of  him  who  will  ever  remain  lirst  in  the  hearts  of  his  countrynien.  To  "full- 
drcss  ship"  is  also  permissible  as  a  matter  of  international  courtesy,  when  in  foreign  ports, 
upon  the  occasion  of  the  visiuil  i-iiniiir\ '■;  n:itii>nal  holidays  or  in  honor  nf  the  presence  of 
their   men-of-war. 


Standing  and  appreciating  the  motives. the 
traditions,  and  the  .sentiments  wliich  have 
given  birth  to  these  varions  symliols  of 
sovereignty,  tlie  Xational  Gehc.r  m-hic 
Society  |)resents  this  work,  devoted  to 
the  flags  tif  ail  countries. 

In  the  present  world  strnggle,  in  which 
the  United  States  of  .\merica  is  now  en- 
gaged, we  of  this  land  hold  to  the  ideals 
re|>rescnted  in  the  history  and  the  promise 
of  the  Stars  and  Stripes — tlie  ideals  of 
life,  liberty,  and  the  pursuit  of  iiappiness 
.safegiia riled  for  all  m.-inkind. 

.And  thougii  many  must  fall  in  the 
achievement  of  those  ideals,  a  noble  and 
in)[>erishable  good  will  endnre  as  a  monu- 
ment to  their  sacrifice.  History  can  be- 
stow  tip<">n   such  soldiers  no  higher  en- 


comium than  that  of  Defenders  of  the 
Flag. 

In  presenting  i.n>7  Hags  in  accurate 
colors  and  design,  the  j)Iates  of  which 
were  utilized  tor  thi>  volume,  the  Society 
issiK'fl  the  most  expensive,  instructive, 
and  beautiful  numlxT  of  its  magazine  in 
the  history  of  periodical  literature. 

THE   niG  TASK  Ol-    .MAKING   THE   FL.VG 
MM  HER 

In  assembling  the  llags  of  the  world,  in 
choiising  the  correct  from  the  spurious 
designs,  and  in  mobilizing,  so  to  si>eak. 
the  Hag  lore  of  our  own  \nierica.  as  well 
as  in  the  research  which  has  made  it  |j<is- 
siblc  to  present  here  many  tlag*-  pregnant 
with  historic  associations,  the  Xational 


2Sj 


284 


THE  XATIOXAL  GEOGRAPHIC  SOCIETY 


Geographic  Socihtv  has  been  fortunate 
in  having  the  enthusiatic  cooperation  and 
active  professional  services  of  tlie  fore- 
most flag  expert  of  the  United  States 
Government  and  probably  the  leading  au- 
thority in  the  world  on  flag  usages  among 
maritime  nations  —  Lieut.  Commander 
Byron  AlcCandless,  of  the  United  States 
Xavy. 

I  ieut.  Commander  IMcCandless  was  the 
flag  officer  of  the  .Vmerican  fleet  at  \'era 
Cruz  in  1913,  and  in  the  performance  of 
his  duties  there  he  found  that  the  signal 
officers  and  enlisted  men  were  handi- 
capped in  their  work  by  the  non-existence 
of  a  flag  book.  Being  far  removed  from 
a  printing  establishment,  the  ingenious 
officer  met  the  condition  by  chiseling  flag 
plates  from  leaden  sheets  and  printing  in 
color  a  book  of  flags  with  a  hand-press  in- 
stalled on  the  flagship.  This  unique  pub- 
lication attracted  wide  attention  among 
naval  officers,  and  the  demand  for  copies 
of  the  work  became  so  great  that  the  im- 
provised flag  plates,  made  of  soft  metal, 
soon  wore  away. 

Lieut.  Commander  !McCandless  was  in- 
duced by  the  National  Geographic  So- 
ciety to  undertake,  with  the  consent  of 
the  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  the  assembling 
of  the  flags  of  the  world  for  this  volume. 
In  view  of  the  value  of  this  flag  material 
to  the  government,  the  Society  has  do- 
nated 3,000  copies  of  the  Flag  Book  to 
the  United  States  Navy  and  3,000  copies 
to  the  Army. 

In  addition  to  the  expert  services  of 
Lieut.  Commander  ]\IcCandless,  the  Ed- 
itor has  had  the  assistance  of  John  Oliver 
La  Gorce.  the  Associate  Editor ;  of  Wil- 
liam Joseph  Showalter,  Ralph  A,  Graves, 
Franklin  L,  Fisher,  and  other  members 
of  the  editorial  stafif  in  the  months  of 
research  work  necessary  to  secure  the 
historicallv  accurate  data  descriptive  of 
the  more  than  1,200  flags  in  colors  and 
in  black  and  white.  Thus,  through  such 
concerted  effort,  it  is  possible  to  present 
in  this  issue  the  most  complete  and  au- 
thoritative work  on  flags  ever  published. 
The  engraving  of  the  coats-of-arms  and 
devices  appearing  on  many  of  the  lian- 


ners  and  the  preparation  of  all  the  color 
plates  in  their  accurate  proportions,  as 
well  as  the  notable  achievement  in  rich 
color  printing,  have  been  accomplished 
through  the  mechanical  efficiency  and  ar- 
tistic cooperation  of  the  Beck  Engraving 
Company  of  Philadelphia,  In  the  proc- 
esses of  color  printing  it  was  necessary 
to  operate  the  presses  in  daylight  only, 
in  order  that  the  tints  and  shades  might 
be  kept  true  for  each  of  the  23,000.000 
pages  (^2  pages  of  color  in  each  of  more 
than  700,000  copies  of  the  Natioxal 
Gi:oGRAPHic  Magazine). 

The  Flag  Number  and  the  Flag  Book, 
like  all  the  other  issues  since  the  found- 
ing of  the  magazine  twenty-nine  years 
ago,  owe  their  attractive  typographical 
appearance  to  Messrs,  Judd  &  Detweiler, 
Inc.,  of  \\'ashington,  D.  C.  ■      ; 

THE   WORK  OF   PRINTING 

So  vast  has  grown  the  membership  of 
the  National  Geographic  Society  that 
one  finds  it  hard  to  realize  how  wide- 
sjjread  is  the  geographic  interest  it  has 
engendered  or  how  many  magazines  must 
be  printed  before  each  member  can  re- 
ceive his  or  her  copy.  Two  striking 
illustrations  of  the  Society's  numerical 
strength  have  come  home  to  the  Editor  in 
the  issuance  of  the  Flag  Numlier.  \\'ith 
one  of  tlie  largest  color  printing  ])lants 
in  America  engaged  in  producing  the  32 
pages  of  flags  in  colors,  it  took  75  work- 
ing day> — three  months — to  print  these 
alone. 

The  attention  of  the  reader  is  directed 
to  tile  little  vacant  spaces  after  flags  640 
and  666  respectively  (pages  350-331). 
These  blank  intervals  do  not  seem  to  be 
more  tlian  negligible ;  and  yet,  running 
through  the  entire  edition  of  the  Na- 
tional Gi;ograpiiiC  ^Magazine,  they  oc- 
cupy mure  than  700,000  square  inches  of 
sjiace,  or  1,728  pages.  Put  side  by  side 
the\-  would  form  a  ribbon  of  paper  twenty 
miles  long.  .       . 

Gilbert   Grosvenor, 

Editor  and  Director. 
Xiitiiiiia!  Gcoijirapliic  S(^cict\'. 


INDKX'   TO    ll..\c;S  AND    INSICNIA 

Siibjcci                                                                                                   lllii«lrallon  Text 

I'uije  i'uye 

African   (lags    :ir,4.  ;i:.r.,  :ir>N.  ;iii7  .'iTi' 

Army    iluKs  of   I'nlliHl   Statpa 3H  Ijos,  ;iot> 

A.sliiii    iliiKi    3ri4,  :t.'>.'i,  .'(.".s.  M(i7  :i7;;' 

Briiish  Kiiipirp  iiaKu  :irii>-auu  a*s 

Ausirullii aOJt  SJiU 

Uuiiihituii    i>f   raoaiUi    m\2  SHI 

Corri'trt   illfiu'usluns  of   I'nlti-il   Staten   flag 312  404 

I'orri'it    ilUpliiy   of    I'lillttl   Stnti'H    UuR mi4 

i:iiri>|n-iiu    iliiKs    .•t.vi.  :i.vs,  :iii7  .'17:;.  .'tss 

riiiKs   r.imuiis  111  Ami'rlraii   lilsiory ;(;is.  ;i;t'.i,  ;i|j  ;m 

licoKiapliy  uf  iiilililli'  uKi'M  tuUI  liy   llauM .'17ii  :tHS 

InslKnla   of   iinlformiKl   forces  of    I'lilirtl   States 4U-41!>  -Hit 

.Muk.is   of   till-    I'lac :iu4 

.Murliii-  t'orps   rhik's  of   Inlit'il  Slates ;!!."•  ;ii;i. : 

Nulliilial    (ictiKiaplilc    Society    tiai; :t:i.'i  :I4IW 

Naval    llaiis   of    llie   worlil ;H7.  :t."iO,  ;t."il  :iil'.< 

Navv    llaK'i   of    I'nltetl    StuteH :il.'>,  aiM.  :il!i  :il:i. 

l-aiiAuiiTlcan    IlaKS     :14:1.  :Hlt  .nil 

Stars  anil   Slrl|H>s,    lllsiury   of .'Ilo  '.iHii 

Stale    llatjs   of    Inlted   States :i-.:;i-:t.H  323 


in: 


111! 


I'hnlagraph  by  Uroirn  Drolhcrl 


SAIATING  THE  KI.AC  IN  SCIIOOI, 


The  saliito  to  the  fl.ii:  fosters  n  spirit  of  unity  and  loyalty  amonif  the  future  citizens  of 
the  land,  rcijardless  of  the  many  racial  slocks  imm  which  these  children  may  have  sprung. 
Happily,  educators  are  rapidly  appreciating  the  importance  of  such  outward  symlmls  and 
ceremonies,  and  it  is  hoped  that  the  time  is  at  hantl  when  such  patriotic  customs  will  be 
universally  adopted  in  our  puMic  and  private  schools. 


28s 


THK    SIORV    OF    JHK    AMI^KICAX    FLAG 

The  text  and  illustrations  of  this  Plag  Ninnhcr.  in  its  entiretw  are  (Protected  h\ 
copyright,  and  all  rights  are  reserved 


AS  IF  in  augury  of  that  perpetual 
peace  for  which  all  mankind  hopes 
L  as  the  outcome  of  the  world  war, 
immediately  following  the  entrance  of 
the  United  States  of  America  into  the 
great  struggle  to  secure  democracy  f<:>r 
all  peoples  and  freedom  from  the  menace 
of  militarism  for  all  nations,  the  Stars 
and  Stripes  were  received  gratefully  and 
reverently  into  that  historic  shrine  of  the 
English-speaking  race — St.  Paul's  Ca- 
thedral, London — there  to  be  preserved 
among  the  hallowed  banners  of  the  hosts 
of  liberty  (see  page  302). 

This  epochal  event  marked  the  alli- 
ance, in  a  sacred  cause,  nf  the  two  great 
self-governing  Anglo-Saxon  nations  just 
140  years  after  the  birth  of  that  Star 
Spangled  Banner  in  the  travail  of  the 
conflict  which  severed  the  American  Re- 
public from  the  P.ritish  Fjnpire. 

From  the  embattled  pinnacle  of  high 
resolve  and  lofty  idealism  where  the 
American  flag  has  always  floated,  the 
course  of  its  rise  mav  be  surveyed — an 
inspiration  to  the  patriot,  an  enduring 
emblem  of  hope  for  the  oppressed.  The 
story  of  the  Stars  and  Stripes  is  the  story 
of  the  nation  itself:  the  evolution  of  the 
flag  is  symbolic  of  the  evolution  of  our 
free  institutions ;  its  development  epito- 
mizes the  amazing  expansion  of  oiu* 
boundaries  and  the  development  of  our 
natural  resources;  its  glorious  history  is 
the  history  of  the  people  whose  sover- 
eignty it  signifies. 

In  the  embryonic  days  of  the  republic, 
•when  the  Thirteen  Original  States  were 
still  feeble  British  colonies  bordering  the 
western  shores  of  the  Atlantic,  there  were 
almost  as  many  varieties  of  banners  borne 
by  the  Revolutionary  forces  as  there  are 
today  races  fused  into  one  liberty-loving 
.American  people. 

The  local  flags  and  colonial  devices 
(Nos.  361-366,  377-422)  displayed  in  bat- 
tle on  land  and  sea  during  the  first  months 


of  the  American  Revolution  proclaimed 
the  attitude  of  the  people  of  the  several 
colonies  in  their  grievances  against  the 
^lother  Cotmtry. 

W  hen  liunker  Hill  and  Lexington  were 
fought,  some  of  the  staunchest  patriots 
were  still  hopeful  that  an  adjustment  of 
the  difficulties  with  the  home  government 
could  be  efl^ected,  and  although  on  June 
15.  1775,  General  Washington  had  been 
a])pointed  commander  -  in  -  chief  of  the 
Continental  forces  raised,  or  to  be  raised, 
"for  the  defense  of  .\merican  libertv." 
the  Continental  Congress  nearly  a  month 
later  (July  8)  addressed  an  appeal  to 
King  George  in  which  the  petitioners 
styled  themselves  "Your  Majesty's  faith- 
ful subjects." 

DISIXCI.IXED    TO    SKVIvR   ALT,   TIES 

Disinclined  to  sever  all  ties  with  Eng- 
land, yet  bitterl\-  resentful  of  the  treat- 
ment accorded  them  and  unyielding  in 
their  determination  to  resist  further  oi^- 
]iression,  when  it  became  necessary  to 
adopt  an  ensign  for  their  newly  created 
navy,  in  the  autumn  of  1775.  the  revolt- 
ing colonies  chose  a  flag  that  reflected 
their  feeling  of  unity  with  the  IMother 
Country,  but  at  the  same  time  expressed 
their  firm  juint  ])urposc  to  demand  and 
obtain  justice  and  liberty. 

The  events  which  resulted  in  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  Continental  navy,  and 
thereby  the  birth  of  the  first  flag  repre- 
sentative of  the  thirteen  united  colonies, 
constitute  one  of  the  most  picturesque 
chapters  in  American  history.  At  the  be- 
ginning of  October  the  Continental  Con- 
gress, sitting  in  Philaflelphia.  learned  that 
two  unarmed  Xorth  Country-built  brigs 
were  sailing  from  England  loaded  with 
arms,  powder,  and  other  stores  destined 
for  Quebec.  .\s  the  colonies  were  in  sore 
need  of  powder  and  possessed  neither 
factories  for  its  manufacture  nor  ships 
for   bringing  it    from    abroad,    Congress 


286 


TIIIC    llANNKK 


INDKK    WHICH     llli:\ 
M  AKTIAI, 


roic.ii  r 

SIIKOID 


AND    I"i:i.I.    IS    .N'nW    Tlli:il{ 


Tluy  went   forth  to  battle  and  save   iluir  lives  to  liberty.     Theirs  the  hardsliips,  theirs 
the  sacrifice,  theirs  the  honor,  "nor  shall  tlieir  gli>ry  be  forgot  while  l'"aine  her  record  keeps." 


instructed  General  W'ashinijtnn  to  ap])ly 
til  the  Council  of  Massacliiisetts  Uay  for 
tile  two  armcil  vessels  in  its  service,  to 
man  them  and  to  dispatch  them  with  all 
speed  in  the  hojie  of  interceptinsj  the  nui- 
iiitions-laden  brigs.  The  aid  of  the  arme<l 
vessels  of  Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut 
was  also  promised  the  commaniler- in- 
chief  in  tlii'^  ini]iortant  cntcr]irisc. 

General  Washington,  of  hi^  own  initia- 
tive, had  already  purchased  two  vessels, 
which  he  had  fitted  out,  officered  witli 
army  captains,  antl  manned  with  soUlier-. 
These  ships  were  the  Lynch  and  the 
rraiiklin.  By  Xovember  I  four  addi- 
tional cruisers  had  been  added  to  the 
fleet — the  /.<v.  the  Harrison,  the  ll'tirrt-n, 
and  the  l.ndy  ll'tisliiiii^toii. 

Of  this  little  licet  only  the  l.rc.  under 
command  of  John  Manley,  met  with  sig- 
nal success  in  the  boKl  undertaking.  <  'n 
Xovcnibcr  29  it  captured  the  brig  A'<7»ii"_v. 
with  a  precious  cargo  of  4.000  inu>ket*, 
31  tons  of  musket  shot,  3.0(X)  round  shot, 
several  barrels  of  powder,  and  a  i^-ittch 


brass  mortar,  subscfiucntly  called  "Ci  in- 
gress," which  was  to  jilay  an  important 
part  in  forcing  the  evacuation  of  I'm-iton. 
One  of  the  colonial  ships,  the  I. tidy 
H'lishiir^toii,  was  captured  on  HecemlKT 
7  by  H.  M.  S.  I'owi-y.  and  her  colors,  still 
in  the  .\dmiralty  Office  in  London,  are 
described  as  bearing  a  pale-green  pine 
tree  on  a  field  of  white  bunting,  with  the 
motto,  ".\n  Apjieal  to  I  leaven"  (.V.)0- 
This  Hag  was  tlown  by  all  the  <lu]is  under 
Washington's  command  at  this  time,  the 
design  having  been  suggested  by  the 
commander-in-chief's  military  secretary. 
Colonel  Joseph  Reed,  who  wrote,  on  Oc- 
tober 20.  1775.  that  he  wished  to  "fix 
upon  some  particidar  color  for  a  flag  ami 
a  sign.Tl  by  which  our  vessels  may  know 
one  another." 

TIIK    KARLV    AMKRICAX    NAVY 

Prior  to  the  receipt  of  the  new  s  of  the 
capture  of  the  .Vinuy  the  Continental 
Congress  had  appointed  Ksek  Hopkins 
conHnan<ler-in-cbicf  of  the  navy  built  by 


j87 


T^-"/, 


TM//^a^.» 


THE  KAuijKsT  i'i:ki-i-:ct  rf^i'rf.skxtatiox  of  the  grand  union  exsign 

(see  no.  364) 

The  H,ig  is  a  part  nf  tlic  (k-cnratii'iis  appearing  on   Xorth   Carolina  currency  of  the  is-~ue  of 

-April  J,   17-0 


Congress  as  distinguished  from  the  sol- 
dier-manned fleet  under  General  W'ash- 
ington.  fnimediately  following  his  ap- 
]iointmcnt  Commodnre  Hopkins  (the  first 
and  only  commander-in-chief  the  na^■y 
ever  had)  set  sail  from  Rhode  Island  in 
that  colony's  armed  \essel  Kai\  and  ar- 
rived in  the  Delaware  Ri\er  on  Decemher 
3-  I  "75-  The  same  day  the  commodore 
assumed  the  formal  command  of  the  little 
squadron  which  the  Congress  had  placed 
under  him. 

PAUL   .TONES   RAISES   THE    EEAG 

The  manner  in  which  that  command 
was  assumed  is  of  signal  importance,  in 
that  the  ceremony  marked  the  hoisting  of 
the  first  truly  .Vmerican  Hag.  .\nd  the 
distinction  of  having  released  the  lianner 
to  the  breeze  belongs  to  that  daring  spirit. 
John  Paul  Jones,  one  of  the  chief  among 
heroes  in  the  hearts  of  American  naval 
officers  and  seamen.  Jones,  at  that  time 
senior  lieutenant  (corresponding  to  exec- 
utive oflficer  in  the  navy  today)  of  Hop- 
kins' flagship,  the  Alfred,  in  a  letter  to 
"the  I'nited  States  Minister  of  ^farine, 
I  [(in.    Ivnhert    Morris,"   preserved    in   the 


Ijlirary  of  Ci  mgress,  thus  descrilics  the 
historic  event : 

"It  was  my  fortune,  as  the  senior  of 
the  first  Lieutenants,  to  hoist  myself  the 
I'lag  of  .\merica  (I  chose  to  do  it  with 
my  own  hands)  the  first  time  it  was  dis- 
]ilayed.  Thdugh  this  was  but  a  slight 
Circumstance,  yet  I  feel  for  its  Honor, 
more  than  I  think  I  should  have  done,  if 
it  had  not  happened."  A  line  is  drawn 
through  the  words  in  parentheses  and  the 
word  "myself"  has  been  inserted. 

This  was  the  flag  (364)  which  after- 
ward figured  so  extensively  in  the  litera- 
ture of  the  day  as  the  Congress  Colors, 
from  the  fact  that  it  first  floated  over  the 
navy  controlled  by  Congress.  Also  known 
as  the  (irand  Union  Flag  and  the  First 
Navy  Fnsign,  it  was  the  Colonial  stand- 
ard from  that  day  until  it  was  superseded 
by  the  Stars  and  Stripes,  in  1777.  It 
consisted  of  thirteen  stripes,  alternately 
red  and  white,  typifying  the  thirteen  colo- 
nies, with  a  union  bearing  the  crosses  of 
St.  George  and  St.  Andrew  combined 
(the  national  flag  of  Great  Britain,  361) 
and  signifying  the  Mother  Country. 

There  has  been  much  confusion  about 


288 


THl-:   STORY   OF   THH    A.MKRICAX    KUAG 


289 


the  flags  whicli  were  displayed  on  tlie 
Alfred  on  that  historic  Uecenibcr  day. 
The  statement  is  often  made,  and  cor- 
rectly, that  Commodore  Hopkins  hoisted 
the  Gadsden  flag  i  31^8) — a  fact  uiiicii 
impresses  some  historians  as  a  contrailic- 
tion  of  John  Paul  Jones'  assertion.  Ref- 
erence to  naval  usage,  both  of  that  tlay 
and  of  this,  however,  clarifies  the  sup- 
posed discre|)aiicy.  Flagships  display 
three  flags — the  ensign,  flown  at  the 
stern  ;  the  flag  of  the  commanding  ot'fuer. 
disi)layed  at  the  mainmast ;  and  llie  jack, 
which  flies  from  the  jackstafl'  at  the  bow. 

The  Ciatlsden  flag  (of  yellow  silk  and 
bearing  a  coiled  rattlesnake  with  the 
motto  "Don't  Tread  on  Me"),  used  on 
the  .11  f red  as  the  flag  of  the  commodore 
commanding  the  fleet,  was  ])reseined  Feb- 
ruary 8.  1776.  to  the  Congress  by  Col. 
Ciiristopher  Cia<lsden,  a  delegate  from 
South  Carolina  to  the  Continental  body 
and  one  of  the  committee  of  three  ap- 
])ointed  on  October  15,  1775,  to  report  on 
the  fitting  out  of  two  armed  vessels. 
When  that  rejiort  was  made,  two  weeks 
later.  Colonel  ( ladsden  was  one  of  a  com- 
mittee of  seven  appointed  to  fit  out  four 
;irmed  vessels. 

The  jack  displayed  on  the  Alfred  on 
this  occasion  was  a  small,  nearly  square 
flag  of  thirteen  alternate  red  and  white 
stri])es.  bearing  a  crawling  rattlesnake 
with  the  legend  "Don't  Treail  on  .Me" 
beneath  it  (365). 

CKNSORSIIIP   IX    KEVOLt-'TIOX.VRY  TIMES 

No  mention  of  the  ceremony  of  Com- 
modore Hopkins'  assumption  of  com- 
mand of  the  little  Continental  fleet  is  to 
lie  found  in  the  Philadelphia  newsi)apers 
of  that  period.  Indeed,  the  silence  of  the 
colonial  press  about  the  eight  vessels 
fitted  out,  officercfl,  manned,  and  sent  to 
sea  was  as  complete  as  was  that  of  the 
.\merican  press  of  191 7.  when  General 
Pershing's  ex])e(!itionary  force  embarked 
for  the  fields  of  France. 

The  intelligence  reports  to  the  British 
.Adnn'ralty  were  ven.-  explicit  concerning 
the  event,  however.  In  minutest  detail 
these  reports  rlescribed  the  ships  of  the 
fleet,  how  they  were  painted,  the  number 
of  guns,  officers,  and  men — all  accurately 
supplied    by    the    enemy's    secret-service 


agents  in  the  colonies.  For  example,  the 
following  report,  under  date  of  January 
4.  '77<J.  was  sent  from  Phihulelphia : 

"This  day,  about  one  o'clock,  saile<l  the 
ship  Alfred  and  the  ship  Columbus  with 
two  brigs.  Alfred  carries  36  guns,  »>  and 
12  jiounilers ;  60  marines  and  about  joo 
sailors.  Columbus  about  the  same  num- 
ber of  men  and  3-'  guns.  The  two  brigs 
carry  16  guns.  They  sailed  with  live  or 
six  merchant  shii)S  loatled  with  flour  from 
the  Congress,  llojjkins  commands  the 
Alfred.  She  has  yellow  sides,  her  head 
the  tigure  of  a  man,  Ivnglish  colours,  but 
more  striped.  The  Columbus  is  all  bl.ick, 
except  wiiite  bottom,  with  no  head.  Com- 
manded by  one  Whipple." 

HOISTING    Tin:    GK.\.N1>    UNION'    FI..\G    .\T 
CA.MBKIDGE 

One  month  after  its  baptism  in  the 
breezes,  from  the  stern  of  the  Alfred,  the 
Grand  Union  Flag  (364)  was  raised  at 
Cambridge,  Mass.,  on  the  very  day  that 
the  Continental  .\rmy  began  its  oflicial 
existence — January  J,  1776 — and  General 
\\'ashington  is  authority  for  the  explana- 
tion that  it  was  displayed  "out  of  compli- 
ment to  the  United  Colonies."  It  was 
two  days  after  this  event  th.it  W'ashing- 
ton  wrote  to  his  military  secretary,  Jose])h 
Reed,  through  whom  he  kei>t  in  touch 
with  atTairs  at  Phila<lel]iliia  : 

"We  are  at  length  favored  with  the 
sight  of  Mis  Majesty's  most  gracious 
speech,  breathing  sentiments  of  tender- 
ness and  compassion  for  his  deluded 
American  subjects ;  the  speech  I  send  you 
(a  volume  of  them  was  sent  out  by  the 
Boston  gentry),  and,  farcical  enough,  we 
gave  great  joy  to  them  without  knowing 
or  intending  it,  for  on  that  day  (January 
2)  which  gave  being  to  our  new  army, 
but  before  the  |)roclamation  came  to 
hand,  we  hoisted  the  union  flag  in  com- 
pliment to  the  United  CoUinies.  But  he- 
hold  !  it  was  received  .it  Boston  as  a  token 
of  the  deep  impression  the  speech  had 
mafle  upon  us  and  as  a  signal  of  submis- 
sion. By  this  time  I  presume  they  Ix-gin 
to  think  it  strange  that  we  have  not  made 
formal  surrender  of  our  lines." 

.Although  displayed  on  the  Continental 
Army's  fir^t  birthday,  neither  the  Grand 
Union    Flap    (364')    nor    the    Stars   and 


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291 


©  Hams  \-  Euing 


THE    FRF.MONT    FLAG 


When  General  John  Charles  Fremont,  surnamed  "the  Pathfinder."  made  his  way  across 
the  continent  in  the  '40's,  his  mission  was  one  of  peace,  but  the  arrows  in  his  army  flag  sug- 
gested war  to  the  Indians  of  the  plain.  Therefore  he  inserted  the  calumet,  or  pipe  of  peace, 
crossed  with  the  arrows  in  the  talons  of  tlie  eagle.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  army  did 
not  carry  the  Stars  and  Stripes  until  the  period  of  the  Mexican  War  (see  pages  307-308  and 
flag  22). 


Stripes  (6),  adopted  by  Congress  a  vear 
and  a  half  later,  was  carried  in  the  field 
by  the  land  forces  durin^  the  Revolu- 
tionary War.  The  army  carried  only  the 
colors  of  the  States  to  which  the  troops 
belonged  (see  flags  394,  306,  403,  409, 
410,  etc.)  and  not  the  national  flag. 

THE    FIRST    \ICTORV   OF    THE    AME.RICAN 
FL.\G 

It  fell  to  the  lot  of  the  newly  created 
Commodore  Alanley  (the  officer  who  had 
commanded  the  Lcc  and  captured  the 
ordnance  ship  Nancy)  to  carry  the  (/irand 
Union  Flag  to  its  first  victory.  Com- 
manding the  Hancock.  ]\Ianley  cajiturcd 
two  enemy  transp(.)rts,  placed  prize  crews 
aboard,  and  then,  with  only  16  men  left 
on  his  own  ship,  he  engaged  an  armed 
vessel  in  sight  of  the  enemy  fleet  at  Bos- 
ton and  succeeded  in  bringing  his  prizes 
safely  into  Plymouth.  Following  this 
daring  exploit  ]\Ianley  received  a  letter 
written  at  Cambridge,  on  January  28, 
1776,  bv  (General   \\'ashingto'.i,   who   de- 


clared that  the  commodore's  achievement 
merited  "mine  and  the  country's  thanks." 
and  promised  him  a  "stronger  vessel  of 
war." 

On  Major  Samuel  Seidell's  powder- 
horn  of  that  period  is  a  carving  showing 
Boston  and  vicinit_v.  The  British  fleet  is 
depicted  on  one  side  of  Boston  Neck, 
while  Mauley's  symbolical  ship  Auiaraca, 
flying  at  the  stern  the  Continental  Union 
flag  as  its  ensign,  and  at  the  mainmast 
the  pine-tree  flag  as  the  commodore's 
flag,  is  shown  on  the  other  side.  The 
mortar  carved  on  the  horn  is  the  famous 
"Congress"  gun  captured  by  Mauley  on 
the  Nancy. 

The  first  occasion  upon  which  any 
American  flag  floated  over  foreign  terri- 
tory was  on  IMarch  3.  177(1.  Commodore 
Hopkins,  of  the  Congress  fleet,  organized 
an  expedition  against  New  Providence. 
in  the  Bahama  Islands,  for  the  purpose 
of  seizing  a  quantity  of  ]iowder  known  to 
be  stored  there  and  of  which  both  Gen- 
eral  Washington  and   the   fleet   were   in 


292 


VICE-ADMIRAL    SIMS    WITH    nRITISIT    AND    AMERICAN    STAFF   OFFICERS    AT    THE 

HOISTING  OF   THE   AMERICAN   VICE-AI>M  IRAI.'s   FLAG    (65)    AT   ADMIRALTY 

HOCSE  WHEN    HE   TOOK  TEMPORARY  COMMAND  OF 

QIEENSTOWN   AND  DISTRICT 

Vicc-AdmirnI  Baylcy's  flag  (606)  is  being  hauled  down 


^3 


U.   S.   S.      SVLPII      FLVIXG   THE   FOUR-STAR   FLAG  OF   ADMIRAL  BEXSON,    CHIEF  OF 

NAVAL    OPERATIONS    (64),    ON    THE    MAINMAST,    AND    THE    FLAG 

OF   VICE-ADMIRAL    BROWNING,    OF  THE   BRITISH 

NAVY    (606),  ON  THE  FOREMAST 

Our  naval  jack   (4)   is  flying  at  the  Jackstaff,  but  the  motion  of  the   steamer  has  given  the 

stars  a  striped  effect 


great  need.  Two  hundred  marines  were 
landed,  under  the  cimmand  of  Captain 
Nichols,  supported  by  fifty  sailors,  under 
Lieutenant  Weaver,  of  the  Cabot.  The 
Pro7'idciicc  and  the  JJ'asl^  covered  the 
landing  party.  Fort  Nassau  was  taken 
and  a  great  quantity  of  military  stores 
fell  into  the  hands  of  the  expedition. 

A  correspondent  of  tlie  London  "La- 
dies' JMagazine,"  who  was  in  Xew  Pnivi- 
dence  at  the  time  of  the  capture  of  the 
fort  by  the  American  forces,  under  date 
of  May  13.  1776,  described  the  colors  dis- 
played by  tlie  marines  and  sailors  as 
"striped  under  th.e  union  ( the  British 
union  of  the  crosses  of  St.  George  and 
St.  Andrew)  with  thirteen  stripes"  (364), 
while  "the  standard  (the  commodore's 
flag)  bore  a  rattlesnake  and  the  motto 
"Don't  Tread  on  :\Ie"  (398). 

THE  FIRST  FOREICX   SALUTE  TO  AN  AMERI- 
CAN FLAG 

The  first  salute  ever  fired  in  honor  of 
an  American  flag  ( the  Grand  L^nion  en- 
sign) was  an  eleven-gun  volley  given  by 
the  Fort  of  Orange,  on  the  island  of  St. 
Eustatius,    Dutch   West   Indies,   on    No- 


vember 16,  1776.  The  salute  was  in  ac- 
knowledgment of  a  similar  number  of 
guns  fired  by  the  Andrciv  Doria  (see  also 
jiage  401),  one  of  the  original  vessels  of 
Commodore  Hopkins'  fleet,  which  had 
been  sent  to  the  ^^'eb.t  Indies,  under  com- 
mand of  Captain  Isaiah  Robinson,  for  a 
cargo  of  military  supplies. 

The  commander  of  the  near-by  British 
island  of  St.  Christopher,  hearing  of  the 
salute,  protested  to  the  Dutch  governor 
of  St.  Eustatius,  Johannes  de  Graef.  who 
promptly  replied  that  "in  regard  to  the 
reception  given  by  the  forts  of  this  island, 
under  my  commandment,  to  the  vessel 
Audvcic  Doria,  I  flatter  myself  that  if  my 
masters  exact  it  I  shall  be  able  to  give 
such  an  account  as  will  be  satisfactory." 
^^'hereupon  the  British  commander  re- 
sponded that  "the  unpartial  world  will 
jndge  between  us  whether  these  honor 
shots,  answered  on  purpose  by  a  Dutch 
fort  to  a  rebellious  brigantine,  with  a  flag 
known  to  the  commander  of  that  fort  as 
the  flag  of  His  ^Majesty's  rebellious  sub- 
iects,  is  or  is  not  a  partiality  in  favor  of 
those  rebels." 

The  British  srovernor  then  forwarded 


294 


LAVNCIIING   THE    U.    S.    S.    "MICHIGAN 


In  times  of  peace  the  launchitiK  of  a  battleship  is  a  gala  event,  attended  by  elaborate 
ceremonies  and  witnessed  by  enthusiastic  throngs  proud  of  the  privilege  of  seeing  the  "mar- 
riage to  the  sea"  of  another  man-'>f-war  destined  to  uphold  the  honor  of  America.  In  times 
of  war.  however,  no  such  crowds  as  attended  the  Michifian's  launching  are  admitted  to  the 
shipyards,  for  an  enemy  might,  with  a  bomb,  undo  the  labor  of  years  and  destroy  a  formidable 
unit  of  our  growing  sea  power. 


to  I-oiKii)n  a  report  of  tlie  affair,  accom- 
panied by  affidavits  that  flie  bripantine 
"during  the  time  of  the  salute  and  tlic 
answer  to  it,  had  the  (lag  of  the  Con- 
tinental Congress  flying-."  The  Uritish 
Government  protested  sharply  to  the 
States  Genera!  of  the  Re[)iiblic  of  the 
Netherlands.  The  Dutch  demurred  at 
the  asperity  with  which  England  de- 
manded an  explanation,  but  immediately 
recalled  Commander  dc  Graef  from  St. 
Eustatius.  Thus  the  first  salute  to  the 
new  ensign  was  disavowed,  although  the 
Holland  Republic  recognized  .American 
indejiendence  shortly  thereafter. 

In  the  literature  of  the  Revolution  fre- 
quent reference  is  found  to  a  "plain 
striped  fiag"  (404").  Official  corrcs[)ond- 
encc  sIk^ws  that  whenever  this  flag  was 
used  afloat  it  was  as  the  badge  of  mcr- 
ciiant  shipping  and  privateers  and  not  as 
the  ensign  of  the  regular  commissioned 
vessels  of  the  navy.     How  long  the  Grand 


Union  Flag  was  in  use  has  never  been 
definitely  establisheil :  but  official  records 
of  the  navy  fail  to  show  that  any  other 
ensign  was  used  until  after  the  Star 
Spangled  I'anner's  ado)>tiun  by  Congress. 

ItlRTIIKAV   op    Tin;   STARS    AND   STRIPES 

It  was  nearly  one  year  alter  the  repre- 
sentatives of  the  I'nited  States  of  .\mer- 
ica.  in  General  Congress  assembled,  had 
pledged  their  lives,  their  fortunes,  and 
their  sacred  honor  for  the  support  of  the 
Declaration  of  Independence  that  the 
cro-ses  of  St.  George  and  St.  .\ndrcw. 
emblematic  of  the  Mother  Country,  which 
had  formed  the  union  of  the  Continental 
I'nion  flag  (3^>4\  were  discarded  and  re- 
[ilaccd  by  a  union  composed  of  white 
stars  in  a  blue  field,  "representing  a  new 
constellation"  (sec  flag  No.  6,  page  310). 

The  date  of  the  birth  of  the  Stars  and 
Stripes  was  June  14.  1/7".  and  its  crea- 
tion was  proclaimed  in  a  resolution  of  the 


295 


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296 


THE  STORY  OF  TTIK  AMKRICAM  V\,.\C, 


297 


Continental  Con.cfrcss.  While  the  rcsohi- 
tion  appears  in  tlie  records  without  any 
account  of  prehminary  discussion  and 
without  any  designation  of  specific  rec- 
ommendation, the  order  in  wliich  it  is  in- 
corporated in  the  husiness  of  tlie  day 
leads  to  the  assuniinion  that  it  was  re- 
ported by  the  Marine  Committee,  for  it  is 
sandwiched  in  ainongf  several  naval  mat- 
ters. This  portion  of  the  official  journal 
for  the  day  rea<ls : 

"Resolved,  That  the  Marine  Commit- 
tee be  empowered  to  give  sucii  directions 
respecting  the  Continental  ships  of  war  in 
the  river  Delaware  as  they  think  i)ro|>er 
in  case  the  enemy  succeed  in  their  at- 
tem()ts  on  said  river. 

"h'l'sohrti.  That  the  flag  of  the  thirteen 
United  States  be  thirteen  stripes,  alter- 
nate red  and  white:  that  the  union  be 
thirteen  stars,  white  in  a  blue  lieUl,  re])- 
resenling  a  new  constellation. 

•"The  Council  of  the  State  of  Massa- 
chusetts Bay  having  represented  by  letter 
to  the  president  of  Congress  that  Captain 
Foim  Roach,  some  time  since  apjxMnted 
to  command  the  Continental  ship  of  war 
Raiii^cr,  is  a  doubtful  character  and 
ought  not  to  be  entrusted  with  such  a 
command;  therefore 

"Resolved.  Tiiat  Captain  John  Roach 
be  suspended  until  the  Xavy  IJoard  for 
the  eastern  department  shall  have  cn- 
([uired  fidly  into  his  character  and  report 
thereon  to  the  Marine  Conmiittee. 

"Resolved.  That  Captain  John  Paul 
Jones  be  appointed  to  command  the  said 
ship  Raiii^er." 

Thus  it  would  seem  that  not  only  was 
the  first  flag  of  the  Continental  Congress 
(364^  dis])iayed  for  the  first  time  from  a 
naval  vessel,  the  Alfred  (see  page  28S), 
but  that  from  the  navy  (in  the  person  of 
the  Marine  Committee  of  the  Congress 
of  1777)  the  nation  also  receivcil  the 
Stars  and  Stripes. 

M  \NV  TIIKORIKS  .\S  TO  THE  ORtCIN  or  TUG 
STARS  AXD  STRIPES 

There  have  been  advanced  almost  as 
many  theories  as  to  the  genesis  of  the 
Stars  and  Stripes  as  there  were  stars  in 
the  original  ensign.  Many  hold  to  the 
view  tiiat  the  new  tlag  borrowed  the 
stripes  from  the  ensign  (364)  raised  by 


John  Paul  Jones  on  the  Alfred  on  De- 
cember 3,  1775.  and  the  stars  from  the 
colonial  banner  of  Rluxle  Island  (396)  : 
others  maintain  that  the  idea  for  the  flag 
came  from  .\etIierlan<N,  offering  in  snp- 
I)ort  of  this  claim  the  statements  of  I!en- 
janiin  Franklin  and  John  .\dams.  who 
went  to  Holland  to  borrow  money  for  the 
struggling  colonies  and  who  told  the 
Dutch  that  .\merica  had  borrowed  nuich 
from  them,  including  the  ideas  repre- 
sented in  the  llag. 

Whatever  their  origin,  there  is  no  per- 
suasive evidence  in  the  oflicial  records  of 
the  time  which  would  le.id  to  the  con- 
clusion that  the  Stars  and  Stripes  were 
in  use  before  the  resolution  of  June  14, 
1777.  It  is  true,  however,  that  the  jiaiut- 
iugs  of  Trumbull  and  Peale  do  jioint  to 
its  earlier  use.  I'.ut,  as  to  the  flags  aj)- 
pearing  in  their  paintings,  it  should  be 
recalled  that  an  anachronism  could  be 
readily  excused  in  the  case  of  Trumbull, 
because  he  had  left  the  colonies  while 
Washington  was  before  Pioston  and  was 
abroad  for  seven  years,  Peale's  ])ictnre 
of  Washington  crossing  the  Delaware, 
with  resjK'ct  to  the  colors  carried,  is  be- 
lieved to  be  a  case  of  "artist's  license." 

The  well  known  story  of  P.etsy  Ross, 
so-called  maker  of  tiie  Stars  and  Stripes, 
is  one  of  the  ])icturesque  legends  which 
has  grown  up  around  the  origin  of  the 
flag,  but  it  is  one  to  which  few  unsenti- 
mental iiistorians  sub.scribe.  There  was, 
however,  a  Mrs.  Ross,  who  was  a  flag- 
maker  by  trade,  living  in  Philadelphia  at 
the  time  of  the  flag's  adoption. 

lUt.LS  REN'DEREO  BY  .\  FL.\C  DESIGNER 

A  more  authentic  individual  connection 
willi  tile  designing  of  the  flag  is  to  be 
found  in  the  oflicial  records  concerning 
Francis  Hopkinson.  one  of  the  delegates 
to  Congress  from  New  Jersey,  a  signer 
of  the  Declaration  of  Independence  and 
a  member  of  the  Marine  Committee.  In 
November,  I77'>,  Hopkinson  was  ap- 
pointed one  of  a  committee  of  three  to 
"execute  the  business  of  the  navy  under 
the  direction  of  the  Marine  Committee." 
He  resigned  as  a  member  of  the  Xavy 
r.oard  in  ,\ugtist,  177S,  but  continued  to 
take  an  interest  in  naval  aflTairs,  as  shown 


I'liotograph  by  Paiii  Thompson 

THE  GUIDOX,  TROOP  F,   NEW  YORK   NATIONAL  GUAI-ID 

Each  troop  of  cavalry  in  tlie  American  forces  carries  a  gniilon — a  small  flag  cut  ''swallow- 
tail" (-;3).  It  consists  of  two  stripes  of  equal  widtli,  tlie  upper  being  red,  the  cavalry  colors, 
with  the  regimental  designation  in  figures.  The  letter  of  the  troop,  in  red,  appears  on  the 
white  stripe.  Two  guidons  are  supplied  to  each  troop — a  silken  banner  carried  into  liattle, 
on  campaigns,  and  upon  occasions  of  ceremony,  and  a  service  flag  of  bunting  to  be  used  at 
all  otiier  times. 


in  the  following  letter  to  the   Board   of 
Admiralty  more  than  a  year  later: 

"GenteEmen  :  It  is  with  great  pleasure 
I  understand  my  last  device  of  a  seal  for 
the  Board  of  Admiralty  has  met  with 
your  Honours'  approbation.  I  have  with 
great  readiness  upon  several  occasions 
exerted  my  small  abilities  in  this  way  for 
the  public  service,  as  I  flatter  myself,  to 
the  satisfaction  of  those  I  wish  to  please, 
viz.. 


The  flag  of  the  United  States  of  America 
4  Devices   for  the  Continental  currenc\' 
A  Seal  for  the  Board  of  Treasury 
Ornaments,  Devices  and  Checks,   for  the  new 

bills  of  exchange  on  Spain  and  Holland. 
.-\.   Seal  for  Ship  Papers  of  the  United  States 
A  Seal  for  the  Board  of  Admiralty 
The    Borders,    Ornaments   &    Checks    for    the 
new  Continental  currency  now  in  the  press, 
a   work   of   considerable   length. 
.\  Great  Seal  for  the  United  States  of  Amer- 
ica, with  a  Reverse. 

"For  tliese  services  I  have  as  yet  made 


THK  STORY  OF    lllK  A.MKRICAX   VLM) 


299 


no  charge,  nor  received  any  reconn)cn!;c. 
I  now  submit  it  to  your  Honours'  con- 
sideration whether  a  quarter  ca>k  of  the 
public  wine  will  not  be  a  proper  and  a 
reasonable  reward  for  these  labours  of 
fancy  and  a  suitable  encouragement  to 
future  exertions  of  the  like  nature.  .  .  ." 

Subsequently  Ilopkinson  rendered  an- 
other account  to  the  government  for  the 
various  designs  mentioned  above, together 
with  numerous  others,  the  first  item  on 
the  list  being  "the  great  naval  flag  of  the 
United  States."  On  this  occasion  he 
asked  for  $2,700  compensation.  Later  he 
rendered  a  third  account,  itemizing  the 
charge  for  each  design,  and  followed  this 
with  an  explanatory  note  which  throws 
an  interesting  light  on  the  financial  status 
of  the  nation  at  that  time,  for  he  says: 
"The  charges  are  made  in  hard  money,  to 
be  comiHited  at  50  for  one  in  Conti- 
nental." 

This  claim  was  never  paid,  a  board 
which  passed  on  accounts  reporting  that 
it  a])pcared  that  Ilopkinson  "was  not  the 
only  person  consulted  on  those  exhibi- 
tions of  Fancy,  and  therefore  cannot 
claim  the  full  merit  of  them  and  is  not 
entitled  in  this  respect  to  the  full  sum 
charged."  Also  the  board  was  of  the 
oi)inion  that  "the  public  is  entitled  to 
those  little  assistances  given  by  gentlemen 
who  enjoy  a  very  considerable  salary 
under  Congress  without  fee  or  further 
reward." 

.\DMiR.\L  Chester's  .\ccorNT  of  .\ 

COLONIAL   rL.\G-DEE 

Rear  .-\dmiral  Colby  M.  Chester,  U.  S. 
Navy,  has  suggested  that  John  Paul  Jones 
may  have  had  a  share  in  the  design.  He 
says : 

"This  young  officer  of  the  Continental 
Navy  had  just  returned  from  a  successful 
cniise  at  sea  in  command  of  war  ships, 
during  which  he  had  captured  a  number 
of  the  enemy's  vessels,  and  was  in  Phila- 
delphia at  the  time  Congress  was  con- 
sidering the  que.-ition  of  a  national  flag, 
as  a  member  of  a  P.oard  of  .\dvisers  to 
the  Xaval  Committee  of  the  House  of 
Delegates  upon  matters  relating  to  the 
country's  sea  forces,  of  which  the  ques- 
tion of  a  suitable  distinguishing  mark  to 


be  worn  by  war  vessels  was  one  of  the 
most  iniiHjrtant. 

"Possessing  a  most  attractive  person- 
ality, Paul  Jones  was  lionized  by  the 
ladies  of  the  city  and  patronized  by  some 
of  the  leading  delegates  to  the  Conven- 
tion, who  called  upon  him  to  advise  the 
legislators  reg.irding  the  di-ign  for  the 
flag:  he  thus  had  much  to  do  with  secur- 
ing the  passage  of  the  .icl  of  Congress 
fixing  its  characteristics. 

"Soon  after  this  event  took  place.  Cap- 
tain Jones  received  his  apiHiintnunt  to 
command  the  Ruiiijrr,  one  of  the  Conti- 
nental frigates  about  to  proceed  abroad, 
and  with  the  ;ict  of  Congress  cont.iining 
his  commission  in  his  hands  he  proceeded 
with  all  haste  to  Portsmouth,  New  Hamp- 
shire, in  which  port  the  Ramicr  was  fitted 
out.  Here  he  was  feceived  with  more 
distinction,  even,  than  at  I'hiladelphia.for 
Portsmouth  being  one  of  the  ])rincip:d 
seaports  of  the  country,  its  inhabitaiUs 
were  more  interested  in  shijis  which  were 
to  fly  the  flag  and  the  men  who  were  to 
man  them  than  were  those  living  in  the 
capital  of  the  colonies. 

".\t  Portsmouth  Paul  Jones  attracted 
about  him  a  bevy  of  girls  who  formed  a 
so-called  "llag-bee,"  who  with  much  pa- 
triotic enthusi.ism  .ind  many  heart  thrills 
wrought  out  of  their  own  and  their 
mothers'  gowns  a  beautiful  Star  Spangled 
P.anner,  which  was  thrown  to  the  breeze 
in  Portsmouth  Harbor  on  July  4th,  1777, 
less  than  three  weeks  after  Congress  had 
so  authorized." 

NEW   ensign's  riRST  .\CTION   .\T  SEA 

The  ston,-  of  the  first  time  in  history 
that  the  Stars  and  Strijies  went  into  ac- 
tion at  sea  is  told  in  the  picturesque  lan- 
guage of  the  .\merican  oflicer  who  com- 
manded the  ship  which  displayed  the  new 
ensign — Captain  Thomas  Thonqison.  In 
command  of  the  KalcitjU  and  the  .llfrci. 
Captain  Thonqtson  sailed  for  I'rancc 
from  Portsmouth,  and  on  SeptenilnT  2, 
1777,  captured  the  slow  .Vaiicv  of  the 
Windward  Island  fleet,  which  had  out- 
sailed her.  Having  possessed  himself  of 
the  .V<j»u-v".f  signal  book,  Thompson,  on 
sighting  the  fleet  two  <lays  later,  deter- 
mined to  attack  with  the  Alfred,  but  as 


©  Undei-wood  &  UnJ _ 

THE    FRENCH    army's    FH^ST    SALUTE    TO    THE    STARS   AND   STRIFES   OX    FRENCH    SOIL 

Section  ^'-I4  of  the  American  Ambulance  Corps,  a  team  of  Leiand  Stanford  Jr.  Uni- 
versity students,  had  tlie  honor  of  bearing  the  first  American  flag  officially  sent  from  the 
United  States  to  the  French  front. 


this  vessel  was  a  poor  sailer  and  the  wind 
had  changed,  the  Raleigh  went  in  alone, 
passing  many  merchant  ships  of  the 
convoy.  When  within  pistol-shot  of  the 
commodore's  ship,  recognized  by  means 
of  the  signal  book,  Thompson  records: 

"V\'e  np  sails,  out  guns,  hoisted  Con- 
tinental colours  and  bid  them  strike  to  the 
Thirteen  United  States.  Sudden  surprise 
threw  them  into  confusion  and  their  sails 
flew  all  aback,  upon  which  we  compli- 
mented them  with  a  gun  for  each  State, 
a  whole  broadside  into  their  hull.  (Jur 
second  broadside  was  aimed  at  their  rig- 
ging,   which    had   its   desired   effect.      In 


about  a  quarter  of  an  hour  all  hands 
quitted  quarters  on  board  the  British 
man-of-war;  we  cleared  the  decks  totally. 
Had  not  the  wind  favored  him 
and  we  drifted  leeward,  he  could  not  have 
fetched  us  and  I  should  certainly  have 
sunk  tlie  ship." 

Thus  occurred  the  liaptism  of  fire  at 
sea  of  the  new  flag,  at  the  hour  of  sunset 
on   September  4,   1777. 

THE    IMrRil\-ISED   OLD   GLORV  OF    FORT 
ST.\NWIX 

Just  oPiC  month  previously  (August  3) 
the  new  tlag  bad  l>ecn  under  tire  on  land, 


300 


THE  STORY  OF  THE  A.MEKICAX  FLAG 


301 


at  Fort  ScluiykT,  wliich  stoud  i>ii  the  site 
of  the  present  city  of  Rome,  X.  V.  On 
Aiisfust  2  a  force  composed  of  Ilritisli  and 
Indians  attacked  the  fort,  wliich  was  de- 
fended by  Col.  Peter  Gansevoort  with 
some  600  men.  In  the  afternoon  rein- 
forcements— 200  men  of  the  Ninth 
Massachusetts  Regiment  under  Lieuten- 
ant Colonel  Mellon — arrived  by  way  of 
the  Mohawk  River  from  Albany,  bring- 
ing ammunition  and  supplies. 

They  also  brought  with  them  news- 
paper accounts  of  the  newly  enacted  Hag 
resolution,  and  immediately  the  fort  was 
ransacked  for  material  with  which  to 
make  the  new  national  emblem.  The  am- 
munition shirts  of  the  soldiers  furnished 
the  white  stripes :  a  red  petticoat  belong- 
ing to  the  wife  of  one  of  the  men  sup- 
plied the  red  stripes,  and  Captain  .-Vbra- 
ham  Swartwout's  blue  cloth  cloak  was 
re(iuisitioncd  to  provide  tlie  blue  field  of 
tile  union. 

In  .-\very's  History  it  is  set  forth  that 
the  flag  was  made  on  Sunday  morning 
and  was  displayed  the  same  afternoon 
from  a  flagstatT  raised  on  the  bastion 
nearest  the  enemy.  Then  the  drummer 
heat  the  assembly  and  the  adjutant  gen- 
eral read  to  the  defenders  the  congres- 
sional resolution  "particularizing  the  in- 
signia of  the  flag  of  the  new  republic." 

There  are  vouchers  e.xtant  showing  that 
the  Continental  treasury  reimbursed  Caji- 
tain  Swartwout  for  the  loss  of  his  cloak, 
but  the  red  petticoat  remained  a  gift  of 
the  humble  soldier's  wife  to  the  first  of 
the  Stars  and  Stripes  to  undergo  fire. 

FIRST   S.\LUTE  TO  THE  ST.\RS  .VXD  STRIPES 

.Ml  .\mcricans  recall  with  especial 
fileasure  and  i)ride  that  the  first  official 
salute  to  the  Stars  and  Stripes  was  ac- 
corded by  that  nation  to  which,  more 
than  to  any  other,  the  L'nited  States  owes 
its  existence — France,  the  blood-ally  of 
our  darkest  days,  now,  in  turn,  valiantly 
succored  by  us  in  her  hour  of  sorest  need. 

-Again  John  Paul  Jones  figures  as  the 
chief  actor  in  this  tlag  episode.  He  sailed 
from  Portsmouth  on  Xovemher  i.  1777. 
as  a  bearer  to  France  of  the  glad  tidings 
of  the  surrender  of  Piurgoyne.  Here  is 
the  officer's  own  account,  contained  in  a 


report  to  the  .Marine  Committee  of  Con- 
gress, of  how  the  salute  was  obtained: 

"I  am  happy  in  having  it  in  my  power 
to  congratulate  you  on  my  having  seen 
the  .American  flag  for  the  first  time  recog- 
nized in  the  fullest  and  complttest  man- 
ner by  the  flag  of  France.  1  was  olT  their 
bay  (Quiberon)  that  day,  the  i,^lh  (of 
February),  and  .sent  my  boat  in  the  next 
day  to  know  if  the  .\dniiral  (.Admiral 
La  Mottc  Picquet)  would  return  my  sa- 
lute. He  answered  that  he  wouhl  return 
nic,  as  a  senior  .American  Contimiital 
officer  in  Europe,  the  same  salute  which 
he  was  authorized  by  his  court  to  return 
to  an  .Admiral  of  Holland,  or  of  any  other 
republic,  which  was  four  guns  less  than 
the  salute  given.  I  hesitated  at  this,  for 
I  had  demanded  g;i\n  for  gun  :  therefore 
I  anchored  in  the  entrance  of  the  bay, 
at  a  distance  from  the  I'rencli  fleet,  but 
after  a  very  particular  incjuiry  on  the 
I4tli,  finding  that  he  had  really  told  the 
truth,  I  was  induced  to  accept  his  ofltcr. 
the  more  so  as  it  was  an  acknowledg- 
ment of  .American  independence.  The 
wind  being  contrary  antl  blowing  hard, 
it  was  after  sunset  before  the  /CiUk/.t  got 
near  enough  to  salute  La  Motte  Piccpict 
with  thirteen  guns,  which  he  returned 
with  nine.  However,  to  put  the  matter 
beyond  doubt,  I  did  not  suffer  the  Jiidc- 
f'ctidivicc  to  salute  until  the  next  morn- 
ing, when  I  sent  word  to  the  .Admiral 
that  I  should  sail  through  his  fleet  in  the 
brig  and  would  salute  him  in  open  day. 
He  was  exceedingly  pleased  and  returned 
the  compliment  with  nine  guns"  (sec  page 
-90). 

THE    SICXIFICNXCE  OF  OUR  COLORS 

America's  most  gifted  poets  and  ora- 
tors have  vicfl  with  one  another  in  setting 
forth  the  significance  of  the  red.  the 
white,  and  the  blue  of  the  Star  Spangled 
Manner.  In  the  words  of  Henry  Ward 
Heecher:  ".A  thoughtful  mind,  when  it 
sees  a  nation's  flag,  sees  not  the  flag,  but 
the  nation  itself.  .And  whatever  may  be 
its  symbols,  its  insignia,  he  reads  chiefly 
in  the  flag  the  government,  the  principles, 
the  tnuhs.  the  history,  that  belong  to  the 
nation  that  sets  it  forth.  The  .American 
flag  has  been  a  symlml  of  Liberty,  and 
men  rejoiced  in  it. 


Photograph  by  Central  News  Photo  Service 
FLAGS  \VIIICH   SIGXALIZED  AMERICA'S  ENTRANCE  INTO  THE  WORLD  CONFLICT  BEING 
BORNE    INTO    ST.    PAUL's    CATHEDRAL   BY    THE    FIRST   AMERICAN    TROOPS    TO 
REACH  LONDON  AFTER  THE  DECLARATION  OF  WAR  WITH  GERMANY 

These  Stars  and  Stripes  were  blessed  in  tlie  great  English  shrine  and  are  to  be  preserved 
for  all  time,  together  with  those  of  our  Allies,  whose  national  emblems,  like  our  own,  are 
waving  over  the  hosts  fighting  for  the  world's  liberty  (see  page  286). 


"The  stars  upon  it  were  like  the  hright 
morning  stars  of  Ciod,  and  the  stripes 
upon  it  were  beams  of  morning  light. 
As  at  earh'-  dawn  the  stars  shine  forth 
even  while  it  grows  light,  and  then  as  the 
sun  advances  that  light  breaks  into  banks 
and  streaming  lines  of  color,  the  glowing 
red  and  intense  white  striving  together, 
and  ribbing  the  horizon  with  bars  eiYul- 
gent,  so,  on  the  American  flag,  stars  and 
beams  of  many-colored  light  shine  out  to- 


gether. And  wherever  this  flag  comes 
and  men  behold  it  they  see  in  its  sacred 
emblazonry  no  embattled  castles  or  in- 
signia of  imperial  authority;  they  see  the 
symbols  of  light.  It  is  the  banner  of 
Dawn." 

BIBLICAL    ORIGIN    OF    THE    RED.    WHITE, 
AND    BLUE 

Charles  \\'.  Stewart    superintendent  of 
naval  records  and  librar\-  of  the  United 


302 


THE  STORY  OF  THE  AMERICAN  EI.AG 


303 


States  Xavv  Department,  to  wlmm  the 
(■KnGRAi'iiic  is  indebted  for  helpful  ad- 
vice and  criticism  in  the  cnn)i)iIation  of 
the  data  published  in  this  number  of  the 
magazine,  advances  the  followinpf  theory 
of  the  origin  of  the  colors  employed  in 
the  national  ensign : 

"The  flag  may  trace  its  ancestry  back 
to  Mount  Sinai,  whence  the  Lord  gave 
to  Moses  the  Ten  ConunandmetUs  an<l 
the  book  of  the  law.  which  testify  of 
God's  will  and  man's  duty :  and  were  de- 
posited in  the  Ark  of  the  Covenant  within 
the  Tabernacle,  whose  curtains  were  blue, 
I'urple,  scarlet,  and  fine-twineil  linen. 

"liefore  the  ark  stood  the  table  of 
shew-bread.  with  its  cloth  of  blue,  scar- 
let, and  white.  These  colors  of  the  Jew- 
ish Church  were  taken  over  by  the  early 
Western  Church  for  its  own  and  given  to 
all  the  nations  of  western  Europe  for 
their  flags.  When  the  I'nited  States 
chose  their  flag  it  was  of  the  colors  of 
<il(l.  but  new  in  arrangement  and  design, 
and  they  called  it  "The  Stars  and  Stripes.' 

"Our  flag  is  of  the  colors  red,  white, 
and  blue.  Red  is  for  courage,  zeal,  fer- 
vency; white  is  for  purity,  cleanness  of 
lite,  and  rectitude  of  conduct;  blue  is  for 
loyalty,  devotion,  friendshi]).  justice,  and 
truth.  The  star  is  an  ancient  symbol  of 
India,  Persia,  Eg^-pt,  and  signifies  do- 
minion and  sovereignty." 

THE   CVLL  OF  THE   FL.\G 

Hon.  Frederick  C.  Hicks,  in  the  House 
«>f  Re[)resentatives  on  Flag  Day.  June  14. 
H)i7.  thus  ]xirt rayed  the  meaning  of  the 
national  ensign : 

"The  flag  of  America  docs  more  than 
proclaim  mere  power  or  acclaim  a  great 
and  glorious  history.  Its  folds  wave  a 
benediction  to  the  yesterdays  of  accom- 
plishment and  beckon  the  tomorrows  of 
progress  with  hope  and  confidence:  it 
jieralds  the  noble  purposes  of  a  mighty 
people  and  carries  a  message  of  hope  and 
inspiration  to  all  mankind.  Its  glowing 
splendor  appeals  to  us  to  demand  inter- 
national justice  and  arbitration;  it  com- 
mands us  to  self-sacrifice  and  to  Tuii ver- 
sa! obligation  of  service,  which  alone  can 
maintain  ctiuality  of  rights  and  fullness 
of  opportunity  in  our  republic. 

"Its  stars  and  its  stripes  voice  the  spirit 


of  America  calling  to  a  nation  of  indom- 
itable courage  and  infinite  possibilities  to 
live  the  tenets  of  Christianitv.  to  teach 
the  gospel  of  work  and  usefulness,  to 
advance  education,  to  demand  purity  of 
thought  and  .iction  in  pnblic  life,  and  to 
protect  the  liberties  ..f  free  government 
from  the  aggressions  of  clesjxnic  jwiwer. 
This  is  the  call  of  the  flag  of  the  I'nion 
"1  |l;is  bour  of  crisis  and  turmoil,  when 
civilization  and  the  laws  <pf  nations  and 
of  humanity  are  being  engulfed  in  the 
maelstrom  of  death  and  destruction." 

THE   i:.MUI.E.\I   OF  OIK    L-.NITY 

President  Wilson  in  a  Flag  Day  ad- 
dress said : 

"This  flag,  which  we  honor  and  under 
which  we  serve,  is  the  emblem  of  our 
miity,  our  power,  our  thought  and  juir- 
l)0se  as  a  nation.  It  has  no  other  char- 
acter flian  that  which  we  give  it  from 
generation  to  gener.ition.  The  choices 
are  ours.  It  floats  in  majestic  silence 
above  the  hosts  that  execute  those  choices, 
whether  in  peace  or  in  war.  And  yet. 
though  silent,  it  speaks  to  us — speaks  to 
us  of  the  j)ast,  of  the  men  aiul  women 
who  went  before  us,  and  of  the  records 
they  wrote  u]>on  it. 

"We  celebrate  the  day  of  its  birth ; 
and  from  its  birth  until  now  it  has  wit- 
nessed a  great  history,  has  floated  on 
high  the  symbol  of  great  events,  of  a 
great  plan  of  life  worked  out  by  a  great 
people.  We  are  about  to  carry  it  into 
battle,  to  lift  it  where  it  will  rlraw  the 
fire  of  our  enemies.  We  are  about  to 
bid  thousands,  huiulreds  of  thousands,  it 
may  be  millions,  of  our  men — the  young, 
the  strong,  the  capable  men  of  the  na- 
tion— to  go  forth  anil  die  beneath  it  on 
fields  of  blood   far  away.     .     .     . 

"Woe  be  to  the  man.  or  group  of  men. 
that  seeks  to  stand  in  our  w.ay  in  this 
day  of  hi.gh  resolution,  when  every  jirin- 
ciple  we  hold  dearest  is  to  be  vin<licated 
and  made  secure  for  the  salvation  of  the 
nations.  We  arc  ready  to  plead  at  the 
l)ar  of  history,  ami  our  flag  shall  wear 
a  new  luster.  »  )nce  more  we  shall  make 
good  with  our  lives  and  fortunes  the 
great  faith  to  which  we  were  l)orn.  and 
a  new  glory  shall  shine  in  the  face  of 
our  people." 


THE    MAKERS    OE   THE    ELAG  * 

Bv  Franklin   K.   Lane,   Secretary  of  the  Interior 


THIS  morning,  as  I  passed  into  the 
Land  Office,  The  Flag  dropped 
me  a  most  cordial  salutation,  and 
from  its  rippling  folds  I  heard  it  say : 
"Good  morning,  Mr.  Flag  ]\Iaker." 

"I  beg  your  pardon.  Old  Glory."  I  said, 
"aren't  you  mistaken  ?  I  am  not  the 
President  of  the  United  States,  nor  a 
member  of  Congress,  nor  even  a  general 
in  the  army.  I  am  only  a  government 
clerk." 

"I  greet  you  again,  Mr.  Flag  Maker," 
replied  the  gay  voice ;  "I  know  you  well. 
You  are  the  man  who  worked  in  the 
swelter  of  yesterday  straightening  out 
the  tangle  of  that  farmer's  homestead  in 
Idaho,  or  perhaps  you  found  the  mistake 
in  that  Indian  contract  in  Oklahoma,  or 
helped  to  clear  that  patent  for  the  hope- 
ful inventor  in  Xew  York,  or  pushed  the 
opening  of  that  new  ditch  in  Colorado,  or 
made  that  mine  in  Illinois  more  safe,  or 
brought  relief  to  the  old  soldier  in  ^^'yo- 
ming.  Xo  matter;  whichever  one  of 
these  beneficent  individuals  you  may  hap- 
pen to  be,  I  give  }'ou  greeting,  ]\Ir.  Flag 
Maker." 

I  was  about  to  pass  on,  when  The  Flag 
stopped  me  with  these  words  : 

"'i'esterdav  the  President  spoke  a  word 
that  made  happier  the  future  of  ten  mil- 
lion peons  in  ^lexico ;  but  that  act  looms 
no  larger  on  the  flag  than  the  struggle 
which  the  boy  in  Georgia  is  making  to 
win  the  Corn  Club  prize  this  summer. 

"Yesterday  the  Congress  spoke  a  word 
which  will  open  the  door  of  Alaska:  but 
a  mother  in  Michigan  worked  from  sun- 
rise until  far  into  the  night  to  give  her 
bov  an  education.  She,  too,  is  making 
the  flag. 

"Yesterday  we  made  a  new  law  to  pre- 
vent financial  panics,  and  yesterday,  may- 
be, a  school  teacher  in  Ohio  taught  his 
first  letters  to  a  boy  who  will  one  day 
write  a  song  that  will  give  cheer  to  the 
millions  of  our  race.  \Ve  are  all  making 
the  flag." 

"liUt,"  I  said  impatiently,  "these  people 
were  only  working!" 

*  Delivered  on  Flag  Day,  1914,  before  the 
employees  of  the  Department  of  the  Interior, 
Washington,  D.  C. 


Then  came  a  great  shout  from  The 
Flag: 

"The  work  that  we  do  is  the  making  of 
the  flag. 

"I  am  not  the  flag ;  not  at  all.  I  am  but 
its  shadow. 

"I  am  whatever  you  make  me  ;  notiiing 
more. 

"I  am  your  belief  in  yourself,  your 
dream  of  what  a  people  may  become. 

"I  live  a  changing  life,  a  life  of  moods 
and  passions,  of  heart-breaks  and  tired 
muscles. 

"Sometimes  I  am  strong  with  pride, 
when  men  do  an  honest  work,  fitting  the 
rails  together  truly. 

"Sometim.es  I  droop,  for  then  purpose 
has  gone  from  me,  and  cynically  I  play 
the  coward. 

"Sometimes  I  am  loud,  garish,  and  full 
of  that  ego  that  blasts  judgment. 

"But  always  I  am  all  that  }ou  hope  to 
be  and  have  the  courage  to  try  for. 

"I  am  song  and  fear,  struggle  and 
panic,  and  ennobling  hope. 

"I  am  the  day's  work  of  the  weakest 
man  and  the  largest  dream  of  the  most 
daring. 

"I  am  the  Constitution  and  the  courts, 
statutes  and  the  statute-makers,  soldier 
and  dreadnaught,  drayman  and  street 
sweep,  cook,  counselor,  and  clerk. 

"I  am  the  battle  of  yesterday  and  the 
mistake  of  tomorrow. 

"I  am  the  mystery  of  the  men  who  do 
without  knowing  why. 

"I  am  the  clutch  of  an  idea  and  the 
reasoned  purpose  of  resolution. 

"I  am  no  more  than  what  you  believe 
me  to  be  and  I  am  all  that  you  believe  I 
can  be. 

"I  am  what  you  make  me :  nothing 
more. 

"I  swing  before  your  eyes  as  a  bright 
gleam  of  color,  a  symbol  of  yourself,  the 
pictured  suggestion  of  that  big  thing 
which  makes  this  nation.  Mystarsandmy 
stripes  are  your  dream  and  your  labors. 
They  are  bright  with  cheer,  brilliant  with 
courage,  firm  with  faith,  because  you 
have  made  them  so  out  of  your  hearts ; 
for  you  are  the  makers  of  the  flag,  and  it 
is  well  that  you  glory  in  the  making." 


304- 


nil'  I'LAc.s  oi'  oi  k    \k\I^^  \•\\^,  \\n 
(.'(n'l'iv^wii  \  r   1)1  I' \k  r\ii  N  IS 

For  UiustralioHS  sec  the  corresponding  tiittnhers  on  the  colored  flags, 

payes  Jio  and  onzvard 


I.  Unitkd  States  Flar  anp  Ensign.— On 
July  4,  lgl2,  following  the  admission  of  Ari- 
zona and  New  Mexico  into  the  Union,  two 
stars  were  added  to  the  Stars  and  Stripes,  giv- 
ing the  banner  its  present  composition  of  48 
stars,  representing  the  Stales  of  the  Union, 
and  13  stripes,  commemorative  of  the  Thir- 
teen Original  Colonics  which  achieved  the  na- 
tion's independence.  (Sec  pages  286-304  for 
the  history  of  the  .\merican  flag;  pages  303- 
304,  404-413  for  the  uses  of  the  flag,  and  de- 
scriptive text  under  flags  6,  7,  8,  361,  36J.  364, 
and  367  for  the  evolution  and  development  of 
the  Star  Spangled  Banner  J 

3.  Presihent's  Flah. — When  the  President 
visits  a  vessel  of  the  United  States,  the  Presi- 
dent's flAg  is  broken  at  the  main  the  nionient 
he  reaches  the  deck  and  is  kept  flying  as  long 
as  he  is  on  board.  If  the  vessel  can  do  so,  a 
national  salute  of  21  guns  is  fired  as  soon  as 
possible  after  his  arrival  on  board.  Upon  de- 
parture, another  salute  of  21  gims  is  fired,  the 
President's  Hag  being  lowered  with  the  last 
gun  of  the  salute.  When  the  President  is  em- 
barked in  a  boat  he  usually  directs  that  his  flat: 
be  displayed  from  the  staff  in  the  bow  of  his 
barge  (see  page  283).  When  he  passes  in  a 
boat  flying  bis  flag,  vessels  of  the  navy  parade 
the  full  guard,  four  ruffles  are  given  on  the 
drum,  four  flourishes  arc  sounded  on  the  bugle, 
the  National  Anthem  is  played  by  the  band, 
and  officers  and  men  salute  (sec  page  2S2). 
When  the  President  is  embarked  in  a  ship  fly- 
ing his  flag,  all  saluting  ships,  on  meeting  her 
at  sea  or  elsewhere,  and  all  naval  batteries, 
fire  a  national  salute  on  passing  fsce  page  .324). 

Previous  to  the  present  order  there  were 
two  designs  displayed  on  fl.ngs  and  on  colors 
to  he  used  in  the  presence  of  the  Commander- 
in-Chief  of  the  army  and  the  navy.  The  navy 
design  was  of  an  earlier  date  than  that  of  the 
army,  and  consisted  of  the  coat-of-arms  of  the 
United  States,  as  shown  in  the  Great  Seal  (3>, 
upon  a  blue  ground.  This  happened  to  be  al- 
most identical  with  the  infantry  colors  (see 
If).  The  President's  colors  were  designed  to 
be  distinctive  from  the  infantry-  colors,  and 
consisted  of  a  blue  ground  with  a  large  crim- 
son star,  outlined  heavily  with  white.  Within 
the  star  was  to  be  seen  the  coat-of-anns  of 
the  United  States,  and  outside  the  star  within 
its  angles  were  powdered  small  stars  to  the 
number  of  the  States  in  the  Union.  The  dou- 
ble display  of  flags  and  colors  at  the  Grand 
Army  Review  in  1915  caused  considerable 
corntnont.  and  as  a  rcsidt  the  suggestion  was 
ni.i.lo  tr\  the  Prrsid«>nf  that  the  navy  flag  might 
fittingly  be  r       '  'nctive  from  the  infantry 

colors   by   1!  1    of    four   stars — one   in 

each  corner,      i  ,,>    1,  i>;3  of  an  .Admiral  and  of 


a  General  bear  four  stars,  as  a  sign  of  com- 
mand. The  President  approved  of  the  idea, 
but  directe<l  that  the  coat-of-arms,  as  shown 
on  the  President's  seal  (sec  5),  be  HSe<l  upon 
the  President's  personal  flag  and  colors. 

3.  The  Great  Seal  of  the  U.smteh  States. — 
The  Great  Seal  was  adopted  by  the  Continental 
Congress  June  20,  1782. 

Arms. — Paleways  (f'crficndiiuliir  slril<cs  or 
divisions)  of  thirteen  pieces,  argent  (zchilf) 
and  gides  (red);  a  chief  (upff  fc't  "f  Ihf 
csi-ulchcon),  occupying  one-third  of  the  whole 
azure  (blue)  ;  the  escutcheon  on  the  breast  of 
the  .American  eagle  displayed  proper  (ref're- 
sciited  ill  its  natural  colors),  holding  in  his 
de.xter  (right)  talon  an  olive  branch,  and  in 
his  sinister  (left)  a  bundle  of  thirteen  arrows, 
all  proper  (natural  colors),  and  in  his  beak  a 
scroll,  inscribed  with  this  motto,  "/;  Plurihus 
I'num"  (Out  of  Many,  One). 

CrM/.^Dver  the  head  of  the  eagle,  which 
appears  above  the  escutcheon,  a  glory  (<ir</<r 
of  liiihl),  or  (gold),  breaking  through  a  cloud, 
proper,  and  surrounding  thirteen  stars  fonn- 
itig  a  constellation,  argent,  on  an  azure  field. 

Rd'erse. — .\  pyramid  unfinished.  In  the  ze- 
nith an  eye  in  a  triangle,  surrounded  with  a 
glory,  proper.  Over  the  eye  these  words, 
".Innuil  C^oe/'tis"  (He  [Cod]  has  smiled  on 
our  undertakings).  On  the  base  of  the  pyra- 
mid the  numerical  letters  MDCCLXWI,  and 
imderneath  the  following  motio,  ".\'n-us  Ordo 
Seclorum"   (.•/   .VfTi'  Order  of  .-Iges). 

.Xccompanying  the  report,  and  adopted  by 
Congress,  was  the  following : 

The  escutcheon  is  composed  of  the  chief  and 
pale,  the  two  most  honorable  ordinaries  (</i- 
7-isions).  The  pieces,  paly  (equal  in  icidtli  and 
of  two  colors,  alternating),  represent  the  sev- 
eral States  all  joined  in  one  solid,  compart 
entire,  supporting  a  chief,  which  tmites  the 
whole  and  represents  Congress.  The  motto 
alludes  to  this  union.  The  pales  in  the  arms 
are  kept  closely  united  bv  tlie  chief,  and  the 
chief  depends  on  that  union  and  the  strength 
resulting  from  it  for  its  support,  to  dcnnip  the 
confederacy  of  the  United  Slates  of  .America 
and  the  preservation  of  their  union  through 
Congress. 

The  colors  of  the  pales  arc  those  used  in  the 
flag  of  the  I'nitcd  States  of  .Amrrir.i :  white 
signifies  purity  and  innoi-cnre ;  red.  liardtnr<is 
and  valor:  and  blue,  the  color  of  the  chief, 
sipnitics  vigilant  perseverance  and  justice. 

The    oKvc    branch    anci    arrows    denote    the 
power  of  peace   and  war.  which  is  cxchi«ivelv 
vested  in  Congress.    The  constellation  <1'  • 
a  new  State  taking  its  place  and  rank  . 
other   sovereign    powers.     The   csculchron    i» 


305 


borne  on  the  breast  of  an  American  eagle 
without  any  otlier  supporters,  to  denote  that 
the  United  States  ought  to  rely  on  their  own 
virtue. 

Reverse. — The  pyramid  signifies  strength 
and  duration.  The  eye  over  it  and  the  motto 
allude  to  the  many  signal  interpositions  of 
Providence  in  favor  of  the  American  cause. 
The  date  underneath  is  that  of  the  Declara- 
tion of  Independence,  and  the  words  under  it 
signify  the  beginning  of  the  new  American 
era,  which  commences  from  that  date. 

The  reverse  of  tlie  seal  lias  never  been  cut 
and  has  been  allowed  to  go  unused  officially  to 
the  present  day. 

USES  OF  THE  GREAT. SEAI< 

When  the  Continental  Congress  made  the 
obverse  of  the  great  seal  of  the  national  arms 
it  intended  that  the  device  should  pass  into 
common  use  among  the  people,  as  the  flag  has 
done,  and  like  the  flag,  the  arms  at  first  met 
with  general  approval,  which  soon  gave  place 
to  an  acceptance  of  it  as  an  emblem  of  the 
power  and  sovereignty  of  the  United  States. 

The  seal  itself  has.  of  course,  a  very  limited 
use,  which  is  strictly  guarded  by  law.  The 
Secretary  of  State  is  its  custodian,  but  even 
he  has  no  authority  to  affix  it  to  any  paper  that 
does  not  bear  the  President's  signature. 

At  the  present  time  the  seal  of  the  United 
States  is  affixed  Jf>  the  commissions  of  all 
Cabinet  officers  and  diplomatic  and  consular 
officers  who  are  nominated  by  the  President 
and  confirmed  by  the  Senate;  all  ceremonious 
communications  from  tlie  President  to  the 
heads  of  foreign  governments ;  all  treaties, 
conventions,  and  formal  agreements  of  the 
President  with  foreign  powers ;  all  proclama- 
tions by  the  President ;  all  exequaturs  to  for- 
eign consular  officers  in  the  United  States  who 
are  appointed  by  the  heads  of  the  governments 
which  they  represent ;  to  warrants  by  the 
President  to  receive  persons  surrendered  by 
foreign  governments  under  extradition  trea- 
ties :  and  to  all  miscellaneous  commissions  of 
civil  ofliccrs  appointed  by  the  President,  by  and 
w-ith  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate, 
whose  appointments  arc  not  now  especially  di- 
rected by  law-  to  be  signed  under  a  different 
seal. 

4.  J.\CK. — Vessels  at  anchor  fly  the  imion 
jack  from  the  jackstaff  (the  statf  at  the  bow) 
from  morning  to  evening  colors.  The  jack 
hoisted  at  the  fore  mast  is  a  signal  for  a  pilot 
(220).  A  gun  may  be  fired  to  call  attention 
to  it.  Hoisted  at  the  mizzen  mast  or  at  a  yard 
arm  it  denotes  that  a  general  court  martial  or 
a  court  of  inquiry  is  in  session. 
.  When  a  diplomatic  official  of  the  United 
States  of  and  above  the  rank  of  charge  d'af- 
faires pays  an  official  visit  afloat  in  a  boat  of 
the  navy,  a  union  jack  of  a  suitable  size  is  car- 
ried on  a  staff  in  the  bow.  When  the  Xaval 
Governor  of  Guam,  Tutuila,  or  the  Virgin 
Islands  of  the  United  States  embarks  in  a  boat, 
witliin  the  limits  of  his  government,  for  the 
purpose  of  paying  visits  of  ceremony  in  his 
official  capacity  as  Governor,  a  union  jack  of 
suitable  size  is  carried  on  a  staff  in  the  bow  of 
the  boat.     The  union  jack  at  the  main  was  the 


flag  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Xavy  from  i86q 
to  July  4,  1874,  when  the  present  flag  (49) 
came  into  use. 

When  worn  out,  jacks  are  surveyed  and 
burned  in  the  same  manner  as  ensigns.  The 
proper  size  of  jack  to  display  with  an  ensign 
is  that  corresponding  in  dimension  to  the  union 
of  that  ensign  (see  draw-ing,  page  312).  Yachts 
may  display  the  union  jack  while  at  anchor  at 
the  jackstaff  from  8  a.  m.  to  sunset,  when  wash 
clothes  are  not  triced  up. 

5.  Se.\i.  of  the  PrEsidEXT. — This  is  the  per- 
sonal seal  of  the  President,  and  the  press  from 
which  it  is  made  has  been  in  use  for  many 
years.  The  device  is  to  be  seen  in  the  Presi- 
dent's flag  (2),  in  bronze,  in  the  floor  of  the 
entrance  corridor  of  the  White  House  and  in 
the  favorite  stick-pin  of  the  President. 

6.  Our  First  Stars  .\xd  Stripes,  adopted  by 
act  of  Congress  June  14,  I7;7  (see  page  297). 
In  its  resolution  Congress  did  not  direct  a  spe- 
cific arrangement  of  the  thirteen  stars.  In  the 
navy  it  became  customary  to  place  tlie  stars  so 
as  to  form  the  crosses  of  St.  George  and  St. 
Andrew,  an  arrangement  distinctly  illustrated 
in  Rhode  Island's  banner   (396). 


THE     FLAG     TH.\T     IXSPIRED     THE 
SPAXGLED    banner" 


STAR 


7.  The  Flag  with  15  Stripes  and  15 
St.\rs.  —  When  Vermont  entered  the  Union 
(Alarch  4,  1791),  followed  by  Kentucky  (June 
I,  1792),  it  was  felt  that  the  new  States  should 
have  the  same  representation  in  the  design  of 
the  flag  that  the  original  thirteen  States  pos- 
sessed, and  Congress  accordingly  passed  the 
following  act,  which  was  approved  by  Presi- 
dent Washington  on  January  13,  1794: 

"Be  it  enacted,  etc..  That  from  and  after  the 
first  day  of  May.  one  thousand  seven  hundred 
and  ninety-five,  the  flag  of  the  United  States 
be  fifteen  stripes,  alternate  red  and  white,  and 
that  the  Union  be  fifteen  stars,  white  in  a  blue 
field." 

In  this  flag  the  stars  were  arranged  in  three 
parallel  rows  of  five  each,  with  the  blue  field 
resting  on  the  fifth  red  stripe.  This  was  the 
national  flag  for  twenty-three  years.  It  was  in 
use  during  the  war  of  1S12.  and,  in  September, 
1S14,  waving  over  Fort  McHenry,  it  inspired 
Francis  Scott  Key  to  write  the  "Star  Spangled 
Banner."  Key  was  aide  to  General  Smith  at 
Baltimore  and  had  gone  aboard  H.  M.  S.  Min- 
den  in  the  harbor  to  arrange  an  exchange  of 
prisoners.  While  being  detained  pending  the 
bombardment  on  the  morning  of  September 
14.  1S14.  he  wrote  the  anthem. 

The  arrangement  of  the  stars  in  the  Fort 
McHenry  flag  is  the  navy  arrangement,  that 
particular  flag  of  immense  size  having  been 
specially  made  by  Mrs.  Mary  Pickerskill  under 
the  direction  of  Commodore  Barry  and  Gen- 
eral Striker.  The  flag  is  now  in  the  National 
Afuseum  at  Washington  (see  page  289).  The 
missing  star  is  said  to  have  been  cut  out  and 
sent  to  President  Lincoln. 

This  is  the  flag  that  encouraged  our  brave 
lads  in  our  war  against  the  Barbary  pirates. 
It  was  the  first  ensign  to  be  hoisted  over  a  fort 
of  the  Old  World.    Oh  April  27,  1805,  after  a 


306 


O  Undcrwooil  &  UndcrwiKKl 


GUARD  TO   THE    STANDARD 


On  silver  bands,  encircling  the  lance  from  which  the  regimental  standard  floats,  arc 
engraved  the  names  and  dales  of  the  liattlcs  in  which  that  rcKiment  has  played  its  heroic 
part.  Each  standard,  therefore,  epitomizes  the  glorious  past  <il  its  command,  and  the  men 
over  whom  it  waves  would  glaiUy  give  their  lives  rather  than  have  these  shining  symbols  oi 
victory  tarnished  by  defeat  (sec  page  308). 


bombardment  of  the  batteries  and  the  town  of 
Derne.  Tripoli,  by  the  Hornet,  Xaiililus,  and 
./'  /ii.f.  the  landing  party  of  marines  ami  bluc- 
j.ukels  stormed  the  principal  works,  and  Lieu- 
tenant ( fl'.ann.in  of  the  marines  and  Midship- 
man Mann  tiaulcd  down  the  Tripolitan  tlag  and 
hoisieil  the  fifteen  stars  and  lifteen  stripes  in 
its  place. 

It  was  our  ensign  in  the  Battle  of  Lake  Eric 
(see  jtiOl  and  was  first  carricil  in  a  man-of- 
war  by  Captain  Porter  in  the  Essex,  around 
(.'ape  of  Go<id  Hope.  August,  lf<o<).  and  by 
Commodore  Porter  in  the  Essex  around  Cape 
Horn  on  his  famous  cruise  in  iSij.  It  was  the 
flag  flown  by  Jackson  at   N'ew  Orleans. 

8.  The  requirement  that  a  new  stripe  be 
added  to  the  flag  for  each  new  Slate,  however, 
soon  proved  embarrassing,  with  the  result  that 
U.  S.  Congress  on  April  4,  i,>?i.S.  decided  to 
return  to  the  ori  '  '  .;n  of  thirteen  stripes, 
and  passed  the  !  I.iw : 

"Sec.  I.  Be  it  ...u..ii..  etc.,  That   from  and 


after  after  the  fourth  day  of  July  next  the  flag 
of  the  L'nite<l  States  be  thirteen  liori/.ontal 
stripes,  alternate  red  and  white;  that  the  union 
have  twenty  stars,  white,  on  a  blue  l"icld. 

"Sec.  2.  .'liid  he  it  further  emieled.  That  on  the 
admission  of  every  new  State  into  the  Lnion 
one  star  be  added  to  the  union  of  the  flag,  anil 
that  such  addition  shall  take  eflivt  on  the  4th 
of  July  ne.xt  succeeding  such  admission." 

Twenty-eight  States  having  been  admitted 
since  the  enactment  of  this  law.  our  flag  now 
contains  4>^  stars.  There  have  been  n\imerous 
laws  enacted  concerning  the  flag  since  that 
lime,  but  none  of  them  has  <lcparied  from  the 
fundamental  principles  of  the  law  of   |.><|H. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  army  for 
many  decades  diil  not  carry  the  Stars  and 
Stripes  in  battle,  though  it  was  used  as  a  gar- 
rison flag.  The  land  forces  carried  what  was 
known  as  national  colors,  or  standards,  of  blue, 
with  the  coat-of-arms  of  the  I'niled  Stales, 
comprising  an  eagle  surinounir.!  I  ■■    1  ii!!tr,',.  r 


307 


of  stars,   emblazoned  tliereon,  with  the   desig- 
nation of  the  body  of  troops   (see  22). 

In  1S34  War  Department  regulations  gave 
the  artillery  the  right  to  carry  the  Stars  and 
Stripes.  The  infantry  still  used  the  design  of 
22  until  1841,  and  the  cavalry  until  1887,  wlien 
that  branch  of  the  army  was  ordered  to  carry 
tlie  Stars  and  Stripes.  The  history  of  the  flag 
indicates  that  the  Stars  and  Stripes  were  not 
officially  carried  by  troops  in  battle  until  the 
period  of  the  Mexican  War,  1846- 1847. 

THE  ARMY  FLAGS 

The  flags  used  by  the  United  States  Army 
to  designate  its  several  branches  are  divided 
into  two  classes — colors  and  standards.  The 
colors  are  used  by  unmounted  troops  and  the 
standards  by  mounted  forces.  The  principal 
difference  between  them  is  that  the  standards 
are  smaller  and  have  no  cords  and  tassels,  be- 
cause large  flags  and  cords  and  tassels  would 
hinder  the  movements  of  the  mounted  stand- 
ard-bearer. 

Every  regiment  of  engineers,  artillery,  infan- 
try, cavalry,  etc.,  is  supplied  with  one  silk  na- 
tional standard  or  color  (17)  and  one  silk 
regimental  standard  or  color(ii,  13,  15,  18,  etc.). 

The  silk  national  and  regimental  colors  or 
standards  are  carried  in  battle,  campaign,  and 
on  all  occasions  of  ceremony  at  regimental 
headquarters  in  which  two  or  more  companies 
of  the  regiment  participate. 

The  official  designation  of  the  regiment  is 
engraved  on  a  silver  band  placed  on  the  pike 
or  lance.- 

When  not  in  use,  colors  and  standards  are 
kept  in  their  waterproof  cases. 

In  garrison  the  standards  or  colors,  when 
not  in  use,  are  kept  in  the  office  or  quarters  of 
the  colonel  and  are  escorted  thereto  and  there- 
from by  the  color  guard.  In  camp  the  colors 
or  standards,  when  not  in  use,  are  displayed 
in  front  of  the  colonel's  tent,  the  national  color 
or  standard  on  the  right.  From  reveille  to  re- 
treat, when  the  weather  permits,  they  are  un- 
cased; from  retreat  to  reveille  and  during  in- 
clement weather  they  are  cased. 

In  action  the  position  of  the  standards  or 
colors  will  be  indicated  by  the  colonel,  wlio 
may,  through  their  display,  inspire  enthusiasm 
and  maintain  the  morale.  He  may,  however, 
he  lid  them  back  when  they  miglit  indicate  to 
the  enemy  the  direction  of  the  main  attack, 
betray  the  position  of  the  main  body,  or  tend 
to  ciinimit  the  regiment  to  defensive  action. 
In  tlie  presence  of  the  enemy  and  during  the 
"approach"  the  standards  are  carried  cased, 
ready  to  be  instantly  broken  out  if  their  in- 
spiration is  required. 

In  addition  to  the  handsome  silk  flags,  a 
national  color  or  standard  made  of  bunting  or 
other  suitable  material,  but  in  all  otiier  re- 
spects similar  to  the  silk  national  color  or 
standard,  is  furnished  to  each  battalion  or 
squadron  of  each  regiment. 

These  colors  and  standards  are  for  use  at 
drills  and  on  marches,  and  on  all  service  other 
than  battles,  campaigns,  and  occasions  of  cere- 
mony. Not  more  than  one  national  color  or 
standard  is  carried  when  the  regiment  or  any 
part  of  it  is  assembled. 


The  colors  of  a  regiment  will  not  be  placed 
in  mourning  or  draped,  except  when  ordered 
from  the  War  Department.  Two  streamers  of 
crape  7  feet  long  and  about  12  inches  wide  at- 
tached to  the  ferrule  below  the  spearhead  will 
be  used  for  the  purpose. 

The  names  and  dates  of  battles  in  which 
regiments  or  separate  battalions  Iiave  partici- 
pated are  engraved  on  silver  bands  and  placed 
on  the  pike  of  the  colors  or  lance  of  the  stand- 
ard of  the  regiment  or  separate  battalion,  as 
the  case  may  be.  For  this  purpose  only  the 
names  of  those  battles  which  conform  to  the 
following  definition  are  considered,  viz:  Bat- 
tles are  important  engagements  between  inde- 
pendent armies  in  their  own  theaters  of  war, 
in  contradistinction  to  conflicts  in  which  but  a 
small  portion  of  the  opposing  forces  are  actu- 
ally engaged,  the  latter  being  called,  according 
to  their  nature,  aft'airs,  combats,  skirmishes, 
and  the  like. 

The  names  and  dates  of  battles  which  it  is 
proposed  to  have  engraved  on  llie  silver  bands 
are  submitted  to  the  War  Department,  which 
decides  each  case  on  its  merits. 
.  At  least  two  companies,  troops,  or  batteries 
of  a  regiment  or  separate  battalion  must  have 
participated  in  a  battle  in  order  that  the  name 
of  the  battle  may  be  placed  on  its  colors  or 
standards. 

A  company,  troop,  or  battery  does  not  re- 
ceive credit  for  having  participated  in  a  battle 
unless  at  least  one-half  of  its  actual  strength 
was  engaged. 

The  Adjutant  General  of  the  Army  furnishes 
each  company,  troop,  and  battery  with  a  suit- 
ably engrossed  certificate  setting  forth  the 
names  of  all  battles,  engagements,  and  minor 
affairs  in  which  said  company,  troop,  or  bat- 
tery participated,  with  the  da'tes  thereof,  and 
showing,  as  nearly  as  may  be,  the  organiza- 
tions of  the  United  States  troops  engaged 
therein,  and  against  what  enemy.  This  cer- 
tificate states  that  tlie  names  and  dates  of  these 
battles  are  engraved  on  silver  bands  on  the 
pike  of  the  colors  of  the  regiment  or  battalion, 
or  tlie  lance  of  the  standard  of  the  regiment 
or  battalion,  as  the  case  may  be,  excepting  in 
the  case  of  companies  which  have  no  regi- 
mental or  battalion  organization. 

This  certificate  is  suitably  framed  and  kept 
posted  in  the  barracks  of  the  company,  troop, 
or  battery. 

Wlienever  in  the  opinion  of  a  commanding 
officer  the  condition  of  any  silk  color,  stand- 
ard, or  guidon  in  the  possession  of  his  com- 
mand has  become  unserviceable,  the  same  is 
forwarded  to  the  depot  quartermaster,  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.,  for  repair,  if  practicable.  Should 
it  be  found  that' its  condition  does  not  warrant 
the  expenditure  of  funds  that  may  be  involved, 
the  depot  quartermaster  returns  to  the  officer 
from  whom  received  and  furnishes  a  new 
color,  standard,  or  guidon. 

Upon  receipt  of  new  silk  colors,  standards, 
or  guidons,  commanding  officers  cause  those 
replaced  to  be  numliered  and  retained  by  the 
organization  to  which  they  belong  as  mementos 
of  service,  a  synopsis  of  which,  bearing  the 
same  nurnber,  will  be  filed  with  the  records  of 
the  organization. 


308 


9-  The  President's  colors  in  design  are  sim- 
ilar to  the  President's  flag  aHoat  (i).  hut  are 
made  of  silk,  with  heavy  silk  emhroidery  and 
bordered  with  gold  and  silver  Iringe.  with  red, 
white,  and  Miie  cord  and  tassels,  and  a  khIiI 
eagle  on  the  pike.  The  colors  are  displayed 
when  the  President  is  in  the  presence  of  troops 
as  commander-in-chief. 

10.  The  colors  of  the  Secretary  of  War  are 
used  in  the  same  manner  as  the  I'residenl's 
colors  when  the  war  minister  is  the  ranking 
ofHcial  in  the  i>resence  of  troops. 

11.  The  infantry  c^lnrs  are  carried  by  the 
several  regimenl>.  each  with  its  "wn  |>articnlar 
designation  im  the  scr(dl  below  the  eagle. 

13.  The  Assistant  Secretary  of  War's  colurs 
are  nscd  in  the  same  way  as  those  of  the  Sec- 
retary of  War  when  he  is  the  ranking  oflicial 
present. 

13.  The  cidi'rs  of  the  coast  artillery  cnrps 
have  a  red  tield,  where  those  of  the  infantry 
have  bine;  otherwise  they  are  the  same  as  the 
infantry  colurs,  e.xcept  for  the  yelluw  scroll 
and  the  crossed  canni>n. 

14.  The  Chief  of  Staff  has  colors  with  a 
tield  made  up  of  a  red  and  a  white  triangle, 
the  red  triangle  having  its  base  on  the  statT, 
On  the  center  is  the  familiar  spread  eagle  of 
the  national  coat-of-arms  imposed  upon  a  large 
while  star :  a  small  white  star  on  the  red  and 
a  red  star  on  the  white  ci>niplete  the  design, 
except  for  golden  fringe,  cord,  and  tassels. 
This  Hag  is  flown  when  the  Chief  of  SlafT  is 
in  the  presence  of  troops  the  ranking  officer. 

15.  The  engineer  colors  are  red,  the  lettered 
scroll  being  white,  bearing  above  it  the  engi- 
neer device,  a  castellated  fort. 

16.  The  colors  of  the  corps  of  cadets  dis- 
penses with  the  familiar  red  and  blue  for  a 
licld,  gray  being  substituted  therefor.  Instead 
of  the  coat-of-arms  there  is  an  escutcheon 
biar'M'.;  the  national  colors,  with  a  cap  of  Mars 
■  •ri  ti  I  'icld,  and  surmounted  by  an  eagle.  The 
cadet  colors  are  fringed  with  yellow  and  black 
and  grav. 

17.  The  national  standard  used  by  mounteil 
tro<ips  and  the  national  colors  used  by  un- 
nioimted  troops  are  exactly  alike,  except  that 
the  I'.Ii'rs  are  larger  and  have  cords  and  tas- 
sels. .Is  on  the  ['resident's  colors. 

18.  The  cavalry  standard  has  a  field  of  yel- 
low and,  except  in  size,  is  otherwise  like  the 
infantry  colors,  without  cords  or  tassels. 

19.  The  held  artillery  standard  is  like  the 
coast  artillery  colors,  except  that  the  crossed 
cannon  between  the  eagle  and  the  scroll  are 
omitted. 

20.  The  mounted  engineers'  standard  has 
the  castellated  fort  to  distinguish  it. 

ai.  The  standard  of  the  United  States  Sig- 
nal Corps  is  distinguished  by  the  wig-wag  flags 
between  the  eagle  and  the  lettered  scroll. 

aa.  This  is  the  national  standard  as  used  by 
ntir  lii:ht  artillery  in  the  War  of  iSij  The 
artilUrv  did  not  carry  the  Stars  and  Stripes 
until  iS^.  the  infantry  until  1S41,  and  the  cav- 
alry iiniil  \Xi*7. 

23.  This  is  the  guidon  used  by  each  troop 
of  cavalry.  The  tigure  shows  the  regiment  and 
the  letter  the  troop. 

24.  The  guidon  of  the  field  artillery  is  dis- 
tinguished by  cMSsed  cannons. 


25.  The  word  'Mounted"  above  the  castel- 
lated fort  proclaims  the  mounted  engineers' 
guidon. 

26.  The  guidon  of  the  mounted  cnKHicrr 
MVtion  does  not  have  the  panel  la-anng  the 
word  ".Mounted," 

2j.  The  signal  corps  guidon  bears  the  wig- 
wag flags. 

28.  The  aero  sipi.tdron's  guidon  duplicate> 
that  of  the  signal  corps,  exceiu  that  the  flving 
eagle  is  Ridded. 

29.  Telegraph  company  guidons  show  the 
wig-wag  flags  with  a  thunderbolt. 

30.  This  triangular  pennant  serves  as  the 
guidon  of  the  motor-truck  companv. 

31.  The  tield  hospital  guidon  bears  the  ca- 
duceus  of  Hermes  given  him  by  .Xpullo  and 
supposed  to  Ik-  a  magic  wand  which  exercises 
influence  over  living  and  dead.  This  guidon 
is  lettered  "b".  II." 

32.  .\nibulance  companies  have  a  guidon 
like  that  of  the  lield  hospital  service,  except 
that  the  lettering  is  dilTerent. 

33-  The  lield  hospital  flag  is  the  familiar 
red  cross  on  the  white  lield.  .\  rectangle  be- 
low shows  the  night  signal. 

34.  The  guidon  of  the  cavalry  and  light  ar- 
tillery during  the  Civil  War.  Prior  to  that 
war  the  cavalry  used  jj,  and  on  the  a(b>ption 
of  34  Cicneral  Sheridan  made  2.?  his  personal 
colors.  Upon  becoming  Secretary  of  War  he 
retired  34  from  use  anil  restored  23  as  the 
guidon  of  the  cavalry  as  it  had  been  prior  to 
the  great  conflict. 

35.  When  a  lieutenant  general  of  the  army 
is  in  an  automobile  or  alioard  a  boat  officially 
the  three-starred  flag  of  command  is  shown. 

36.  The  auto  and  boat  flag  of  a  major  gen- 
eral is  like  that  of  the  lieutenant  general,  ex- 
cept that  it  has  two  stars  instead  of  three. 

37.  The  brigadier  general's  automobile  and 
boat  flag  bears  the  one  star  of  the  brigadier's 
rank. 

38.  The  chief  umpire  in  military  maneuvers 
in  times  of  peace  bears  a  flag  with  a  saltire 
cross  uiion  it,  like  that  of  St.  .\ndrew. 

39.  The  flag  of  an  artillery  district  com- 
mander bears  crossed  cannons  with  a  shell  im- 
posed upon  the  intersection. 

40.  The  flag  of  a  post  commander  carried 
in  the  bow  of  a  l)oat  in  which  he  is  embarked 
oflicially  is  a  pennant  with  thirteen  stars  in  the 
blue,  with  a  red  fly. 

41.  The  ambulance  flag  is  a  white  tield  and 
a  red  cross.  The  night  signal  is  shown  below 
the  flag. 

42.  The  ammunition  trains  of  the  I'nited 
States  .\rmy  display  a  triangular  pennant, 
which  is  accorded  the  right  of  way  in  time  <if 
battle. 

43.  The  camp  colors  of  an  army  are  iS  by 
JO  inches  and  displayed  on  an  a.sh  pole  8  feet 
long  and  I'/i  inches  diameter. 

44.  The  white  lield  with  its  centered  cross 
pr.Tclaims  the  chaplain.  This  flag  is  used  for 
lield  service  only. 

45.  The  transports  under  Quartermaster's 
Corps.  L'.  S.  .Vrmy,  fly  this  flag. 

46.  This  is  the  d!-tiiii;ii!-Iiini;  fl.iu:  "f  niinc- 
plaiitcrs  and  siibn,  'rr 
army  contml.     It                                               ing 


3'*i 


•••••••• 
•••••••• 
•••••••• 
•••••••• 
•••••••• 
•••••••• 


I 


A       GREAT   SEAL— U     S     A 
1 

m 

j 

6  FLAG  — J 

JNE    14,    177  7 

PRESIDENT  S    FLAG 


•  ••••••• 

•  ••••••• 

•  ••••••• 

•  •^^••••* 

•  ••••••• 

•  ••••••• 


? 


FLA6—  MAY  I  1795  , 

i7(FT    Mchenry  flag) 


FLAG— JULY   4     ISIf 


310 


CHIEF  OF  STAFF 


iiiiijjxi  iniiiu.unni.nj  J  J  X4. 


iiiiiiiiiiMiiiiirTTTrrit'i.ii.t«i>i 


ENGINEER   COLORS 


311 


UNITED  STATES   ENSIGN 


B   (Fly) 


No. 

A 

B 

C 

D 

E 

F 

G 

u 

1 

J 

K 

FEET 

FEET 

FOCT 

FEET 

FCCT 

FEET           F 

ELT 

:   .-r- 

FEET 

1 

20 

38 

.95 

9-23 

10,77 

1520          1 

90 

897 

1.79 

1.23 

1.54 

2 

19 

36.10 

.903 

8.77 

10,23 

1444       1 

81 

,850 

1.70 

1.17 

146 

3 

14.35 

27.27 

.619 

6.62 

7,73 

10.91       1 

24 

642 

1.28 

.883 

1.103 

4 

12.19 

23  16 

.579 

5.63 

656 

9.26  I    1 

16 

545 

1.09 

.751 

,938 

5 

10 

19 

.475 

4.62 

5.38 

7.60 

95 

,449 

90 

.615 

,769 

e 

8,94 

16.99 

.424 

4.13 

4.81 

6,79 

848 

,400 

.798 

,551 

687 

7 

5.14 

9  77 

.244 

2.37 

2.77 

391 

488 

230 

.459 

,317 

,395 

8 

5 

9.50 

.237 

2.31 

269 

3,80 

475 

.224 

.449 

,308 

385 

9 

352 

6.63 

.167 

1  62 

1  90 

268 

335 

.158 

.316 

.271 

,271 

10 

2.90 

5.51 

.138 

1  34 

155 

2,20 

275 

.130 

.260 

.208 

223 

II 

237 

4.50 

.113 

1.09 

1.28 

1,80 

225 

.106 

.213 

.167 

.182 

12 

1.31 

2.49 

062 

,60 

.71 

IOC 

124 

.059 

.118 

.094 

.101 

ARWr  SIZES 

Nos    1.   5    and  3 

BOAT  FLAG    SIZES 

Nos,    9,  10,  N   and    12 


FOREIGN 

ENSIGNS 

No. 

A 

B 

1 
2 

FEET 

13.12 
8.75 

VARIABLE 
VARIABLE 

UNION    JACK 


•  •  *  •  • 

*  •  •  *  * 

BLUE    FIELD 

•  *    •    *  * 

WHITE    STARS 

•  *    *    •  • 

•  •    •    •  • 

-c4 —  G + G + G—^ G 4 — < 

•  *    *    •  * 


•   •-■• 

•  •I* 


•  •t* 


UNION 

JACK 

No. 

A 

B 

H            1 

G 

J      i 

2 

FEET 

10.23 

FEET 

14.44 

i    -902 

FQOT^   FEET 

,850  T  1.705 
.642   i   1.281 

FEET 
1.805 

FEET 
1.170 

3 

7.72 

10.91 

.619    1 

1.238 

.883 

4 

6.56 

9.26 

1   .579 

,545  ,  1.089 

1.158 

.751 

6 

4.81 

6.79 

.424 

.400  '    .798 

.848 

.551 

7 

277 

3.91 

1   ■2''**   1 

.230      .459 

.488 

.317  1 

SECRETARY 

OF   THE   NAVY 

SEE     FLAGS    49  S  53 

ADMIRAL. 
VICE  ADMIRAL  tTc 

SEE     FLAGS   64  TO  66 

SENIOR  OFFICER 
PRESENT 

SEE      FLAG    68 

No. 

A       1       B 

A              B 

A                     B 

1 

FEET 

10.20 

FEET 

14.40 

FEET             FEET 
10.20           14.40 

FEET 
8.00 

FEET 

6.40 

2 

7.73 

10.88 

7.73 

10.88 

6.56 

5.25 

4 

3.60 

5.13 

4.81 

6.7  7 

4.90 

3.90 

L6_ 

360 

5.13 

A  DI.^GRAM    AND   TABLK   TO   SHOW   THE   EXACT   PROPORTION    AXD   POSITION    Ot   EACH 

FEATURE  OF  THE  ST.VRS  AND  STRIPES,   ACCORDING  TO  THE    REGUI..\TIONS 

OF  THE    ARMY   AND    N.WY 


312 


thireoii  crossid  cannons  and  a  mine,  with  the 
words  "Submarine   Defense." 

47.  Army  vessels  engaged  in  the  ordnance 
service  tly  this  distinguishing  riag. 

48.  Vessels  in  the  engineer  service  tly  flags 
bearinj'  as  a  distinguishing  mark  the  castel- 
latc<l  fort  which  is  the  emblem  of  the  Engi- 
neer Corps. 

49.  The  flag  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy 
consists  of  a  blue  field  bearing  four  white 
stars,  one  in  each  corner,  ami  a  centered  an- 
chor. When  that  oflicial  is  aboard  any  vessel 
of  the  navy  his  flag  is  displayed  at  the  main 
mast  and  when  on  a  boat  it  is  displayed  from 
a  staff  in  its  bows. 

50.  This  is  the  major  commission  pennant 
of  the  L'nitcd  States  Xavy.  It  is  flown  at  the 
main  mast  of  all  of  the  larger  ships  of  the  navy 
as  long  as  they  are  in  commission,  except  when 
they  have  an  officer  above  the  rank  of  captain 
aboard,  when  the  flag  of  coimtiand  takes  its 
place. 

51.  The  seven-star  pennant  is  flown  by  the 
lesser  ships  of  the  navy  when  in  commission, 
such  as  submarines  and  other  small  craft.  It 
is  used  by  captains  of  ships  as  their  pennant, 
and  is  carried  in  the  bows  of  boats  on  which 
they  are  embarked  on  an  ofTicial  visit. 

Sa.  The  national  colors  of  the  United  States 
Marine  Corps  bear  on  the  middle  stripe  of  red 
the  words  '"l'.  S.  Marine  Corps."  Regiments 
carry  them  together  with  the  regimental  colors. 

53.  The  fl.tg  of  the  .Assistant  Secretary  of 
the  Xavy  is  white  with  blue  st.irs  and  blue 
anchor,  an  interchange  of  the  col.irs  of  the 
Secretary's  flag.  It  is  displayed  .it  the  main 
mast  when  the  Assistant  Secretary  is  the  rank- 
ing orticer  present. 

54.  This  pennant  is  carried  by  vessels  of 
the  naval  militia  while  in  commission  and  is 
displayed  at  the  main  mast,  unless  the  com- 
manding oflicer  has  the  rank  of  commodore, 
when  7.?  replaces  the  pennant. 

55.  The  colors  of  the  United  States  Marine 
Corps  are  kept  at  headquarters  in  Washington. 
Tliev  bear  in  Latin  the  motto,  ".Mways  faith- 
ful." 

56.  The  flag  of  the  United  States  naval  re- 
serve is  displ.iyed  on  vessels  which  have  been 
v,ivcn  a  certificate  that  they  belong  to  the  re- 
sctre  forces. 

57.  When  the  navy  lands  its  men  as  infan- 
try for  shore  duty,  they  carry  a  blue  flag  upon 
which  is  centered  a  diamond  of  white,  bearing 
a  blue  anchor. 

58.  w;.  Ti  iM  Ambassador  of  the  Uniteil 
-^t.  •  1  a  vessel  of  the  navy  on 
otVi  :  boat  upon  which  he  is  em- 
liarked  bears  in  its  bow  the  navy  jack.  The 
jack  is  also  used  by  the  naval,  governors  of 
Guam.  Tutuila,  and  the  Virgin  Islands  of  the 
United  Statps  when  afloat  within  their  juris- 
diction.       arly  always  the  canton 

of  a  nat  n  the  latter  has  a  can- 

i>.ireS. 

nial  colors  of  the  United 
l>s  has  a  field  of  blue  uimih 
m  anchor,  and  over  this  the 

T  sitrtTi.ittn'ci!  tn-  the  .\mcr- 
'■•>ve  and 
r  of  the 
regiment  and  the  iianic  ..•1   ilic  C'Tc-. 


ton  as 

T 

\Vr. 

lean   ^| 
below 

t; 

60.  Voscls  of  the  na\al  militia  display  ibis 
flag  at  the  fore  mast  as  a  dislingui>liiiiK  mark. 
The  flag  OMisists  of  a  blue  ground,  a  yellow 
diamond  im|iu>rd  thereon,  bearing  the  blue 
anchor  of  the  navy. 

61.  When  the  nav)  lands  .irtiller>  battal- 
ions for  shore  iluty  the  flag  they  carry  has  a 
red  field,  with  a  centered  diamond  of  while, 
upon  which  appears  a  red  anchor. 

6a.  The  colors  of  the  I'niled  Sl.iles  N'aval 
.Vcademy  have  a  blue  field,  gold  fringe,  and  a 
centered  white  diamond,  bearing  an  anchor  in 
white  and  blue.  These  colors  are  carried  with 
the  national  colors  by  the  regiment  of  inid- 
shipme.i. 

63.  The  colors  of  the  United  Si.iles  Marine 
Corps  carrie<l  between  lX,{»  ami  1S50  hail  a 
white  field,  golil  fringe,  .iiid  bore  an  elaboralr 
design  in  the  center,  at  the  lop  of  which  wa< 
the  legend,  "I'kom  tiik  Siiokks  of  TKri-ni.i  it: 
THK  Halls  of  Mo.vtk/i  .ma."  having  reference 
to  the  engagements  the  marines  participated  in 
from  the  beginning  of  ihr  Tripoliian  War  an<l 
the  ending  of  the  War  witli   .\lexico. 

64.  The  flag  of  the  senior  admiral  of  the 
navy  is  bine  and  bears  (•iir  stars  in  the  f  irni 
of  a  cross.  This  flag  is  displayed  .it  the  main 
mast  of  the  admiral's  flagship,  t.iking  the  jdace 
of  the  commission  pennant  (50)  used  on  ves 
sels  other  than  flagships.  It.  along  with  those 
of  the  vice  adiiiir.il,  rear  admiral,  ai'd  commo- 
dore, is  called  a  flag  of  c.>mm:ind.  The  flan- 
useil  today  correspond  to  the  ("ladsden  flag 
(.lOS)  flown  by  Ksek  Ibnikins  when  he  l<iok 
command  of  the  navy  at  Philailelphia.'Deeem- 
I'lT  3,  1775. 

65.  The  flag  of  the  vice  admiral  has  three 
stars. 

66.  .\  rear  admiral's  flag  has  two  stars. 

67.  The  flag  of  a  cmimiodore  has  one  star 
and  is  a  burgee.  There  are  no  connniHlores  in 
.ictivc  service  in  the  .\merican  navy,  although 
there  are  several  on  the  relireil  list.  That  grade 
has  been  abolished  from  the  nav.il  service. 

68.  When  vessels  of  the  navy  are  together 
and  no  flag  oflicer  is  presc'iit.  the  .senior  officer 
hoists  at  the  starboard  main  yard  arm  a  blue 
triangidar  pennant  as  .1  badge  of  command. 

69.  The  flag  of  the  Major  (leneral  Com- 
mandant of  the  Marine  Corps  has  a  red  field 
with  two  white  stars  in  the  lower  half  and 
above  them  the  eagle-rre-led  lieinis|iheri-  im 
liiscd  upon  an  anchor  which  is  the  emblem  <'f 
the  corps. 

70.  .'X  junior  admiral  in  the  presence  of  .i 
senior  flies  a  flag  similar  t"  that  of  the  seni'T 
admiral,  with  the  exception  that  the  fieM  1- 
red  instead  of  bhie. 

71.  .A  jimior  vice  a'lmiral  in  the  pre»eiK-c 
nf  a  senior  vice  admiral  flies  a  red  flag  bear- 
ing the  three  -tars  of  hi>  rank. 

7a.  Rear  .idmirals  of  iimior  gr.iile  flv  a  reil 
flag  bearing  two  ••tars  while  in  the  prcseiicr  ■'! 
rear  admirals  senior  10  them. 

73.  The  coiiim  id^'re  of  the  Naval  .\lilitin 
carries  a  broad  pennant,  the  upper  Ii.d'  '■'■'' 
and  the  lower  half  vellou.  on  the  bin 

V.  Iiich  .ippears  :i   f-vr-p"!-!--.!   «i:ir 

74.  When 
the  navy  on 

centered  letter     1        ::. •!  i"  .1  .  ir,  i>   ..j  i    ir- 


^*^ 


FIELD    ARTILLERY  MOUNTED    COMPANY  "  MOUNTED     SECTION 


314 


US.MC. 


315 


teen   white  stars  flies   in  the  bows  of  tlie  boat 
in  which  lie   is  embarked. 

75.  Tlie  flag  of  a  brigadier  general  of  the 
United  States  Marine  Corps  is  similar  to  that 
of  a  major  general  (6g).  except  that  it  carries 
one  star  instead  of  tw(T. 

76.  The  flag  of  tlie  conimaiidcr  of  a  de- 
stroyer flotilla  is  a  swallow-tail  pennant  of 
plain  white  bordered  above  and  below  with 
blue. 

77.  The  commander  of  a  submarine  force 
has  a  triangular  swallow-tail  pennant  bordered 
above  with  blue  and  below  with  red. 

78.  The  commanders  of  district  patrol 
forces  carry  a  sw'allnw-tail  pennant  having  a 
white  field  bordered  by  red  above  and  below. 

79.  Section  coinmanders  of  tlic  patrol  force 
carry  a  smaller  duplicate  of  78.  with  the  num- 
ber of  the  section  in  Roman  numerals  tlierenn. 

79^2-  The  division  commander  nf  the  patrol 
force  carries  a  red-liordered  white  triangular 
pennant  with  the  number  of  the  division  in 
Arabic  notation. 

80.  Wlien  submarines  are  operating  in  limes 
of  peace  a  submarine  warning  flag  is  flown  on 
their  tenders,  while  the  submarine  itself  hears 
on  one  of  its  periscopes  a  small  metal  flag  of 
the  same  design. 

81.  The  boat  flag  of  a  post  cominander  of 
the  United  States  Alarine  Corps  is  a  triangular 
pennant  of  blue  and  red,  blue  at  the  hoist  and 
red  in  the  fly,  with  thirteen  wliite  stars  on  the 
blue  and  the  insignia  of  the  ^larine  Corps  on 
the  red. 

82.  Destroyer  division  commanders  carry  a 
white  triangular  pennant  bordered  with  biue. 
with  their  numbers  indicated  on  the  white  lield. 

83.  The  flag  of  a  division  commander  of 
the  sulimarine  force  is  a  white  triangle  bor- 
dered with  bine  at  the  top  and  red  below, 
showing  the  number  of  the  division  in  red  on 
the  white. 

84.  The  battle  efficiency  pennant  is  one  of 
the  most  coveted  trophies  of  the  .American 
navy.  There  is  one  for  each  class  of  ships, 
such  as  battleships,  destroyers,  and  submarines. 
The  ship  of  a  given  class  which,  during  the 
preceding  \car,  has  shown  by  her  practice  and 
performance  the  ability  to  hit  most  often  and 
quickest,  to  steam  the  farthest  with  the  least 
expenditure  of  fuel,  water,  etc..  to  run  longest 
without  breakdown,  and  which  otherwise  gives 
evidence  that  she  might  be  expected  to  give  a 
better  account  of  herself  in  a  battle  than  any 
other  vessel  of  her  class,  is  awarded  the  (irivi- 
lege  of  flying  the  battle  efficiency  pennant  dur- 
ing the  ensuing  year.  There  is  the  keenest 
rivalry  between  the  competing  vessels  of  a 
class,  and  this  little  red  triangular  flag  witli 
the  black  disk  is  prized  next  to  victnrv  in  liat- 
tle  itself. 

85.  This  flag  is  flown  by  vessels  engaged  in 
convoy  duty.  When  ships  are  engaged  in  ma- 
neuvers or  are  maneuvering  in  compound  for- 
mation, this  pennant  is  an  indication  to  the 
other  vessels  of  the  division  to  t.ake  be.iring 
and  distance  from  the  ship  bearing  it. 

86.  Hospital  ships  fly  the  Red  Cross  flag,  and 
under  international  law  they  are  immune  from 
attack,  unless  it  can  be  shown  that  the  ship 
frying-  it  fails  to  respect  all  of  the  provisions 
of  the  international  compact  made  at  Geneva. 


87.  This  is  the  flag  under  which  the  marine 
corps  moves  quartermaster's  supplies  for  its 
men. 

88.  The  interrogatory  flag  is  used  in  signal- 
ing when  one  ship  wants  to  make  a  signal  in 
the  interrogatory  form  or  to  announce  that  it 
does  not  understand  a  signal. 

89.  The  preparatory  flag  is  displayed  with 
a  signal  in  order  that  preparations  may  be 
made  to  execute  tlie  signal  itself  uniformly  and 
simultaneoush'.  When  the  signal  alone  is 
hauled  down,  the  ships  having  made  ready, 
execute  the  signal.  It  is  also  hoisted  wdien 
the  ceremony  of  hoisting  the  colors  in  the 
morning  and  taking  it  in  at  sunset  is  the  ne.xt 
thing  on  the  program.  It  is  raised  five  min- 
utes before  the  ceremony  begins.  Upon  being 
hauled  down  by  the  flagship,  all  ships  execute 
the  colors  ceremony  simultaneously. 

90.  This  fla,g  is  displayed  either  to  counter- 
mand the  last  signal  made  or  the  tme  then  lac- 
ing sh(.)wn. 

gi.  This  pennant  has  two  uses.  Its  first  use 
is  in  answering  a  call  for  a  semaphore  or  wig- 
wag message,  Ijeing  hoisted  lialf  way  when  the 
ship  is  ready  to  receive  the  message,  and  ah 
the  way  when  the  message  has  been  completely 
received.  It  is  then  hauled  down.  Used  thus, 
it  might  be  said  to  he  the  ".\ye,  aye,  sir"  flag 
of  the  navy.  Its  other  use  is  as  a  decimal  or 
dnisional  flag  in  flags  indicating  numerals  and 
quantities. 

92.  This  is  the  "No"  flag  of  the  navy.  It 
is  used  to  negative  a  recjuest,  or  to  say  "Xo" 
to  a  question. 

93.  The  brigade  pennant  of  the  United 
.States  Marine  Corps  has  a  swallow-tailed  Ijlue 
tield.  with  the  number  of  the  brigade  and  the 
initials  of  the  corps  in  gold. 

94.  When  a  ship  asks  permission  of  the 
flagship  to  do  this  or  that,  the  force  com- 
mander hoists  this  flag  with  the  number  dis- 
tinguishing the  vessel  making  the  request,  as  a 
si.gii  that  it  has  been  granted. 

95.  The  \ellow  flag,  as  is  well  known,  is 
the  one  which  proclaims  that  there  is  conta- 
gious disease  aboard. 

96.  This  flag  lias  two  uses.  Hoisted  at  the 
main  mast,  it  means  that  the  vessel  dis])laying 
it  is  engaged  on  dispatch  duty.  It  is  always 
carried  in  a  roll  at  the  fore  mast  of  vessels  in 
formation,  S(j  that  it  can  be  displayed,  or 
"broken  out."  as  the  sailors  say.  instantly,  to 
indicate  an  accident  or  derangement  on  board 
that  vessel  and  to  warn  other  ships  to  keep 
clear.  Hoisted  half  way.  clear  of  the  smoke- 
stack, it  indicates  a  man  overboard. 

97.  The  church  pennant  is  always  displayed 
wliei;  divine  services  on  board  are  in  progress. 

98.  The  cornet  flag,  displayed  at  the  yard 
arm,  calls  all  vessels  present  to  receive  a  sema- 
phore or  wig-w-ag  message.  Displayed  at  the 
fore  mast,  it  is  notice  to  all  ofiicers  and  men 
to  come  on  board  at  once. 

99.  The  guidon  of  the  United  States  Marine 
Cor|js  has  a  blue  field,  is  gold  fringed,  and 
bears  in  gold  on  the  field  the  initials  of  the 
corps. 

100.  This  flag,  displayed  with  loi.  102.  lo.s. 
104.  105.  :n6.  107.  108.  1 10.  and  iii.  indicates 
that  they  represent  in  value  the  numerals  given 
below  them.     If  those  flags  are  not  displayed 


.116 


in  connection  with  lo«»,  tlicy  have  other  mean- 
ings, both  in  the  navy  code  and  in  the  inter- 
national code. 

109.  Displayed  with  a  numeral  signal,  this 
flag  summons  llic  Kiat  which  has  lieen  assigned 
that  particular  numher  to  return  to  the  sliip. 
Displayed  alone,  it  recalls  all  boats  then  absent 
from  the  ship  on  which  it  is  flying. 

112.  These  arc  the  semaphore  flags  used  in 
the  navy. 

113.  These  are  the  wig-wag  flags  used  in 
signal  operations  ashore  and  afloat. 

114-115-116.  These  iiennanls  are  used  to 
repeat  the  first,  .second,  and  third  flags  in  the 
hoist. 

117.  This  is  a  pennant  very  much  in  use, 
and  when  a  ship  is  at  anchi>r  especially  wel- 
come lo  the  crew.  It  is  the  meal  signal.  When 
a  ship  is  under  way  it  indicates  that  the  vessel 
is  making  more  than  standard  speed  tor  some 
purpose  or  other.  When  hoisted  below  the 
admiral's  flag  on  his  flagship,  it  indicates  that 
that  otTicer  is  about  to  leave. 

118.  This  pennant  is  displayed  from  the 
yard  arm  of  a  flag  ofticer's  ship  when  he  is 
absent. 

119.  The  powder  flig  is  displayed  at  the 
fore  mast  when  a  ship  is  taking  on  board 
powder  or  munitions.  It  is  also  carried  in 
boats  and  lighters  used  in  transporting  ammu- 
nition. 

130-171.  These  flags  are  used  in  designating 
various  divisions  and  ships  of  the  naval  forces. 

INTKRN.XTION.M.   CODK   OP    SICX.M.S 

172-197.  The  internaticin.n1  code  of  signals 
is  a  great  universal  dictionary  which  makes 
communication  everywhere  intelligib'c.  regard- 
less of  the  tongue  spoken  by  those  using  it.  .\ 
ship  using  a  signal  book  printcil  in  English 
can  lomiiiunicatc  with  n  vessel  using  a  book 
printed  in  I'rench  or  Italian  as  easily  as  if  the 
stvond  ship  were  using  an  English  book. 

The  international  code  of  signals  consists  of 
twcniy-six  flags — one  for  eacli  letter  of  the 
ali.lialitt — and  a  code  pennant.  Rv  means  of 
thcsi'  flags  .V5.00O  different  signals  can  be 
made.  This  code  was  adopted  by  international 
agreement  in  January.  looi.  anti  is  almost  en- 
tirely based  on  a  system  of  signaling  by  flags 
dcvi-iid  by  the  British  Oovcmment  in  1S56. 
Tilt'  cimIc  i-.n^ists  of  nineteen  S(|farc  flags 
I  ir'i-i'Ci.  nv..  Iiiirgee  flags  (  172-17.?),  and  live 
pemi.inis  (  174-17S)  and  the  cixle  or  answering 
piiuiant   (JT,i>. 

Whr-i  !i,,;.t,rl  under  the  ensign  (l  for 
I':  >   f.ir  Great    Britain.   74.1   for 

I'  code  pennant    (jlt*    denotes 

a  -n    from    the    internaticinal    code. 

\\  d   by   itself   at    the   masthead,   or 

«!■  ■.;  It  can  best  be  seen,  it  is  the  answering 
pcnn.int. 

'  '  '  '    '    use    onlv    between 

^  •  ■  'Wed.     The   flag   is 

111  !  in  the  hand  or  by 

h  shrouds  or  to  the 

t  nces. 

,:ont   and   import.nnf 

•   code  pennant  over 

'••.w   \.A-^.  ..r  In    coi)ilitn,tti>  ns  rf  nii\    two  flags 

.\r.  r..  zv. 


Threc-rt.-ig  signals  arc  general  signals,  in- 
cluding Compass  signals  and  signals  designating 
inone>s,  measures  and  weiglit>,  decimals  and 
fractions,  au.<(iliary  phrases,  etc. 

l"our-llag  signals  are  geographical,  alpha- 
betical spelling  table,  or  vessels  numbers  sig 
iials. 

198-205.     These   are  yacht    flags,   indicating 
respectively  the  absence  of  the  owner,  the  prcs 
ence  of  guests,  the  owner's  dinner,  the  crew's 
meal,  etc. 

306-209.  These  tigurcs  show  how  the  dots 
and  dashes  of  the  L'niled  Slates  army  and  navy 
wig- wag  code  are  made  by  flag-w.ixers  (sec 
ilhistralioii  on  another  page). 

210-212.  Thee  are  the  semaphore  flags  of 
the  L'niled  Stales  army,  the  boy  scouts,  and 
the  British  forces.  The  lioy  scouts  of  .Xmcr- 
ica,  several  hundred  thousand  strong,  and  lens 
of  thousands  of  boys  who  do  not  belong  to 
that  organization,  are  fast  learning  to  com- 
municate with  one  another  by  means  of  flags. 

313.  .\  ship  wishing  to  make  a  signal  hoists 
her  ensign  (I  fi.r  United  Slates,  K-'n  for  (.'ircat 
Britain.  743  for  France,  etc.)  with  this  code 
flag  under  it   (sec  note  under   l72-if)7). 

314-317.  These  ligures  show  the  numbering 
and  coloring  of  buoys  as  seen  coming  from 
the  sea.  and  illustrated  by  the  alliteration  "red, 
right,  returning." 

218-319.  These  figures  represent  respect- 
ively the  masthead  light  required  by  the  inter- 
national rules  of  the  road  for  steam  trawlers 
and  the  area  required  to  be  covered  by  the 
starboard  and  port  running  lights,  the  mast- 
head and  optional  range  lights,  and  the  stern 
lights  of  steam  vessels. 

220-223.  These  arc  the  day  signals  for  ,1 
pilot,  the  tirst  being  the  jack,  in  this  case  the 
United  States  jack,  at  the  fore,  the  nc.xt  two 
flags  showing  the  signal  P.  T.  and  S.  respec- 
tively, anil  the  third  the  dist.ince  signal,  con- 
sisting of  balls  and  cne. 

334-339.  Signals  of  distress  include  the  S. 
O.  S.  call  -three  dots,  three  dashes,  and  llircc 
dots — ihe  inverted  ensign,  etc.  ,\  continuous 
Sounding  with  any  fog  signal  is  also  a  signal 
of  distress. 

230,  Xight  pilot  signals  include  flashes  of 
one  minute  duration  at  frequenting  intervals, 
or  a  blue  light   showing  every  fifteen  minutes. 

231-233.  Night  signals  of  distress  are  made 
through  gun  lire  at  intervals  of  one  minule.  by 
flames  from  a  tar  or  oil  barrel,  rockets,  or 
bombs. 

COAST  GUARD  SIGNALS 

334-338.  .Ml  manned  Coast  Ouard  stations 
of  the  L'niled  Stales  arc  cquippeil  with  inter- 
national code  flags,  and  arc  prepared  to  send 
or  receive  signals  in  that  ctnlc  or  by  means  of 
the  International  .Morse  Code.  Practically  all 
the  stations  arc  provided  with  means  of  tele- 
phonic comnumicalion  through  which  the  tele- 
graph lines  may  be  reached. 

The   • '■'    —   '      '■■  — mended  by  the 

Intern  1  '   for  adoption 

by  all  1:  ^  from  wrecked 

vessels.  ha\  ■  ;'tcd  by  the  Coast  duanl 

of  the  Unit. 

Upon  the  tii^cotcry  of  a  wreck  by  nighi.  the 
station  crew  will  burn  a  red  pyrotechnic  light 


.117 


'nyj      M  mo      3  ITJi      z     and 


M8         Z        AND 
FORCE   COM'DRS. 


318 


>.  ••.  V. 


WATER         ♦^♦>  •'   "0  ' 


|;23i  I'^'-jji'^   li— 'c  iji  1    •:;<.    1    .ii;  |      Jis  J    jjg 


V.  ATER    J04      g'Jjy    SCOUT 
AMSlJCAINiCE         BRITISH 


DON  T   LA*. 


pat 

®  O  OOil  0 


'«3.44 


S     1  "^  ~  A  N. 


3ry 


or  a  red  rocket  to  signify,  "Vou  are  seen;  as- 
sistance will  be  siven  as  soon  as  possible" 
(234). 

A  red  flag  waved  on  shore  by  day.  or  a  red 
light,  red  rocket,  or  red  roman  candle  displayed 
by  night,  will  signify,  "Haul  away"   (235).' 

A  white  flag  waved  on  shore  by  day,  or  a 
wliite  light  swung  slowly  back  and  forth,  or  a 
white  rocket  or  white  roman  candle  fired  by 
night,  will  signify,  "Slack  away"   (236). 

Two  flags,  a  white  and  a  red,  waved  at  the 
same  time  on  shore  by  day,  or  two  lights,  a 
AV'hite  and  a  red,  slowly  swung  at  the  same 
time,  or  a  blue  |iyrotechnic  light  burned  by 
^  night,  will  signify,  "Do  not  attempt  to  land  in 
your  own  boats:  it  is  impossible"  (237). 

A  man  on  shore  beckoning  bv  day,  or  two 
torches  burning  ne.'ir  together  bv  night,  will 
signify,  "This  is  the  best  place  to' land"  (238) 
Any  of  these  signals  may  be  answered  from 
the  vessel  as. follows:  In  the  day-time,  by  wav- 
ing a  flag,  a  handkerchief,  a  hat,  or  even  the 
hand  ;  at  night,  by  firing  a  rocket,  a  blue  light, 
or  a  gun,  or  by  showing  a  light  over  the  ship's 
gunwale  for  a  short  time  and  then  concealing 
it. 

239-246.  The  insignia  of  the  airplanes  of 
the  various  countries  are  here  shown.  The 
United  States  makes  use  of  the  five-pointed 
star.  Great  Britain  still  retains  her  three  crosses 
of  the  union  jack,  Germany  marks  hers  with 
the  Prussian  black  cross,  and  Turkey  displays 
the  familiar  star  and  crescent. 

248-253.  These  represent  tlie  companv  sig- 
nal flags  of  the  U.  S.  infantry  and  of  the 
militia  and  volunteers. 

254-261.  Distinguishing  flags  and  lanterns 
of  army  Iieadquarters. 

262.  The  flag  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treas- 
ury, wlio  is  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Const 
Guard  ;md  Public  Health  Service,  has  a  blue 
held  with  crosseil  anchors  in  white  centered 
thereon,  the  design  surrounded  by  thirteen 
white  five-pointed  .stars.  This  flag  is  flown 
when  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  is  abo.-ird 
vessels  of  the  Trc;isury  service. 

263.  The  I'.  S.  Coast  Guard  flag  was 
adopted  in  i;yy  for  the  Revenue  Cutter  Serv- 
ice, now  merged  with  the  Life  Saving  Service 
into  the  Coast  Guard.  The  si.xteen  vertical 
strines  proclaim  the  sixteen  States  that  were 
in  the  Union  at  the  tiiue  the  desi.gn  was 
adoi)ted:  its  red  eagle,  with  the  stars  above 
and  the  escutcheon  on  its  breast,  bespeaks  the 
Federal  service.  The  badge  on  the  seventh  red 
stripe  hears  a  shield  surrounded  by  the  motto, 
"Semper  Paratus  17Q0"  (.\lways  prepared).  It 
appears  on  the  flag  to  show  that  it  represents 
the  Coast  Guard.  The  s.-ime  flag  without  the 
badge  denotes  the  custom  houses  of  the  United 
States.  In  time  of  war  the  Coast  Guard  oper- 
ates as  a  part  of  the  United  States  Navy  and 
then^  uses  the  flags  ;ind  pennants  of  tlie  naval 
ser\ice. 

264-265.  The  design  of  the  arms  on  tlie 
flags  of  the  Secretary  and  Assistant  Secretary 
of  Commerce  are  identical,  except  for  the 
transposition  of  colors.  It  is  taken  from  the 
official  seal  of  the  department  and  shows  on 
the  upper  part  of  the  escutcheon  a  ship  at  full 
sail  and  ^ on  the  lower  part  a  lighthouse  illu- 
mined.    The  service  flag  is  hoisted  at  the  fore 


mast  on  holidays,  on  occasions  of  oflicial  cere- 
monies, when  entering  a  port  after  an  extended 
,  voyage,  and  at  any  other  time  when  the  na- 
tional ensign  is  hoisted,  .^t  no  time  should  a 
service  flag  be  displayed  without  the  national 
ensign.  These  flags  are  shown  as  follows- 
268.  272,  276,  280. 

266.  The  Assistant  Secretary  of  the  Treas- 
ury has  the  same  flag  as  the  Secretary  of  the 
treasury,  except  that  the  colors  are  trans- 
posed. His  flag  is  never  flow^n  in  the  presence 
of  the  flag  of  his  ranking  officer,  262. 
'  267.  The  pennant  of  the  U.  S.  Coast  Guard 
ha.s  thirteen  stars  and  vertical  red  and  white 
stripes.  It  was  adopted  in  1799,  and  is  always 
displayed  by  Coast  Guard  cutters  in  commis- 
sion. In  time  of  war  the  Coast  Guard  oper- 
ates as  part  of  the  U.  S.  Navy  and  wears  the 
commission  pennant  of  the  navy. 

268.  The  service  flag  of  the  Bureau  of 
.\avigation,  with  its  white  ship  in  a  red  disc 
on  a  blue  ground  is  flown  bv  all  vessels  of  the 
Navigation  Service  during  daylight  hours. 

269.  The  flag  of  the  Commissioner  of  Navi- 
gation is  blue,  bearing  a  full-rigged  ship  in 
white  in  the  center.  It  is  flown  on  Department 
of  Commerce  vessels  when  the  Commissioner 
of  Navigation  is  on  board. 

270.  The  flag  of  the  Customs  Service  is  the 
same  as  that  of  the  Coast  Guard,  except  that 
the  badge  of  the  latter  is  omitted. 

_  271.  The  jack  of  the  Coast  Guard  Service 
IS  a  reproduction  of  the  canton  of  the  ensicrn 
of  the  same  service.  The  jack  of  the  Coa""st 
<iuard  IS  used  only  at  parades  on  shore.  Since 
the  natfonal- ensign  has  been  used  as  the  en- 
sign of  the  Coast  Guard,  the  old  Coast  Guard 
ensign  is  used  only  as  a  distinguishing  fla.g. 
and  the  only  jack  displayed  on  vessels  of  the 
Coast  Guard  is  4. 

272.  A  white  fish  on  a  red  diamond  im- 
posed upon  a  blue  ground  constitutes  the  flag 
flown  by  the  vessels  of  the  Bureau  of  Fish'- 
eries.     It  was  adopted  in   1896. 

273.  The  Commissioner  of  Fisheries  has 
one  of  the  newest  flags  in  the  Federal  service. 
It  IS  a  blue  banner  with  a  white  fish  in  the 
center  and  was  adopted  July  22,  191^. 

^  274.  The  flag  of  the  U.  S.  Pubfic  Health 
.'-ervice  was  adopted  in  1894.  It  is  the  inter- 
national yellow  quarantine  flag  with  the  serv- 
ice shield  thereon.  The  fouled  anchor  stamls 
for  the  seamen  in  need  of  assistance,  and  the 
caduceus  represents  the  herald  or  physici:in 
who  IS  to  bring  restored  health. 

275.  This  is  the  flag  of  the  senior  officer 
present,  and  is  flown  in  the  Coast  Guard  to 
indicate  that  the  ship  which  displays  it  bears 
the   force   commander. 

276.  The  flag  of  the  Bureau  of  Lighthouses 
is  ,1  white  triangular  iiennant,  red  bordered, 
and  liearing  in  the  white  field,  parallel  with 
the  st.aff  and  next  to  it,  a  blue  lighthouse. 

277.  The  flag  of  the  Commissioner  of 
Lighthouses  has  the  white  field  and  blue  light- 
house of  the  service  flag  placed  upon  a  square 
field  of  blue. 

278.  The  Surgeon  General  of  the  U.  S. 
Public  Health  Service  flies  a  flag  of  blue,  bear- 
ing the  fouled  anchor,  of  the  official  shield  of 
the  service.     The  design  is  white. 


320 


279-  Cu;ist  Guard  ciittors  patrolling  the 
anciii.raKe  gruunds  of  the  UirKi"  liarlmrs  of  the 
L'nitcil  States  Hy  at  their  jackstalT  a  Hat,'  of 
white  upon  which  is  imposed  a  blue  anchor. 

280.  The  service  flag  of  the  Cua^t  and  Geo- 
detic Survey  consists  of  a  blue  field  upon 
which  is  imposed  a  disc  of  white,  bearing 
within  its  circumference  a  triangle  of  red. 

281.  The  Superintendent  of  the  Coast  and 
Geodetic  Survey  has  a  tlag  with  a  blue  field 
bearing  a  white  triangle  on  the  hall  next  to 
the  siafT.  This  trianyle.  which  is  equilateral, 
proclaims  the  (jreat  work  of  fundamental  sur- 
veying in  United  States  waters,  which  is  the 
chief  activity  of  this  bureau. 

aSa.  The  ,50th  Congress,  August  7,  iS^S,  au- 
thorized "That  all  such  licensed  yachts  shall 
use  a  signal  of  the  form,  size,  and  colors  pre- 
scribed by  the  Secretary  of  the  .\avy,  and  the 
owners  thereof  shall  at  all  times  permit  the 
naval  architects  in  the  employ  of  the  L'nited 
States  to  examine  and  copy  the  models  of  said 
yachts." 

283-284.  The  commission  pennants  of  the 
Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  are  here  shown. 
They  are  flown  at  the  main  mast  while  the 
vessels  arc  in  commission. 

285.  The  Secretary  of  Labor  has  a  tlag  upon 
which  are  the  four  stars  that  the  I'resident  and 
other  members  of  his  olTicial  family  have  on 
their  flags,  together  with  the  seal  of  the  De- 
partment of  Labor.  This  includes  an  escutch- 
eon surmounted  by  a  spread  c.igle.  and  bearing 
on  its  tield  the  plow  and  other  devices  which 
proclaim  the  dignity  of  labor. 

a85.  Vessels  of  the  U.  S.  Immii;ration  Serv- 
ice display  a  pennant  whose  tield  is  of  while, 
bordered  with  blue  and  lettered  with  reil.  It 
is  of  a  swallow-tailed,  triangul.ir  design  (f>r 
burgee)  and  bears,  in  addition  to  the  lettering, 
the  seal  of  the  department  to  which  it  belouRS. 

287.  N'essels  belonging  to  the  U.  S.  Postal 
Service  tly  a  red,  swallow-tailed,  triangular 
pennant  (tn  burgee),  bordered  with  blue,  bear- 
ing the  American  spread  eagle  and  inscribed 
witli  tlie  words  "l'nited  States  Mail." 

288.  The  United  States  power-boat  squad- 
rons carry  a  Hag  like  the  yacht  ensign,  except 
that  it  wears  perpendicular  blue  stripes  whei:e 
the  yacht  ensign  has  horizontal  red  ones,  and 
has  a  red  canton  where  the  yacht  ensign  has 
line  of  blue. 

289-300.     U.    S.    WEATHER    FORECAST    FI.ACS    AND 
STOK.M    W.\K.N1.NCS 

280,  white  flag,  indicates  clear  or  fair  weather. 

290,  blue  flag,  indicates  rain  or  snow. 

2f>i,  white  and  blue  flag  (parallel  bars  of 
white  and  blue),  indicates  that  local  rains  or 
>h.iwer<  will  occur,  and  that  the  rainfall  will 
not  be  general. 


302  alwa>  ^  .,,<,,  to  tempcniluie,  «iuii 
placed  aUive  (. •{<<>,  j\)u.  mi  )  11  indicates  wannei 
weather;  when  placed  l>elow  it  indicates  colder 
weather;  when  not  displayed,  the  iiidicaiion> 
are  that  the  temperature  will  remain  siatinnurt. 
or  that  the  change  in  temperature  uill  not  var\ 
more  than  lour  dcKfees  from  the  temperature 
of  the  same  hour  of  the  preceiling  da\  from 
.March  ti>  t)ctober,  incUisiw.  and  nut  nmre  than 
six  degrees  for  the  remaining  months  ol  the 
year. 

203,  white  flag,  with  black  square  in  center, 
inilicates  the  approach  of  :i  jm/idwi  and  i/r,  iJ,;l 
fall  in  temperature.  \\  hen  J')i  is  displa>e<l. 
J92  is  always  omitted. 

When  di>played  on  [xdes  the  flags  should  Ik- 
arranged  to  read  downward;  when  di>^plavril 
from  horizontal  suiiporls  a  small  streamer 
should  be  attached  to  indicate  the  point  frimi 
which  the  rtai;s  are  to  be  read. 

In  the  United  States  the  system  of  weather 
signals  is  very  complete,  inliirniatiun  ui  tlu- 
approach  of  storms  being  received  frmn  vari- 
ous stations  in  the  United  Stales,  and  i\eii 
throughout  the  West  Indies.  These  warnings 
are  published  at  the  various  seaports  by  the 
display  of  flags  by  ilay  and  by  lanterns  at 
night;  also  by  bulletins  and  reports  furnished 
to  newspaiiers.  Uvery  elTort  is  made  by  the 
Weather  llureau  of  the  Unitefl  Stales  depart- 
ment of  .Agriculture  to  give  tliese  warnings  a> 
early  as  possible  at  all  points  where  they  ma.\ 
be  of  service  to  mariners  and  others. 

Storm  warnings  are  displa\ed  by  the  L^nited 
States  Weather  Uureaii  at  UJ  stations  on  the 
.•\tlantic  and  Gulf  coasts  and  at  46  stations  on 
the  I'acilic  coast. 

(294)  SiiHtll-crafi  warnings. — A  red  pennant 
indicates  that  moderately  strong  winds  are  ex- 
pected. 

(j()5,  206.  298,  299)  Storm  iciirninijs.—.\  red 
flag,  with  a  black  center,  indicates  that  a  storm 
of  marked  violence  is  expected. 

The  pennants  displayed  with  the  flags  indi- 
cate the  direction  of  ihe  wind:  Red.  easterly; 
white,  westerly.  The  pennant  aUnc  the  flag 
indicates  that  the  wind  is  expected  to  blow 
from  Ihe  northerly  quadrants ;  below,  from 
southerly  quadrants. 

(297)  Hy  night  a  red  light  indicates  easterly 
winds,  and  a  white  light  below  a  red  liKht  wct- 
crly  winds. 

(300)  Hurricane  •carninijs. — Two  red  flags, 
with  black  centers,  displ.iyed  one  above  the 
other,  indicate  the  expected  appnv.ch  of  a 
tropical  hurricane,  or  one  of  those  extremely 
severe  and  dangerous  storms  which  (Kcasimi- 
ally  move  across  the  Lakes  and  northern  At- 
lantic coast. 

Small-craft  and  hurricane  warnings  arc  not 
displayed  at  night. 


321 


WEATHER    FORECAST    FLAGS 


297  1^TORM    \A/ARNINGS 


322 


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324 


OL'R    SIAIi:    lL\(iS 


ON  PACKS  3.'3  to  334.  for  the 
tirst  time  in  the  history  of  tlic 
United  States,  tlie  flags  of  our  48 
States  arc  reproduced  in  colors  in  one 
pubhcation. 

The  flags  have  been  arranged  in  the 
jrder  that  tlie  respective  States  joined  the 
Union.  If  the  first  numeral  of  each  num- 
ber be  omitted,  the  relative  age  of  the 
State  is  at  once  apjiarent ;  for  instance. 
Michigan,  326,  is  the  t\venty-si.\th  State. 
Maine,  $J^,  the  twcnty-tliird,  and  Ukla- 
lioma,  346,  the  forty-sixth. 

Unless  otherwise  stated,  both  sides  of 
a  flag  arc  the  same  in  design. 

These  flag  emlilenis  comliine  much  that 
is  beautiful,  historic,  and  ins])iring.  and 
cannot  fail  to  thrill  the  heart  of  every 
American ;  but  an  observer  may  j)crhaps 
wish  that  there  was  not  such  a  uniformity 
in  design.     About  one-half  of  the  States 

301.  Dki_\w.\rE. — .A.  commission  consistinR 
of  the  Secretary  of  State,  the  President  /td 
.'.inf  ir,-  of  the  Senate,  and  the  Speaker  of  the 
ll.iu-c  of  Representatives,  created  under  the 
I.iu^  'f  lU'laware,  for  the  purpose  of  selecting 
a  Stiti'  flag  and  colors,  made  a  report  in  1014, 
which,  while  not  adopted  by  the  legislature  it- 
self, has  been  accepted  as  official.  It  consists 
of  a  field  of  colonial  blue,  upon  which  is  im- 
posed a  diamond  of  buff  which  bears  the  coat- 
of-arms  of  the  State  of  Delaware.  Underneath 
the  diamond  there  appears  the  following  in- 
scription: "December  7th.  17.S7."  .-X  flag  has 
been  recorded  in  the  office  of  Recorder  of 
Deeds  for  Kent  County  and  a  duplicate  hied 
in  the  office  of  the  Secretary  of  State  at  Dover. 

30a.  F'i;.NNSVi.v.\NiA. — With  a  I'uld  of  blue 
,,i  •',,  ^  I..,,,  vl,  ,.|e  as  that  of  the  tlag  of  the 
r  ■  State  flag  of  Pennsylvania. 

■  :■  1  in  the  law  of  June  13.  1907, 

bears  the  coat-of-arms  of  the  State  in  the  cen- 
ter on  Ivith  sides.  The  length  of  the  staflT  is 
nine  feet,  including  the  brass  spearhead  and 
ferrule.  The  tly  of  the  flag  is  six  feet  two 
Inclu'v  :in<\  \i<  wiilth  four  feet  six  inches.  The 
ci!l;i'^  arc  tnmniril  with  kno'ted  fringe  of  yel- 
low >iU  '  '^ne-half  inches  wide.  .\  cord 
with  ta-  icd  to  the  spearhead  is  eisht 
fc'f  ^'  ""  and  composed  of  white 
a'  The  coat-of-arms  of  the 
St  iield  with  a  ship  .sailing 
on  an  ocean  in  the  upper  third,  two  plows  in 
the  middle  section,  and  three  sheaves  of  wheat 
in  the  lower  section.  Two  harnessed  horses 
ramp.int  support  the  shield:  an  eagle  with  out- 
-t'  '  '  its  crest,  and  below  it  is 
.a                                       ■  motto,  "Virtue,  Liberty 


use  the  .same  blue  ground  with  the  State 
seal  inscribed  in  the  center,  with  the  re- 
sult that  these  flags  are  all  .so  similar  that 
it  is  very  diflicult  to  distinguish  one  from 
the  other  at  a  short  distance. 

Such  designs  as  .Maryland,  307;  .\r- 
kansas.  3_'5,  and  Cali  forma,  331,  etc.,  arc 
easily  dislingui.sliable  at  considerable  ilis- 
tances. 

-M.iny  ol  these  flags  .-ire  soon  to  fly  on 
luiropean  battlelields  for  the  lirst  time  in 
history,  borne  by  the  National  C.uard  of 
the  several  States,  now  mustered  into  the 
Feileral  service.  Some  of  these  State 
emblems  will  receive  their  baptism  of 
lire,  and  to  the  men  lighting  under  these 
colors  will  be  entrusted  the  proud  dis- 
tinction of  winning  the  first  silver  bands 
which  encircle  the  .staffs  of  their  regi- 
mental stand.irds.  thus  jierpetuating  the 
story  of  each  unit's  worthy  achievements. 

303.  N'kw  jKHSKV.^Under  a  resiilulion  ap- 
proved March.  |8<A  the  flag  of  the  State  of 
New  Jersey  is  of  bufT  color,  having  in  the  cen- 
ter thereof  the  arms  of  the  Slate  properly  em- 
blazoned. This  flag  is  the  headipiarlers  flag 
of  the  Governor  as  Conimanderin-Chicf.  Inn 
does  not  supersede  the  distinctive  flags  which 
are  or  may  hereafter  be  prescribed  for  differ- 
ent arms  of  tlie  military  or  naval  service  of 
the  State.  When  the  measure  was  pending  in 
the  New  Jersey  Legislature,  a  memorandum 
was  submitted  showing  why  buff  was  chosen. 
This  memorandum  stales  that  in  l"7<)  the  Con- 
tinental Congress  by  resolution  authoriied  and 
directed  the  Conimander-in-Cliief  to  prescribe 
uniforms  both  as  to  colur  ami  facings  for  the 
regiments  of  the  \ew  Jersey  Continental  Line 
.Xccordingly.  (leneral  Washington  in  general 
orders  directed  that  the  coat  of  such  regiments 
should  be  dark  blue,  faced  with  buff.  Later  it 
was  ordered  that  the  flag  of  the  State  tro<-ips 
should  have  a  ground  to  be  the  color  of  the 
facing.  Thus  the  New  Jersey  flag  became  buff 
under  orders  of  the  Father  of  his  Country 
The  memorandum  also  states  that  W 
elected   buff   facings    for   the    New 

New  Jersey  troops,  because  New  \  , -,  „.,■. 
New  Jersey  were  originally  settled  by  the 
Dutch,  and  Jersey  blue  and  buff  ligtircd  in  the 
Netherlands  insignia.  !t  was  displayed  in  view 
of  the  combined  French  and  .American  armies 
in  the  great  culminating  event  of  the  Rev..Iii. 
tion.  the  capitulation  of  the  ftritish  army  umlcr 
Cornwallis  at  ^'orklown. 

304.  Gkorc.ia  adopicd  a  Stale  flag  in  iSto 
If   ha.s  a  perpen'      '       '  '   •'   b.ir    fr 

bottom  next  10  t'  ih  three 

bars — red,  white.  ..•.-.  On  the   '.-.■    ,-■ 


32s 


■H'l'lll.llli'r'  ■llhiM>!.h^l^ 


RHODE    ISLAND 


ILEIMii 


KErgJUCKY    lUNOFFICIAL* 
NO    STATE     FLAG 


326 


K1  A  1  N  C 

323 


327 


pendicular  bar  appears  the  coat-of-arms  of  the 
State.  This  coat-of-arms  has  three  pillars  sup- 
porting an  arch  with  the  word  "Constitution" 
engraved  thereon.  The  three  departments  of 
government  are  supposed  to  be  represented  by 
the  three  pillars.  On  the  pillars  are  engraved 
the  words  "Wisdom,"  "Justice,"  "Moderation," 
these  words  being  supposed  to  typify  the  leg- 
islative, executive,  and  judicial  branches  of  the 
State  government. 

305.  Connecticut's  colors  cunsist  of  a  dark 
blue  background,  bearing  the  State  seal  in  the 
center.  The  seal  has  three  grape  vines,  repre- 
senting the  three  original  colonies  of  Connecti- 
cut—  Hartford.  Windsor,  and  Wetherslield. 
Beneath  the  vines  is  the  State  motto,  "Qui 
transtulit  sustinet."  The  Connecticut  State 
flag  was  adopted  by  the  General  Assembly  in 
1897.  its  "dimensions  are  five  feet  six  inches 
by  four  feet  four  inches.  The  Latin  inscrip- 
tion is  a  survival  of  the  Nutmeg  State's  Colo- 
nial banner  and,  freely  translated,  means,  "He 
who  brought  us  over  sustains  us." 

306.  M.\ss.\CHusETTS. — By  a  law  approved 
in  igoS  the  flag  of  the  Commonwealth  bears  on 
one  side  a  representation  of  the  coat-of-arms 
of  the  State,  upon  a  white  field,  and  on  the 
other  side  a  blue  field  bearing  the  representa- 
tion of  a  green  pine  tree  against  a  white  back- 
ground. W'hen  carried  as  colors  by  troops,  or 
otherwise,  the  flag  is  bordered  by  a  fringe  and 
surmounted  by  a  cord  and  tassels,  the  fringe, 
cord,  and  tassels  being  of  golden  yellow.  The 
staff  is  of  white  ash  or  wood  of  similar  light 
color,  tipped  with  a  spearhead  of  gilt.  The 
coat-of-arms  was  authorized  under  a  law  of 
1885.  It  consists  of  a  shield  having  a  blue  field, 
with  an  Indian  man,  dressed  in  shirt,  hunting 
breeches,  and  moccasins,  holding  in  his  right 
hand  a  bow  and  in  his  left  hand  an  arrow 
pointing  downward,  all  of  gold;  in  the  upper 
corner  of  the  field  above  his  right  arm  is  a 
silver  star  with  five  points.  The  crest  is  a 
wreath  of  blue  and  gold,  whereon,  in  gold,  is 
a  right  arm,  bent  at  the  elbow,  clothed  and 
ruffled,  with  the  hand  grasping  a  broad  sword. 
The  motto  is  "Ense  petit  placidam  sub  libertate 
quietem." 

307.  Marvl.'Vnd. — One  of  the  oldest  flags  in 
the  world  at  the  date  of  its  official  adoption, 
the  State  flag  of  Maryland  is  unique  in  design 
and  striking  in  its  history.  Although  it  was 
the  flag  of  the  proprietary  government  of  Mary- 
land generations  before  American  independ- 
ence was  dreamed  of.  and  has  continued  in  use 
from  that  day  to  this,  it  was  not  ofticially 
adopted  until  1904.  It  represents  the  escutcheon 
of  the  paternal  coat-of-arms  of  Lord  Balti- 
more. After  reciting  that  it  is  eminently  fitting 
that,  by  reason  of  its  historic  interest  and 
meaning,  as  well  as  for  its  beauty  and  harmony 
of  colors,  the  flag  adopted  should  be  one  which 
from  tile  earliest  settlement  of  the  province  to 
the  present  time  has  been  known  and  distin- 
guished as  the  flag  of  Maryland,  the  resolutions 
then  provide  that  tlie  first  and  fourth  quarters 
consist  of  six  vertical  bars,  alternately  gold  and 
black,  with  a  diagonal  band  on  which  the  colors 
are  reversed ;  the  second  and  third  quarters 
cons-ist  of  a  quartered  field  of  red  and  white, 
charged  with  a  Greek  cross,  its  arms  terminat- 
ing in  trefoils,  with  the  colors  transposed,  red 


being  on  the  white  ground  and  white  on  the 
red,  and  all  being  represented  as  on  the  es- 
cutcheon of  the  present  great  seal  of  Maryland. 
The  flag  always  is  to  be  so  arranged  upon  the 
staff  as  to  have  the  black  stripes  on  the  diag- 
onal band  of  the  first  quarter  at  the  top  of  the 
staff.  It  is  to  he  displayed  from  the  State 
House  at  Annapolis  continually  during  the  ses- 
sion of  the  General  Assembly  and  on  such 
other  public  occasions  as  the  Governor  of  the 
State  shall  order  and  direct. 

308.  South  Carolina's  fjag  is  reminiscent 
of  secession  times.  Following  that  State's 
withdrawal  from  the  L'nion.  its  legislature  de- 
cided that  it  was  a  separate  nation  and  should 
have  a  national  banner.  A  resolution  was  there- 
fore adopted  in  1861  providing  that  "the  na- 
tional flag  or  ensign  of  South  Carolina  should 
be  blue,  with  a  golden  palmetto  upright  upon  a 
white  oval  in  the  center  thereof,  and  a  white 
crescent  in  the  upper  flagstaff  corner  of  the 
flag."  Two  days  later  a  resolution  was  adopted 
by  the  two  houses  providing  that  the  white 
medallion  and  golden,  palmetto  be  dispensed 
with  and  in  their  place  a  white  palmetto  in- 
serted. From  that  time  to  this  South  Carolina 
has  had  a  blue  flag,  with  the  white  crescent 
and  the  white  palmetto.  When  the  State  en- 
tered the  Confederate  L^nion  its  national  flag 
became  the  State  flag,  and  continues  such  to 
this  day.  In  1910  a  law  was  made  providing 
that  State  flags  should  be  manufactured  in  the 
textile  department  of  Clemson  College  and  sold 
at  approximate  cost  to  the  people.  Another 
provision  is  that  the  State  flag  shall  be  dis- 
played daily,  except  in  rainy  weather,  from  the 
staff  of  the  State  House  and  every  court  house, 
one  building  of  the  State  L'niversity,  and  of 
each  State  college,  and  upon  every  public- 
school  building  except  during  vacation.  Any 
person  who  maltreats  or  desecrates  a  flag  of 
the  State,  wherever  displayed,  shall  be  guilty 
of  a  misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction  pun- 
ished by  a  fine  of  not  more  than  a  hundred 
dollars  or  imprisonment  for  not  uTire  than 
thirty  days. 

309.  Nfw  Hampshire  had  no  State  flag  au- 
thorized and  described  by  law  until  1900.  In 
that  year  an  act  was  adopted  providing  that 
the  flag  should  be  blue,  bearing  upon  its  center 
in  suitable  proportions  and  colors  a  representa- 
tion of  the  State  seal.  The  inscription  is  as 
follows:  "Sigillum  RepublicBe  Neo  Hantoniesis 
17S4"  (Seal  of  the  Comiuonwealth  of  New 
Hampshire).  The  shield  is  surrounded  by  a 
wreath  of  laurel  leaves  with  nine  stars  inter- 
spersed. When  used  for  military  purposes,  the 
flag  is  to  conform  to  the  regulations  of  the 
United  States.  Under  this  law  New  Hamp- 
shire's flag  is  to  be  displayed  above  the  State 
House  whenever  the  legislature  is  in  session, 
and  during  meetings  of  the  Governor  and  coun- 
cil when  expedient,  and  upon  such  other  occa- 
sions as  the  Governor  may  designate.  During 
the  Civil  War,  New  Hampshire  regiments  car- 
ried yellow-fringed  white  flags,  with  blue  and 
white  cords  and  tassels,  bearing  on  one  side 
the  State  coat-of-arms  and  on  the  other  that 
of  the  United  States. 

310.  Virginia's  flag  is  of  blue  bunting, 
sixteen  by  twenty  feet,  with  a  circular  white 
ground  in  the  center,  in  which  the  seal  of  the 


328 


State  IS  placi-tl.  The  State  cunveiilion  of  iSOl 
passed  an  ordinaiiee  providing  tliat  "the  flay 
i)f  the  Cunimonweallh  shall  hereafter  be  made 
of  hunting,  which  shall  he  a  deep  blue  tield, 
with  a  circle  of  white  in  tlie  center,  upon  whicli 
sliall  be  painted  or  embroidered,  to  show  on 
lioth  sides  alike,  the  coat-oi-arms  of  the  State- 
as  described  by  the  convention  of  1776,  for  one 
side  (obverse)  of  the  seal  of  the  State."  This 
seal  portrays  \  irtus.  the  genius  of  the  Com 
nionwcalth.  dressed  like  an  Amazon,  resting  on 
a  scale  at  one  hand  and  holding  a  sword  in  the 
other,  treading  on  Tyranny,  represented  by  a 
man  prostrate,  a  crown  fallen  from  his  head, 
a  broken  chain  in  his  left  hand,  and  a  scourge 
in  his  right.  In  the  e.xergiie  the  word  "Vir- 
ginia" appears  over  the  head  of  \'irtus.  an<I 
underneath  the  words  "Sic  semper  tyrannis" 
(Thus  ever  to  tyrants).  The  seal  of  X'irginia 
was  prepared  by  a  committee  of  which  Richard 
Henry  Lee  and  (ieorgc  Mason  were  members, 
and  was  adopte<l  on  the  tifth  day  of  July.  I77<>. 
one  day  after  the  Declaration  of  Independence 
was  prix-laimcd. 

311.  Nkw  \'okk  adopted  its  present  Sta'c 
llag  in  loo<).  The  law  provides  that  it  shall  be 
blue,  charged  with  the  arms  of  the  State  in  the 
center.  These  arms,  dating  from  March  16. 
177S.  rival  in  beauty  the  insignia  of  any  other 
State  in  the  L'nion  (see  also  39.4).  On  the 
shield  is  the  sun  rising  in  golden  splendor  be- 
hind a  range  of  three  mountains.  .-Xt  the  base 
of  the  central  mountain  a  ship  and  sloop  are 
shown  under  sail,  about  to  meet  on  a  river 
bordered  by  a  grassy  shore.  .-Vn  .-Vmerican 
eagle  with  outspread  wings,  rising  from  a  globe 
showing  the  n<'rth  .-\tlantic  Ocean  with  outlir.es 
of  its  shores,  forms  the  crest.  The  shield  's 
supported  on  the  right  by  a  bliic-robed  hgurc 
of  Liberty,  her  hair  flowing  and  decorated  with 
a  coronet  of  pearls.  In  her  right  hand  she 
holds  a  staff  crowned  with  a  Phrygian  cap  of 
gold.  .-\t  her  feet  a  royal  crown  is  cast.  The 
ligure  on  the  left  is  golden  -  robed  Justice, 
crowned  with  pearls,  her  eyes  hound,  and  in 
her  left  hand  the  I'amiliar  scales.  On  a  scroll 
beneath  the  shield  is  the  motto.  "Excelsior." 

Xo  Stale  has  been  more  careful  in  guarding 
the  national   flag,  as  well  as  its  own  emblem. 

fr '     — aiion  or  improper  use  than  the  Ivni- 

I  nweallh.     Its  laws  arc  most  explicit 

:r  liing  in  providing  penalties  for  the 

1-  uial  flags  for  advertising  purposes. 

ing.  trampling  upon,  or  mutilating 

.ilional   colors  and  standards.     To 

.iriotism  and  reverence  for  the  na- 

ti.i^.   the  New  York  legislature  has  di- 

;-    'I'l  that  "it  shall  he  the  duty  of  the  school 

ory  public  school   in  the  scv- 

luHil  distric's  of  the  State  to 

, -V  ■'    '-^tates   flag,    flagsiafl.   and 

necessary  .;  ind  to  jlisplay  such  flag 

n\i-'V  ..r  III  -hool  building  during 

•her  times  as  school 
When  the  weather 
display  in  the  open 
:i  the  principal  room 
HI  the 

31a.  VA. — The    law    prcscrib- 

■    -  •'  "         1S8:;. 

.  bli^e 
...1  with 


the  letter  "X"  in  Rilt  on  the  led  and  the  Icllcr 
"C"  in  gill  on  the  right  of  the  star,  the  circle 
contaming  this  doign  being  onc-lhird  of  the 
union.  The  fly  of  the  flag  consists  of  twu 
equally  propor^iioncd  bars,  tiic  upper  rc<l  and 
the  lower  whifc.  The  length  of  the  bar  hori- 
/oiitallv  is  c(|ual  to  the  pcrpen<liciilar  length  of 
the  union.  The  total  length  of  the  llag  is  one 
third  more  than  the  width  A  law  enacted  in 
11)07  provides  that  the  Stale  llag  shall  be  flown 
above  every  State  institution  and  public  build, 
ing  except  in  inclemmi  weather.  It  also  pro- 
vides that  the  several  Hoards  of  Supervisors 
of  the  counties  shall  either  display  the  flag  on 
the  court-house  staff  ir  drape  it  behind  the 
judge's  stand.  These  Hoards  may  display  the 
flag  on  snch  public  occasions  as  ihey  deem 
proper. 

313.  RiinnK  Isi.vNii. — .-Mthough  some  au- 
thorities believe  thai  the  Stars  of  the  .\merican 
colors  originaled  in  Rhode  Island's  colonial 
colors  (sec  also  .t<X>).  it  was  not  until  1877 
that  this  Slate  came  to  have  an  olVuial  flag. 
The  flag  law  was  revised  in  iSSj.  and  again  in 
I.Si)7,  when  the  existing  banner  was  established. 
It  is  of  white,  live  feel  six  inches  fly.  aiul  four 
feet  ten  inches  deep,  on  a  pike,  bearing  on  each 
side  in  the  center  a  gold  anchor  Iwenly-two 
inches  high,  and  underne.ilh  it  a  blue  riblxm 
twenty-four  inches  long  ami  live  inches  wide. 
or  in  these  proportions,  with  the  m.  Ilo. 
"Mope."  in  gold  letters  thereon,  the  whole  sur- 
rounded by  thirteen  golden  stars  in  a  circle. 
The  flag  is  edged  with  yellow  fringe.  The 
pike  is  surmounted  by  a  spear  head,  its  length 
lieing  nine  feet,  not  including  the  spear  head. 
The  flag  of  1,^77  used  bine  for  anchor,  motto, 
and  stars.  re<l  for  the  .scroll,  and  white  for  the 
field.  That  of  ifS'j  had  a  blue  luld  in  which  a 
golden  anchor  and  thirteen  golilen  stars  were 
centered.  The  flag  of  1.S77  had  as  many  stars 
as  States,  but  the  later  flags  went  back  to  the 
original  thirteen. 

314.  Vkrmo.s't's  flag,  adopted  in  i86j.  con- 
sists of  ihirteen  stripes,  allcrnalelv  red  and 
white,  with  a  canton  of  blue,  on  which  rests  a 
single  star  of  white,  wiih  the  State  coat-of- 
arms  thereon.  The  scene  represented  on  the 
coat-of-arms  is  an  actual  mountain  and  harvest 
landscape  in  Vermont.  The  outlines  of  the 
nioiintains  are  those  of  Camel's  Hump  and 
Manstield.  as  seen  from  I^ke  Champlain. 
While  the  records  of  Vermont  disclose  no  au- 
thority for  a  coat-of-arms  >r  a  flag  prior  to 
the  .icl  of  September,  LSf/).  this  ilcvice  appears 
on  a  Slate  seal  procured  in  iS.m  umler  the 
i>rder  of  the  excv-ulive  by  Robert  Temple.  '' 
then  the  secretary  of  the  Oovcrnor  and  €• 

315.  Kkn'Tickv. — So  far  as  a  can-  -' 
of  the  records  of  the  Slate  reveal, 
has  never  by  Icgisl.ilive  action  n<|np!     .  .. 
cial  Oag.     In  l.SSa  liowcvcr.  a  Hoa-<l  wa^ 
vrneil    by    general   order,   nn<'.-r   the    .-Vdi    - 
Cioneral.  to  consii!er  and   report  a  flag  <! 
for   the   use   of   the   Slaf   unard      1f«    t 
was  adopted   with   <■  - 

general  ortler  a  Slat. 

the  guard  .1 

service.     T' 

arms  of  tlu    .-;  .  •    • 

On  the  eviilcheon  appear  two  men 

shaking  li.im!-.     Tlie  ocutchcon  is  v- 


3^9 


IOWA 


liiulilii.-    'iiililliuilllllll».  iiiiiHiifi;,  ..!iii,.',mi..ini7 


iilHIillllli 


329 


IOWA 


MMIInl..  .MUUiliillUlllj.  ...hJhlllllUhll,,  llliTim 


CALIFORNIA  REPUBLIC 


■  I'll.         . 'miniTniTTriii 


ruff 
331 


■  iiiiiiiiininrjih  ■■  .■^tihlllHf 


CALIFORNIA 


330 


y^v 


331 


by  an  eagle  bearing  in  its  beak  a  streamer 
carrying  tlie  legend,  "United  We  Stand.  Di- 
vided We  Fall."  It  is  said  that  the  original 
intention  of  the  seal  was  to  represent  two 
friends  in  hunter's  garb,  their  right  hands 
clasped,  their  left  resting  on  each  otiier's  shoul- 
ders, their  feet  on  the  verge  of  a  precipice, 
which  gave  significance  to  the  legend.  But  the 
engravers  for  the  State  have  uniformly  dressed 
the  ligures  more  to  suit  their  ideals,  with  vary- 
ing heraldic  effect.  The  escutcheon  is  sup- 
ported by  four  United  States  flags,  a  drum, 
and  a  cannon. 

316.  Tennessee.  —  This  unique  flag  was 
adopted  in  1905.  It  consists  of  a  fly  one  and 
two-thirds  times  as  long  as  it  is  wide.  At  the 
outer  or  free  end  is  a  blue  bar  separated  from 
the  red  field  by  a  thin  white  stripe.  Superim- 
posed upon  the  red  field  is  a  circular  disk  of 
blue  separated  from  the  field  by  a  thin  circle 
of  white,  its  width  the  same  as  the  width  of 
the  white  stripe  separating  the  blue  bar  from 
the  red  field.  Upon  the  blue  of  the  circular 
disk  are  arranged  three  five-pointed  stars  of 
white,  distributed  at  equal  intervals  around  a 
point  wliich  is  the  center  of  the  blue  field. 
Tennessee  was  the  third  St.nte  to  join  the 
Union  (after  the  original  thirteen"),  a  fact 
which  the  three  stars  recall. 

317.  Ohio  has  the  only  pennant-shaped  fla.g 
among  all  the  States.  The  law  making  it  the 
official  ensign  of  the  "Buckeye  State"  was 
adopted  in  1902.  The  outer  quarter  of  the 
held  is  swallow-tailed,  the  field  itself  consist- 
ing of  five  stripes — three  red  and  two  white — 
red  at  the  bottom  and  top.  At  the  staff  end  of 
the  field  is  a  triangular  blue  canton  with  the 
base  resting  on  the  staff  and  the  apex  reachin.g 
half  way  across  the  field.  On  this  canton  is  a 
large  circular  "O"  in  white,  inside  of  wliich  is 
a  red  disk.  Seventeen  stars,  representing  all 
of  the  States  at  the  time  of  Ohio's  entrance 
into  the  Union,  appear  grouped  around  the 
circular  "O."  All  of  these  stars  are  five- 
pointed. 

318.  Louisiana. — Those  who  contend  that 
the  Stars  and  Stripes  were  used  unofficially 
long  before  they  were  adopted  by  the  Conti- 
nental Congress,  on  June  14.  1777,  can  point  to 
the  history  of  the  Louisiana  State  flag  as  show- 
ing that  banners  are  often  used  unofticially 
long  before  being  officially  adopted.  It  is  said 
that  this  flag  is  a  hundred  years  old,  having 
become  the  unofficial  flag  of  Louisiana  about 
the  time  of  the  War  of  1812,  yet  it  was  not 
legally  adopted  until  July  I,  1912.  The  meas- 
ure making  it  the  fla.g  of  the  State  is  simply  a 
statute  of  ratification,  and  sets  forth  that  it 
shall  consist  of  a  solid  blue  field  with  the  coat- 
of-arms  of  the  State,  a  pelican  feeding  its 
young,  the  ribbon  beneath,  also  in  white,  con- 
taining in  blue  the  motto  of  the  State,  "Union, 
Justice,  Confidence."  The  law  provides  that 
the  flag  shall  be  displayed  on  the  State  House 
whenever  the  General  Assembly  is  in  session 
and  on  public  buildings  throughout  the  State 
on  all  regular  holidays  and  whenever  other- 
wise decreed  by  the  Governor  or  the  General 
Assembly. 

319.  Indiana. — Although  the  legislature  of 
the  State  of  Indiana  declared  in  1901  that  its 
official    banner    should    be   no    other    than    the 


American  flag  itself,  it  reconsidered  this  action 
in  1917  and  adopted  a  State  emblem.  The  field 
of  the  flag  is  blue;  its  dimensions  are  five  feet 
six  inches  fly  by  four  feet  four  inches  on  the 
staff,  and  upon  the  field  is  centered  a  flaming 
torch  in  gold,  or  buff,  with  nineteen  stars. 
Thirteen  stars  are  circled  around  the  torch, 
representing  the  original  thirteen  States.  In- 
side this  circle  is  a  half  circle  of  five  stars 
below  the  torch,  representing  the  five  States 
admitted  to  the  Union  prior  to  Indiana.  The 
outer  circle  of  stars  is  so  arranged  that  one  of 
them  appears  directly  in  the  middle  at  the  top 
of  the  circle.  The  word  "Indiana"  is  placed 
in  a  half  circle  over  a  large  star,  typifying  the 
State,  which  is  situated  just  above  the  flame  of 
tlie  torch.  Rays  from  the  torch  radiate  to  the 
tliree  stars  of  the  outer  circle.  This  banner  is 
to  be  carried  in  addition  to  the  American  flag 
by  the  militia  forces  of  Indiana  and  in  all  pub- 
lic functions  in  which  the  State  oflicially  ap- 
pears. 

320.  Mississippi  is  one  of  the  States  that 
have  had  more  than  one  flag.  The  old  flag 
was  white  with  a  blue  canton  with  a  single 
white  star  thereon.  On  the  body  of  the  white 
was  a  green  tree.  The  flag  was  fringed  witli 
red  and  the  pike  was  surmounted  by  a  toma- 
hawk. After  the  Civil  War  the  State  adopted 
a  new  flag.  This  consists  of  a  blue,  white,  and 
red  field,  the  red  at  the  bottom,  with  a  red 
canton  reacliing  down  to  the  red  stripe  of  the 
field.  A  St.  .Andrew's  cross  with  thirteen  stars 
is  imposed  upon  the  canton.  The  tomahawk 
of  the  old  flagstaff  is  replaced  on  the  new  pike 
by  a  regulation  spear  head. 

321.  Illinois'  State  flag  was  authorized  in 
the  year  1915.  The  law  provides  that  the  re- 
production of  the  emblem  on  tlie  great  seal  of 
Illinois  be  permitted  when  reproduced  in  black 
or  in  natural  colors  on  a  white  background  for 
use  as  a  State  banner.  The  seal  of  tlic  State 
of  Illinois  was  adopted  in  1819,  the  year  after 
the  State  was  admitted  to  the  Union.  In  the 
center  is  an  .American  eagle  perched  on  an 
.\merican  shield:  back  of  the  shield  and  help- 
ing to  support  it  is  an  olive  branch.  In  its 
beak  the  eagle  holds  a  scroll  containing  the 
motto,    "State    Sovereignty — National    Union." 

322.  Alabama's  colors  were  adopted  by  the 
.•ict  of  February  16,  1895,  which  provides  that 
the  flag  of  the  State  shall  be  a  crimson  cross 
of  St.  Andrew  upon  a  field  of  white ;  the  bars 
forming  the  cross  shall  be  not  les.s  than  six 
inches  broad,  and  must  extend  diagonally 
across  the  flag  from  side  to  side.  The  flag- 
shall  be  hoisted  on  the  dome  of  the  capitol 
when  the  two  houses  of  the  legislature  are  in 
session,  and  shall  be  used  by  the  State  on  all 
occasions  when  it  may  be  necessary  or  con- 
sistent to  display  a  flag,  except  when  in  the 
opinion  of  the  Governor  the  national  flag 
should  be  displayed.  It  is  said  that  the  pur- 
pose of  the  legislature  in  enacting  the  State 
flag  law  was  to  preserve  in  permanent  form 
some  of  the  more  distinctive  features  of  the 
Confederate  battle  flag,  especially  the  St. 
.'\ndrew's  cross  (see  375).  This  being  true, 
the  .'\labama  flag  should  be  square  in  all  its 
lines  and  measurements  and  conform  to  the 
well-known  battle  flag  of  the  Confederacy. 


332 


323.  Maine's  present  flaj;  daU-s  from  the 
year  lyoy.  It  consists  of  a  lield  of  blue,  the 
same  color  as  the  hhic  rielil  in  the  tlaK  of  the 
United  States,  the  thiK  liein^;  tive  Icet  six  inchc> 
long  and  four  feet  four  inches  wide.  In  tlie 
center  there  is  embroidered  in  silk  on  Ixjth 
sides  the  coat-of-arms  of  the  State,  in  propor- 
tionate size.  The  edKC?  of  the  flag  are  trimmed 
with  modern  fringe  of  yellow  silk  two  and  a 
half  inches  wide.  .\  cord  and  tassel,  to  be 
attached  to  the  statT  at  the  spearhead,  is  eiKht 
feet  six  inches  long  and  con\posed  of  white 
and  blue  strands.  The  length  of  the  slatT  is 
nine  feet,  including  the  brass  spearheail  and 
ferrule.  The  laws  protecting  the  State  tiag  are 
the  same  as  thi>se  protecting  the  national  tia^. 
.•\ny  one  who  uses  it  for  purposes  of  adver- 
tisement or  who  mutilates,  tramples,  or  other- 
wise defaces  i>r  detiles  it,  whether  public  or 
private  properly,  sliall  be  punished  b>  a  tine  of 
not  less  than  live  nor  more  than  tifty  dollars. 

334.  .Missoi'Rl  formally  adopted  an  otVicial 
flag  in  i<)ij.  It  is  rectangular  in  shape,  the 
vertical  width  being  seven-twelfths  the  hori- 
zontal length.  The  lield  consists  of  one  red, 
one  white,  and  one  blue  horizontal  stripe  of 
enuiil  width,  the  red  at  the  top  and  the  blue  at 
the  bottom.  In  the  center  there  is  a  band  of 
blue  in  the  form  of  a  circle  inclosing  the  coat- 
of-arms  in  the  ccdors  established  by  law.  The 
width  of  the  blue  band  is  one-fmirteenth  the 
vertical  width  of  the  tlag,  and  the  diameter  of 
the  circle  is  one-third  the  horizontal  length  of 
the  (lag.  In  the  blue  baud  there  are  set  at 
equal  distances  from  e;ich  other  twenty- four 
live-pointed  stars.  Within  the  circle  on  a  ground 
of  white  is  the  coat-of-arms  of  the  State.  The 
sinister  (left)  half  of  the  circular  shield  shows 
the  .American  eagle  as  it  appears  upon  the 
great  seal  of  the  L'nited  States.  The  upper 
de.Mer  (right)  quarter  is  blue,  with  a  white 
crescent.  The  lower  dexler  quarter  is  red, 
with  a  grizzly  bear.  It  is  supported  by  two 
grizzly  bears. 

335.  Arkansas  as  early  as  1876  used  an  of- 
ficial State  flag  at  the  Centennial  Exposition 
in  Philadelphia.  This  was  a  red  (ield  bearing 
the  arms  of  the  State.  But  this  design  was 
never  recognized  by  the  legislature.  Instead. 
in  I'li.l.  a  ciimmittec.  of  which  the  Secretary 
•  if  St.itr  was  chairman,  examined  a  number  of 
ilesigiis  and  selected  one  for  the  emblem  of  the 
Commonwealth.  This  the  lieneral  .Assembly 
adopted  by  concurrent  resolution,  approved 
February  j6,  lOl.V  It  consists  of  a  red  lield 
upon  which  is  imposed  a  blue-bordered  white 
diamond  bearing  the  wf>rd  '".Vrkansas"  and 
three  llve-poinlcd  stars,  in  blue.  On  the  blue 
border  of  the  diamond  are  twcnty-tive  tivc- 
pointed  while  stars,  which  proclaim  the  fact 
that  .Arkansas  was  the  twcnty-lifth  State  to  be- 
come a  part  of  the  .American  Union. 

326.  Miciiic.xn's  present  flag  dates  from 
101 1,  when  an  act  was  passed  to  adopt  and  pre- 
scribe the  design  of  the  coat-of-arms  and  a 
State  flag,  and  their  use,  and  also  to  prohibit 
their  desecration  in  any  way.  The  law  pro- 
vides that  the  flag  of  the  Slate  shall  be  blue, 
with  the  coat  -  of  -  arms  supcrimjiosed  on  the 
center.  The  coat-of-arms  consists  of  the  de- 
vice and  inscription  of  the  great  seal  of  the 
State  presented  by  Lewis  Cass  through  the  con- 


stitutional convention  held  preliminary  to  it« 
admission  ini<i  the  Lniim.  t  )iil>  the  wi.r<ls 
"The  Oeat_  Seal  oi  the  Stale  of  .Michigan, 
.A.  I).  iXj5,"  are  omitted.  The  coat-of-urm-i 
consists  principally  of  a  shield  with  the  device 
■'TuelH)r"  (I  will  defend),  supixirled  by  an  elk 
aiid  a  moose,  rampant.  .\n  .American  eagle 
with  wings  outstretched  forms  the  crest.  On 
ihc  l.iwer  part  of  the  shield  is  a  rising  sun  and 
a  man,  ilressed  in  rustit  garb,  iiatuling  on  a 
peninsula,  his  right  arm  raised  ami  his  Icfi 
resting  on  a  gun  slock.  t)n  an  unending  scroll 
bt-low  appears  the  molto,  "Si  quaeris  peiiinsu- 
lam,  amoenam,  circumspicc"  (If  thou  scckest 
a  beautiful  peninsula,  lnok  around), 

337.  l-'i.oKii>A  has  had  several  State  flags,  bui 
the  present  one  dales  fnan  iSt^i,  In  that  year 
the  I'Miirida  Legislature  ad^pied  a  joint  resi- 
luiion  pnividing  that  the  dimensions  <jf  the  flag 
should  be  three-fourihs  as  wide  as  Imig,  ami 
that  in  the  center  of  the  lield  sh.nild  be  placeil 
the  seal  of  the  State,  its  diameler  to  In-  one- 
third  the  length  of  the  flag  and  its  ground  to 
be  white.  Ked  bars  with  the  wiillh  one-eighth 
the  length  of  the  flag  extending  from  each 
ciirner  tmvard  the  center  to  the  outer  rim  of 
the  seal.  In  the  seal  appears  a  view  of  the 
sun's  rays,  a  highland  in  the  distance,  a  cocoa- 
nut  tree,  a  steamlMiat  on  water,  and  an  Indian 
woman  scattering  flowers  in  the  loregrouml 
The  words  "In  (lod  We  Trust"  appear  on  the 
inner  rim  of  the  ilevice.  Florida  s  seal  was 
adopted  by  the  Constitutional  Convention  of 
1.S68  and  has  been  ratilied  by  succeeding  con- 
ventions. 

338.  Tknas.— The  lone  star  fl.ig  of  Texas 
d.-ites  from  the  days  of  the  Republic.  The 
third  Congress  of  tile  embryo  nation  fixed  its 
design,  which  has  never  been  allered.  it  con- 
sists of  a  blue  perpendicular  bar  next  to  the 
staff,  (jne-third  the  length  of  the  flag,  with  a 
star  of  live  |>oints  in  the  center.  The  other 
two-thirds  of  the  flag  is  made  up  of  iwo  hori- 
zontal bars,  of  equal  width,  one  white  and  the 
other  red,  the  while  at  the  top.  Some  years 
ago  a  hoodlum  commilled  an  art  <>i  ilesecration 
against  the  flag,  which  was  roundly  punished 
by  a  native  Texan.  The  State  legislature  was 
So  pleased  with  ihe  performance  that  it  passed 
a  special  act  commending  the  man  who  had 
thrashed  the  offender. 

339.  Iowa  is  the  latest  recniit  to  the  list  of 
Slates  having  an  otlicially  adopted  flag.  On 
May  II.  1017.  the  Slate  Regent  of  the  Daugh- 
ters of  American  Revolution  siibmillcd  a  de- 
sign to  the  War  Council  of  Iowa,  which 
promptly  approved  it.  The  design  was  copy- 
righte<l  and  the  committee  having  charge  of  its 
I>reparation  was  extended  a  vote  of  thanks  by 
Ihe  Council.  The  flag  a:  adopted  con.sists  of 
a  tield  of  while.  <in  the  upper  half  <>f  which  is 
an  eagle  in  natural  colors  in  flight,  carrying  in 
ils  beak  a  long  pennant  up"n  which  appear  the 
worils  "Our  I.iboriirs  We  I'rirc  And  Our 
Rights  We  Will  Maintain."  Ilelow  this  pen- 
n.int  apiK-ars  in  large  block  ty|»e  the  wortl 
li'U'o.  The  national  colors  are  preserved.  Ihe 
field  being  while,  the  lettering  of  ihe  m<>tli> 
blue,  and  the  word  Iowa  red.  The  flag  will  be 
of  reitulalinn  si/'  '  '  t  il 
are  to  be  wi<lelv  di  ■  of 
the    * '■      ■'   ''•  ■"• 


.1.'.t 


ARIZONA 

348 


334 


SEAL    ALASKA 

353 


PHILIPPINE    ISLANDS 
354    ^\ 


MINDANAO   &    SULU 

3SS 


PORTO   RICO 
356 


.ECRLTAMV   Of    TmE    INTCJi 
JS7 


335 


33°-  Wisconsin's  State  flag  was  officially 
adopted  in  1913.  The  law- provides  that  it  shall 
be  of  dark  blue  silk,  five  feet  six  inches  flyand 
four  feet  four  inches  on  the  pike ;  the  State 
coat-of-arms  is  emliroidered  on  each  side  hi 
silk  of  appropriate  color  and  design,  and  the 
edges  of  the  flag  are  trimmed  with  knotted 
fringe  of  yellow  silk  two  and  one-half  inches 
wide.  The  pike  is  nine  feet  long,  including  the 
spearhead  and  ferrule;  the  cord  eight  feet  six 
inches  long,  with  two  tassels  composed  of  blue 
and  white  silk  strands  intermixed.  Service 
flags  may  be  of  bunting  or  other  material,  of 
such  size  as  may  lie  required,  and  the  coat-of- 
arms  may  be  represented  otherwise  than  by 
embroidery. 

331.  California  in  igii  adopted  what  is 
popularly  known  in  the  State's  history  as  the 
"Bear  Flag,"  as  the  official  ensign  of  the  "Gol- 
den Gate"  Commonwealth.  The  law  provides 
that  the  Bear  Flag  shall  consist  of  a  white 
field,  with  a  red  stripe  at  the  bottom  one-sixth 
as  wide  as  the  held.  In  the  upper  left-hand 
corner  of  the  field  is  a  single  red  star,  and  at 
the  bottom  of  the  white  held  the  words  "Cali- 
fornia Republic."  Above  these  words  appears 
a  California  grizzly  bear  upon  a  grass  plat,  in 
the  position  of  walking  toward  the  left  of  the 
field.  The  bear  is  dark  lirown  in  color  and  in 
length  ecjual  to  one-third  the  length  of  the 
flag.  The  Bear  Flag  dates  from  the  days  of 
the  California  pioneers  and  commemorates  the 
biggest  bear  known  to  science,  the  California 
grizzly,  now  extinct. 

332.  MixxESOTA  adopted  her  State  flag  at 
the  same  time  that  she  provided  for  a  State 
flower.  The  ground  is  of  white  silk  and  the 
reverse  side  of  blue  silk,  bordered  with  bullion 
fringe.  In  the  center  is  the  State  seal  wreathed 
with  white  moccasin  flowers  and  a  blue  ground. 
The  red  ribbon  of  the  seal,  bearing  the  motto, 
"L'Etoile  du  Nord"  (Star  of  the  North),  is 
contmued  through  the  wreath  entwining  the 
blossoms  and  fluttering  over  the  lower  portion 
of  the  flag.  The  seal  bears  in  gold  1819  and 
1893,  the  dates,  respectively,  of  settlement  and 
of  the  adoption  of  the  flag;  also,  in  variegated 
gold,  is  the  date  1858,  the  time  of  the  admis- 
sion of  Minnesota  into  the  Union.  Below,  in 
gold  letters,  is  wrought  "Minnesota."  Grouped 
around  the  seal  are  nineteen  stars,  so  arranged 
that  they  appear  to  form  the  points  of  a  five- 
pointed  star,  of  which  the  seal  itself  is  the 
central  portion.  Four  of  the  points  are  made 
up  of  four  stars  each;  the  fifth  point,  at  the 
top,  is  made  up  of  three  stars,  one  of  them 
larger  than  the  others,  typifying  the  North 
Star  and  representing  the  "North  Star  State." 
The  choice  of  the  number  nineteen  was  made 
because  Minnesota  was  the  nineteenth  State 
after  the  original  thirteen  admitted  to  the 
Union.  The  standard  of  the  flag  is  surmoum- 
ed  by  a  gold  gopher  and  tied  with  a  gold  cord 
and  tassel. 

333-  ORitGON  folli)wed  the  example  of  a 
majority  of  her  sister  States  in  devising  her 
flag  by  making  the  held  blue  with  a  fringe  <if 
gold.  The  size  of  the  flag  is  fi\e  feet  six  inches 
fly  and  four  feet  four  inches  on  pike.  The 
yellow  fringe  is  four  inches  deep  and  the  cord 
and  tassel  are  blue  and  white  silk  intermixed. 
The  length  of  the  pike  is   ten   feet,  including 


the  spearhead.  The  arms  of  the  State  are  em- 
broidered or  painted  in  the  center  with  the 
number  and  arm  of  the  service  of  the  regiment 
underneath  where  it  is  used  as  a  regnnenta! 
flag.  The  arms  consist  of  an  inscription  sup- 
ported by  32  stars,  the  number  of  States  in 
the  Union  at  the  time  Oregon  was  admitted, 
and  divided  by  an  ordinary  with  the  inscrip- 
tion, "The  Union."  Above  this  inscription  is 
an  elk  with  branching  antlers,  a  wag<jn.  Pacific 
Ocean,  a  British  man-of-war  departing,  and  an 
.\merican  steamer  arriving.  Below  the  inscrip- 
tion is  a  sheaf,  a  plow,  and  a  pick-axe.  The 
n.itional  shield  fonus  the  crest.  The  figures 
1S59  proclaim  the  date  of  the  admission  of 
Oregon  into  the  Union. 

334.  K.i^NSAS  is  another  State  which,  ac- 
cnrding  to  the  most  careful  research,  has  not 
officially  adopted  a  flag.  The  military  officials, 
therefore,  have  provided  a  lilue  flag  upon  which 
is  centered  the  coat-of-arms  of  the  State.  Ag- 
riculture is  represented  by  the  plowman  in  the 
foreground,  commerce  by  the  river  and  steam- 
boat in  the  background.  .Vbove  the  plowman 
is  a  wagon  train  westward  bound,  following 
the  cout-se  of  empire.  A  herd  of  buffalo  is 
seen  retreating,  pursued  by  two  Indians  on 
horseback.  Around  the  top  is  the  motto,  ".Ad 
astra  per  aspera  (To  the  stars  through  diffi- 
culties). Underneath  the  motto  is  a  cluster  of 
thirty-four  stars,  representing  the  States  in  the 
Union  at  the  time  of  the  admission  of  Kansas. 

335.  West  ViRC.iNiA. — The  St.  Louis  World's 
F'air  was  responsible  fur  the  adoption  of  West 
Virginia's  State  flag.  The  West  Virginia  State 
Conmiission  at  that  exposition  fmnid  it  neces- 
sary to  adopt  a  flag  and  special  design  to  dis- 
tinguish West  Virginia  from  other  States  of 
the  Union  represented.  Therefore,  it  under- 
took the  task  of  designing  a  flag  itself.  The 
following  year  the  legislature  ratified  this  de- 
sign, amending  it  only  by  the  addition  of  a 
fringe  or  border  of  gold  or  orange.  The  law 
provides  that  the  proportions  of  the  flag  shall 
lie  the  same  as  those  of  the  United  States  ban- 
ner; that  the  field  shall  be  pure  white,  upon 
the  center  of  which,  on  the  obverse  side,  shall 
be  the  great  seal  or  coat-of-arms  of  the  State, 
with  the  motto,  "Montani  Semper  Liberi" 
(Mountaineers  always  -freemen ),  and  beneath 
that,  in  a  scroll,  the  legend,  "State  of  West 
Virginia."  On  the  reverse  side  of  the  flag  ap- 
pears a  sprig  or  sprigs  of  rhododendron  maxi- 
mum, or  big  laurel,  the  State  flower,  having  a 
bliissom  and  leaves.  The  field  of  pure  white 
is  biinlered  by  a  strip  of  blue,  and  this  in  turn 
li\  a  strip  c.ir  fringe  of  old  gold.  The  flag  of 
the  State  is  to  be  employed  on  all  occasions 
where  a  special  display  of  the  State's  individ- 
uality shall  become  necessary  or  be  regarded  as 
aiijiropriate. 

336.  Nevada  has  had  several  State  flag 
laws,  but  the  one  now  in  force  dates  from 
1915.  The  flag  it  authorizes  consists  of  a  blue 
lield,  in  the  center  of  which  is  placed  the  great 
seal  of  the  State  of  Nevada  as  designed  in 
iqi2.  The  seal  is  given  a  scroll  border,  and 
the  words  "The  Great  .Seal  of  the  State  of 
Nevada"  are  omitted.  Immediately  above  the 
seal  is  the  word  "Nevada"  in  silver-colored, 
block  Rotuan  capital  letters.  Imtuediately  be- 
liiw  the  seal,  and  In  the  form  of  a  scroll,  are 


336 


tlie  words  "All  I'nr  ( )ur  Coiiniry."  The  scroll 
is  red  and  the  letttriiiK  yuld.  Almve  llu-  center 
device  is  a  row  of  eiyhleen  (jo'd-colored  stars 
arranged  in  an  arc,  ami  below  it  a  row  oi 
eighteen  sdver-coli.red  stars,  arranged  like 
wise.  luuh  star  has  live  points,  one  point  be- 
ing placed  up.  On  the  seal  aniear  a  ran«e  of 
mountains  with  a  sun  rising  beliinil  them,  a 
railroad  train  passing  a  bridge,  a  cabin  ami 
team  i>f  horses,  a  plow,  and  a  sickle. 

337.  .\t:iiH.\SK.\'s  State  Hag  consists  of  the 
coat-of  arms  or  .seal  on  a  yellow  field.  The 
vrcMiii  seal  was  adopted  in  1S67  and  is  thus 
.:.  >ir  jhrd  :  The  eastern  part  of  the  circle  shmvs 
.1  >tc;iinboat  ascending  the  Missouri  Kiver;  the 
mechanic  arts  are  represented  by  a  smith  with 
hammer  and  anvil  in  the  foreground;  agricul- 
ture is  picture<l  by  a  settler's  cabin  and  sheaves 
of  wheat ;  in  the  hackgroimd  a  train  of  cars  is 
seen    heading    toward    the    Rocky    Mountains. 

\round  the  top  of  this  circle,  in  capital  letters, 
is  the  motto,  "K(|ual   Before  the  Law." 

338.  Coi.oRVDo  has  given  considerable  atten- 
tion to  its  Slate  tlag.  There  was  legislatiMn 
concerning  a  banner  for  the  Centeimial  Cimi- 
monwenlth  in  lOoS,  but  the  present  (lag  dates 
from  lOll.  It  consists  of  one  wliilc  and  twn 
blue  stripes  ^<i  equal  width  and  at  right  angles 
to  the  staff.  The  width  of  the  flag  is  two- 
thirds  of  its  length.  .\t  a  distance  of  i/.?6  of 
the  total  length  from  the  stall  end  of  the  tlag 
thevc  is  a  circular  red  "C"  of  the  same  color 
as  the  red  in  the  national  flag  of  the  United 
States.  The  diameter  of  the  letter  is  one-sixth 
the  width  of  the  flag:  the  iimcr  line  of  the 
I'petiing  of  the  letter  "C"  is  three-fourths  the 
width  of  its  body  or  bar,  ami  the  outer  line  of 
the  opening  is  ilouble  the  length  of  the  inner 
line.  Completely  filling  the  letter  "C"  appears 
1   .;   I'Kn  disk.     .Attached  to  the  flag  is  a  cord 

t  ^  .Id  anti  silver  intertwined,  with  tassels, 
one  of  gold  and  one  of  silver.  The  law  creat- 
ing the  flag  provides  that  it  shall  he  used  t^n 
all  occasions  when  the  State  is  officially  or 
publicly  represented  with  the  privilege  of  use 
by  all  citizens  on  all  such  occasions  as  they 
ntay  deem  tltting  and  ai>propriate.  .'\U  pro- 
visions of  the  State  laws  regarding  the  misu^^c 
of  the  national  flag  are  made  applicable  to  the 
abuse  of  the  State  colors. 

339.  North  D\kot.\'s  flag  was  ailopicd  in 
101 1.  lis  origin  is  almost  entirely  unknown. 
Til.-  f'.lne  r^ook  of  the  State  says  that  it  was 
■\)c  t'  II,'  of  the  territorial  militia,  and  that  it  is 
lirst  remembered  at  Ihiron,  South  Dakot.i. 
when  it  was  unfurled  at  an  animal  encamp- 
ment. That  authority  also  states  that  it  is  not 
known  who  designed  the  flag,  nor  is  it  discov- 
erable when  it  was  first  used.  With  its  yellow- 
fringed  blue  fly  charged  with  a  coat-of-arms 
that  borrows  the  eagle  from  the  national  seal. 
.Vorth  Dakota  follows  the  example  of  half  of 
the  States  in  the  placing  of  its  arms  on  a  blue, 
gold- fringed  flag. 

340.  SoiTH  D.\K«rrA's  official  flag  dates 
from  icx»x  The  '  '  •  "tng  it  says  that  the 
Stale  flag  shall  ■  i  field  of  blue  one 
and  two-thir.I-  it  is  wi<le.  in  the 
center  of  w'  'la/ing  sim  in  gold, 
in  diameter  wiilih  of  the  flag. 
.\bove  this  sun  shall  lie  arranged  in  an  arc.  in 
gold   letters,   the   words   "South    Dakota."   and 


lieluw  the  sun  in  the  are  the  word*,  in  ijold 
letters,  "The  Sunshine  State."  f>n  the  reverse 
of  the  blazing  sun  shall  be  printed  the  great 
Seal  of  the  State.  The  eilges  of  the  flag  shall 
be  trimmed  with  a  fringe  of  Rold.  The  Mafl 
shall  be  surmounted  bj  a  ^|K■ar  head,  to  which 
sliall  be  attached  a  cord  and  l.i<>>els  of  suitable 
length  and  si/e  In  practice  the  seal  of  the 
State  is  placed  on  the  lilnersr  ^ide  of  the  flag 
and  the  hia/ing  sun  on  the  reverse,  which, 
while  following  the  general  principle  of  HaR 
designing,  seems  to  be  the  opposite  of  the  in- 
tent of  ilie  law 

341,  .\lo\TA.s.\"s  flag  was  adopted  in  HX>5. 
the  law  proxidiiig  that  it  shall  be  of  a  Slue 
field,  with  a  represcniation  of  the  great  seal  of 
the  Stale  in  the  center  and  with  a  gold  fringe 
along  the  upper  and  lower  liorders.  This  i>  .i 
copy  of  the  flag  borne  by  the  l-"irst  Montana 
Infantry,  I'niled  States  Volunteer.s.  in  the 
."spanish-.-\merican  War,  except  that  the  device 
"|'"irsi  .Montana  Infantry,  I'.  S.  \'."  i>  omitted. 
The  seal  of  the  Stale  consists  of  a  brilli.int 
sun  setting  behind  a  range  of  monntains;  in 
the  foregniunil  is  a  pl<iw  and  miner's  pick  ami 
-pade.  Helow  the  pick  ami  sjude  is  a  scroll 
reading.  "f)ro  v  Plata,"  which  means  "lioldand 
Silver." 

34a.  W  xslllNi.To.v  Stale  has  never  oft'icially 
adopted  a  flag,  but  the  military  authorities 
have  provided  one  with  a  green  field  upon 
which  is  centered  the  seal  of  the  Slate.  The 
vignetle  of  (leneral  Cieorge  Washington  is  the 
ctiitral  fi.giire  and  lune.ith  it  are  the  figures 
■■|8Si)."  .'\round  the  vignette  is  a  >elli>w  circle 
bearing  the  legend,  "Tlie  Seal  of  the  Stale  of 
Washington." 

3ij3.  lii.Mio's  laws  forbid  all  military  or- 
ganizations within  the  Stale  from  carrying  any 
other  flag  or  device  than  the  national  flag  and 
the  flag  of  the  Commonwealth.  The  latter  was 
authori/ed  by  the  tenth  legislature  in  Kfm).  al- 
though the  details  of  the  design  were  left  by 
tile  lawmakers  to  the  .Adjutant  t'lcneral.  it 
being  pre»cribe<l  only  that  the  banner  should 
have  a  blue  field  chargeil  with  the  name  of  the 
State.  The  dimensions,  as  well  as  the  addition 
of  the  coal-of-arms  alxive  tlie  riblMin  with  its 
legend  "State  of  Idaho,"  have  since  iK-en  de- 
termined upon  by  the  proper  authority.  The 
coat-of-arms  consists  of  a  circular  device 
within  a  yellow  border,  the  main  feature  of 
which  is  a  luoose-crestcd  escutcheon  showing 
.1  blazing  sun  rising  aliove  three  mountain 
peaks  and  a  river  in  the  foreground.  The 
siipp.irters  are  a  miner  with  pick  and  shovel 
and  .1  woman  bearing  the  scales  and  the  torch 
of  liberty.  Ileneath  the  shield  ap|»ear  a  sheaf 
i.f  wheat  and  two  horns  of  plenty.  .Mwive  the 
crest  is  a  scroll  of  while  with  ibr  legend  in 
red,  "Ksto  Perpelua"  (May  she  be  perpetual). 

344.  WvoMi.M.s  fl.ig  is  one  of  the  new- 
est of  the  Stale  flags,  h  was  created  under  a 
law  passeil  on  the  last  day  of  January.  Uit'. 
That   law  provides  that  the  width  of  the  rt.iK 

shall  lie  seven-tenths  of  its  length;  t' 

border    is    red.    its    width    one  twrt 
length  of  the  flag.     Next  to  this  rr.: 
an  inner  5tri|>e  of  while  whose  width  is  one- 
thirtieth  the  length  of  the  flag.    The  remainder 
of  llie  flag  is  a  blue  field,  in  the  center  of  which 
is   a   white   silhouetted   bulTalo,   the    length   of 


XX7 


H 

FLAG    OF   CABOT 
ENGLAND 
J                                      360 

374  BATTLE    FLAG    ISol  |{       375  may    I     1863 

ALSO    NA\N     JACK    AFTER  MAY    I     1363.»l 

FLAGS      FAMOUS      IN      AMERICAN       HISTORY 


338 


TLAGS      FAMOUS 


which  is  ime-half  that  of  the  bkie  field.  On 
the  ribs  of  the  buffalo  appears  the  great  shield 
of  the  State  of  Wyoming  in  blue.  Tlie  diam- 
eter of  the  shield  is  one-fifth  the  length  of  the 
flag.  Attached  to  the  flag  is  a  cord  of  gold 
with  gold  tassels.  All  penalties  provided  by 
the  laws  of  the  State  for  the  misuse  of  a 
national  flag  are  applicable  to  the  State  flag. 

345.  Ut.'^h's  flag,  consisting  of  a  blue  field 
with  a  border  of  gold  and  a  design  in  the 
center,  was  adopted  in  1911.  The  design  was 
revised  in  1913.  It  consists  now  of  a  device 
m  natural  colors,  the  fundamental  portion  of 
wliich  is  a  shield  surmounted  by  an  eagle  with 
outstretched  wings.  The  shield  bears  a  bee- 
hive, on  each  side  of  which  grow  sego  lilies 
and  above  which  is  the  word  "Industry."  At 
the  bottom  of  the  shield  is  a  green  field  bear- 
ing the  date  1S47,  with  the  word  "Utah"  above 
it.  Two  American  flags  on  flagstaffs,  placed 
crosswise,  are  so  draped  that  they  project  be- 
yond each  side  of  the  shield,  the  head  of  the 
flagstaff's  in  front  of  the  eagle's  wings,  and 
the  bottom  of  each  staff  appearing  over  the 
face  of  the  draped  flag  below  the  shield.  Be- 
low the  shield  and  flags  and  upon  the  blue  field 
is  the  date  "1896."  the  year  in  which  the  State 
was  admitted  to  the  Union.  Around  the  entire 
design  is  a  narrow  circle  of  gold. 

346.  Okl.^homa. — The  law  under  which 
Oklahoma  adopted  an  official  State  flag  was 
enacted  in  191 1.  The  flag  authorized  under  it 
consists  of  a  red  field,  in  the  center  of  which 
is  a  five-pointed  star  of  white  edged  with  blue, 
with  the  figures  "46"  in  blue  in  the  middle  of 
the  star.  This  number  proclaims  the  fact  that 
Oklahoma  was  the  forty-sixth  State  to  become 
a  part  of  the  Union.  The  Oklahoma  flag  de- 
parts from  the  usual  in  its  pike  head.  Instead 
of  the  regulation  spearhead,  an  eagle  at  rest, 
facing  the  direction  of  the  fly,  stands  guard 
over  the  colors. 

347.  New  Mexico.  —  Embodying  elements 
unique  in  flag  design,  the  official  flag  of  the 
State  of  New  Mexico  was  adopted  shortly 
after  the  Commonwealth  became  a  member  of 
the  Union.  The  banner  has  a  turquoise  blue 
field,  emblematic  of  the  blue  skies  of  New 
Mexico:  it  has  a  canton  consisting  of  the  flag 
of  the  United  States  in  miniature  in  the  upper 
left-hand  corner,  designating  the  loyalty  of  the 
people  of  the  State  to  the  Union ;  in  the  upper 
right-hand  corner  of  the  field  a  figure  47,  the 
forty-seventh  star  and  State  in  the  .American 
Union  :  in  the  low-er  right-hand  corner  is  the 
great  seal  of  the  State,  and  upon  the  field  run- 
ning from  the  lower  left  to  the  upper  right- 
hand  corner  are  the  words  "New  Mexico"  in 
white.  When  the  flag  law  was  passed  it  was 
ordered  that  the  embroidered  banner  attached 
to  the  bill  should  be  deposited  with  the  Secre- 
tary of  State  to  be  faithfully  kept  by  him  in 
the  archives  of  the  Commonwealth. 

348.  .\rizona. — A  b'ill  making  the  flag  of 
the  battleship  Arizona  the  banner  of  tlie  Com- 
monwealth for  which  it  is  named  failed  to 
pass  the  State  Senate  in  1915,  but  a  simil.ir 
bill  was  adopted  early  in  1917.  As  finally  de- 
scribed, the  upper  part  of  the  flag  consists  of 
thirteen  segments  or  rays,  alternate  red  and 
yellow  ;  tlie  lower  part  is  a  solid  field  of  blue, 
while  upon  the  center  is  imposed  a  copper  star. 


It  was  objected  at  the  time  of  the  adoption  of 
this  design  that  it  contained  nothing  charac- 
teristic of  Arizona:  that  it  infringed  upon  the 
ensign  of  Japan,  and  that  the  effect  of  a  star 
against  a  rising  sun  was  a  severe  straining  of 
astronomy.  A  substitute  bill  was  prepared  and 
offered  to  the  upper  house  of  the  legislature, 
but  the  original  form  became  a  law.  thus  es- 
tablishing one  of  the  most  striking  of  the  State 
banners. 

349.  The  flag  of  Hawaii  preserves  the 
crosses  of  St.  Andrew,  St.  George,  and  St. 
Patrick,  and  carries  eight  stripes.  Some  of 
the  Southern  States  retain  the  cross  of  St. 
Andrew,  but  Hawaii  is  the  only  .American  soil 
over  which  float  the  three  crosses  which  were 
the  cantonal  feature  of  the  first  flag  of  the 
United  Colonies  of  .\merica   (364). 

350.  The  flag  of  the  National  Guard  of  the 
District  of  Columbia  has  a  rectangular  field, 
the  fly  end  of  which  is  swallow-tailed.  Cen- 
tered thereon  is  a  small  hatchet,  whose  alleged 
manipulation  in  connection  with  an  apocryphal 
cherry  tree  is  reputed  to  have  put  the  Father 
of  His  Country  to  a  very  trying  test  in  the 
matter  of  veracity.  The  designations  of  the 
forces  a'ppear  on  scrolls  above  and  below  the 
hatchet. 

351.  The  banner  of  the  National  Geographic 
Society  is  a  flag  of  adventure  and  conquest; 
a  flag  of  adventure  because  it  is  ever  carried 
beyond  the  horizon  of  known  scientific  fact,  in 
tlie  hope  that  there  may  be  found  some  new 
truth  that  will  make  mankind  freer  in  the  solu- 
tion of  the  problems  that  ever  confront  the 
race ;  it  is  the  flag  of  conquest  because  it  has 
gone  to  the  tops  of  high  mountains,  to  the  in- 
most recesses  of  regions  unexplored  by  civil- 
ized man.  to  the  craters  of  volcanoes  whose 
fiery  depths  have  never  been  surveyed  by  the 
human  eye.  Those  who  have  had  its  support 
have  conquered  polar  ice  and  polar  seas,  have 
mastered  many  of  the  secrets  of  glacial  action, 
have  lent  a  hand  to  the  solution  of  the  great 
problem  of  vulcanism,  have  unearthed  the  holy 
city  of  the  Incas,  have  rescued  venerable  trees 
nf  California  from  the  only  enemy  they  ever 
feared — the  man  with  the  ax  and  the  saw.  Its 
colors,  typifying  earth,  sea.  and  sky,  proclaim 
the  illimitable  reaches  of  the  fields  of  interest 
over  which  it  flies,  and  the  vastness  of  the 
work  of  exploration  and  diffusion  of  knowl- 
edge, in  which  it  has  played  no  small  part,  and 
to  which  its  future  efforts  shall  ever  be  dedi- 
cated. 

352.  The  Governor  of  the  Panama  Canal 
Zone  flies  a  rectangular  flag  upon  which  is 
centered  the  seal  of  the  Canal  Zone.  This 
consists  of  an  escutcheon  wliich  shows  a  ship 
under  full  sail  passing  through  Gnillard  Cut, 
at  the  point  where  it  divides  Gold  Hill  and 
Contractor's  Hill.  Below  the  escutcheon  is  a 
streamer  bearing  the  now  familiar  words, 
"The  land  divided,  the  world  united."  The 
escutcheon  and  streamer  are  grounded  upon  a 
circle  of  white. 

353.  The  seal  of  the  Territory  of  Alaska  is 
a  circular  field  bearing  in  the  background  a 
sun  rising  over  snow-capped,  cnili.-ittled  moun- 
tains. In  the  right  foreground  are  the  waters 
that  wash  the  shore  of  the  territory,  bearing 
two    sailing   vessels.      To    the    left    is    a    pier. 


340 


rudely  constructed,  and  an  outpost  of  civiliza- 
tion. In  tlie  I'oresjrijuntl  is  a  team  of  horses 
Around  the  whole  is  inscribed,  "The  Seal  of 
the  Territory  of  Alaska." 

354.  The  coat-oi-arnis  of  the  Philippine  Is- 
lands was  adopted  in  iyo5.  Its  principal  fea- 
ture is  an  escutcheon  showiny  the  natiunal 
Colors  of  the  United  States.  Imposed  upun 
this  escutcheon  are  the  arms  of  Manila  on  a 
shield,  the  upper  half  red  and  the  lower  blue. 
Upon  the  upper  half  of  this  shield,  in  K"ld.  is 
the  castle  of  Spain,  with  blue  windows,  and 
on  the  lower  half  a  sea-lion  bearing  in  its  ri«ht 
paw  a  hilted  sword.  The  crest  is  the  .-Vnierican 
spread  catile.  and  beneath  is  a  scroll  with  the 
words  'Tliilippinc  Islands." 

3SS-  The  coat-of-arms  of  Mindanao  and 
Sulu  was  adopted  in  K/t-..  alons  with  those  of 
the  Philippine  Islands  aiul  Porto  Kico.  It  con- 
sists of  the  escutcheon  of  the  United  Slates, 
upon,  which  is  impose<l  a  Moro  war  vinia  sail- 
ing an  Indian  sea.  .Xbovc  the  escutcheon  is 
the  .Xmerican  spread  eagle  mounted  on  a 
wreath,  supported  by  the  crossed  weapons  of 
war  of  the  Indian  seas,  and  below  the  device 
is  a  scroll  bearing  the  words  "Mindanao  and 
Sulu." 

3S6.  The  present  coat-of-arms  of  the  Island 
of  Porto  Fvico.  adopted  in  igoj.  is  a  restoration 
of  the  original  arms  of  the  Spanish  colony  of 
"the  rich  port."  Therefore  it  is  in  all  its  parts 
reminiscent  of  Spanish  times.  On  a  green  cir- 
cular tieid  is  a  lamb  of  silver  on  the  red-bound 
book  and  bearing  the  cross-crowned  banner  of 
Christ.    This  is  the  device  ascribed  to  St.  lohn. 


.Above  the  Jamb  are  the  Kold<rownrd  letters 
F  and  I — Ferdinand  and  Isabella.  ."Surround- 
ing the  green  ticid  i»  a  while  border  cd^ed 
with  gold.  Upon  this  Ix.rder  arc  the  castles  of 
Castile,  the  crowned  red  lions  that  proclaim 
Leon,  the  crosses  of  Jerusalem,  ami  the  stand- 
ards of  S|)ain  in  the  da\s  when  the  star  of  her 
fame  was  at  Its  renitb. 

357.  The  tlag  of  the  S.crrtary  of  the  In- 
terior, with  its  light  green  held  bearing  in  the 
center  a  golden  hulTalo  and  a  live-pointed  star 
in  each  (|narter.  stands  for  many  of  ibc  na- 
tion's activities  and  much  fif  the  world's  prog- 
ress.  The  Department  wlwise  chief  it  pro- 
claims fosters  the  priceless  fruits  i^f  .\inrrican 
inventive  genius,  aids  and  safeguards  ihojc 
who  have  maile  .America  the  foremost  min- 
eral-producing country  of  the  earth,  su|H-rvisei 
the  piiislon  system  lhroii;;h  which  is  dis- 
charged tlic  national  dutv  toward  those  who 
have  fought  the  battles  of  the  Uepulilic.  s|miii. 
sors  the  cause  of  justice  to  the  Red  Man.  who 
has  given  a  continent  t^i  civilization.  This  De- 
partment directs  the  national  asi)ects  of  .Vinrr- 
ican  education,  ami  thus  leads  Western  civili- 
zation to  a  new  era:  it  is  saving  to  posterity 
the  inestimable  boon  of  majestic  forc-ts  and 
untouched  stretches  of  primeval  nature:  it  is 
reclaiming  millirvns  of  acres  of  im|irodurtive 
land  ;md  tapping  the  bare  rocks  of  waste  places 
will)  the  waml  of  irrigatii^n.  .Mso  it  has  dis- 
tributed an  empire  to  tlie  pioneers  of  the  West 
and  iransformed  a  million  s<|uare  miles  of  idle 
territory  into  a  wealth-  and  strength-priwluc- 
ing  region  of  inllnile  national  value. 


lL\(iS    IWMOrs    IN     \MI  RI(    \N    IIISIOR^ 


358.  Thic  R.wen  of  the  ViKiNf.s.  —  Five 
hundred  years  before  the  arrival  of  Columbus 
in  the  New  World,  Kric  the  Red  is  supposed 
to  have  guided  his  ships,  square-sailed,  deco- 
rated with  curiously  carved  ligurelieads,  and 
manned  by  hardy  Norsemen,  to  the  shores  of 
\'inland  ( Labrador,  or  Nova  Scotia,  or  the 
New  England  coast),  and  there  planted  for  a 
brief  period  this  banner  with  the  strange  de- 
vice of  "a  raven,  with  wings  extended  and 
open  bill,  upon  a  while  ground." 

359.  Fl.\c  of  Coi.L-.\tni-s,  St.xNPARn  op 
Sp.vix. — -A  quartered  flag  of  red,  gold  and  sil- 
ver— the  standard  of  Castile  and  Leon — is  gen- 
cr.i"  '  having  been  the  first  F.uro- 
pc  •!  on  .\merican  soil.  This 
trii'i-  ;  -il  was  planted  on  the  beach 
before  t  gaze  of  the  aWf-struck  abo- 
rigines v -topher  Columbus,  richly  clad, 

sot  i'  ■■  t  on  shore  on  October  U,  1492,  and.  in 
the  r-TTi.^  if  their  Catholic  majesties.  Isabella 
.1,  I.  formally  tn.-ik  possession  of  the 

i^'  le  calli<l  San  Salvador,  but  which 

i<  '  liave  been  what  is  now  known  as 

\\  I  in  the  Hahamas. 

360.  ri\r,  or  Cabot.  F.nci.ano.  —  Giovanni 
Caboto  (John  CalioO,  the  di.scovcrer  of  North 
.-\r""-'  •  '•  I  „>>,.■  '■  ints  in  common  with  his 
c  •  IS.  They  were  N-^th 
Gc: the  earth  to  be  round. 


and  that  the  cast  could  be  r«iche<I  by  sailing 
west,  and  ixith  tinall>  Set  out  on  their  voyages 
of  discovery  imder  the  Hag  of  a  foreign  mon- 
arch. Cabot's  tlag  was  the  royal  >landard  of 
Kngland.  the  red  cross  of  St.  (ieorge  on  a 
white  grountl.  and  his  patron  was  King  Henry 
\'1I,  whose  enthusiasm  for  the  enterprise  was 
quickened  by  the  news  that  Columbus  had 
found  the  Fast  in  the  West.  It  was  on  June 
24,  1497,  that  this  flag  of  Fngland  was  planted 
in  the  New  World  (probably  on  the  northern 
extremity  of  Cape  f'reton  Islaml,  Nova  Scotia), 
and  the  explorer  tiiok  i>ossession  of  the  coun- 
try in  the  name  of  F.ngland's  king. 

361.  This  w.TS  the  union  flag  which  prob- 
ably was  displayed  from  the  main  mast  of  the 
MayfloU'cr  that  bore  the  Pilgrim  Fathers  to 
Plymouth  in  l6jo.  and  on  the  ships  which 
brought  the  F^nglish  settlers  to  Jamestown  in 
1607.  These  vessels  also  displayed  St.  GeorRc's 
cross  (360)  at  tlic  fore  mast  and  the  red  cnsi|m 
(  j8j).  The  union  flag  had  come  into  existence 
in  1603,  when  James  \I  of  Scotland  ascended 
the  throne  of  Kngland  as  James  I  'mg 

the  two  coimtries  imdcr  one  s  'ter 

centuries  of  warfare.     He  order<-.  .,  • 

di>.play  this  flig  at  the  main  ma»t.     T 
tinned  to  use  their  own  ensigns  an.!  i 
ever — Fnglish    ships    1 1^3   and  ''•b 

ships  ii.tt  and  .S.it   (note   113J  1  de- 


341 


FLAGS      FAMOUS      IN      AMERICAN       HISTORY 

342 


ilMBIA    EN 
■•6J 


h±S 

B 

DOMINICAM    REP 


T 


R.^A    ^JAT    Ail 


Cvjeia  coat  a 


471 
b      CAPTAIN   or  FLEET 


CHANT  DOMINICAN    REPUBLIC        I    LOV 

'.    REPUBLIC  '-      -       --  ■ 


sign  of  union  flag).  After  tlie  union  of  par- 
liaments in  1707  tliis  was  the  only  flag  officially 
used  on  land  over  forts  and  public  liuildings  in 
the  English  colonies.  With  the  addition  of 
designating  numerals  above  a  small  crown  at 
the  intersection  of  the  crosses,  it  became  the 
"King's  Colors"  for  regimental  troops. 

362-363.      CONTINKNT.M.  AND  BuNKER  HlLL.^ 

The  illustrations  show  two  replicas  in  .Annap- 
olis of  flags  said  to  have  been  carried  at  Bun- 
ker Hill.  The  Trumbull  painting  of  the  battle 
of  Bunker  Hill  shows  362,  while  others  show 
363.  362  was  probably  formed  from  the  Eng- 
lish ensign,  shown  in  1123  (in  use  prior  t'l 
1705),  by  omitting  St.  George's  cross  and  sub- 
stituting the  pine  tree,  which  was  the  symliol 
of  the  Massachusetts  Bay  Colony  (see  also  391, 
301.),  and  401).  363  was  made  by  inserting  a 
pine  tree  in  the  upper  left  quarter  of  the  old 
blue  English  ensign's  canton   (1125). 

364.  This  was  the  flag  hoisted  by  John  Paul 
Jones  on  December  3,  1775,  as  the  navy  ensign 
of  the  thirteen  colonies,  when  Commodore  Esek 
Hopkins  assumed  command  of  the  navy  built 
by  Congress.  It  was  also  hoisted  by  General 
Washington  January  2,  1776,  as  the  standard 
of  the  Continental  .A.rmy  and  remained  as  our 
national  flag  until  the  adoption  of  the  Stars 
and  Stripes.  June  14.  1777  (see  history  of 
"Stars  and  Stripes"  elsewhere  in  this  number). 

365.  OtTR  First  N.'WY  Jack. — Hoisted  De- 
cember 3,  1775,  the  same  day  that  John  Paul 
Jones  hoisted  364  as  the  ensign  of  our  new 
navy  and  that  39S  was  raised  at  the  main  mast 
as  the  flag  of  the  Commander-in-Chief,  Esek 
Hopkins  (see  398  and  400). 

366.  Pkrry's  Flag.  Lakh  Erie. — At  the  bat- 
tle of  Lake  Erie,  September  10,  1813,  Oliver 
Hazard  Perry,  who  was  in  command  of  a  fleet 
which  he  had  been  forced  to  construct  in  fever- 
ish haste  from  virgin  timber,  unfurled  from 
his  masthead  this  challenge  to  sturdy  Ameri- 
canism—  the  dying  words  of  brave  Captain 
Lawrence.  Under  its  inspiration  the  men 
fought  gallantly  through  one  of  the  most  nota- 
ble naval  engagements  of  the  war,  enabling 
Perry  at  its  close  to  send  the  famous  message 
to  General  Harrison,  "We  have  met  the  enemy 
and  they  are  ours — two  ships,  two  brigs,  one 
schooner,  and  one  sloop." 

367.  Altliough  so  distinguished  a  citizen  as 
S.  F.  B.  Morse  proposed  at  the  outbreak  of 
the  Civil  War  that  the  national  flag,  the  Stars 
and  Stripes,  should  be  cut  in  twain,  the  North 
retaining  the  upper  si.x  and  one-half  stripes 
and  those  stars  above  a  diagonal  line  extend- 
ing from  the  head  of  the  staff  to  the  lower 
corner  of  the  canton,  while  the  South  should 
be  given  the  lower  six  and  a  half  stripes  and 
the  stars  belnw  the  diagonal  line  on  the  can- 
ton, the  remainder  of  each  flag  being  white, 
ueither  the  North  nor  the  South  saw  fit  to  fol- 
low such  a  suggestion.  The  Stars  and  Stripes 
carried  by  the  armies  of  the  North  during  the 
last  years  of  the  Civil  War  had  thirty-six  stars 
in  the  union,  as  shown  in  367.  When  Lincoln 
became  President,  however,  there  were  only 
thirty-four  States,  which  w^ere  impersonated 
at  the  inaugural  ceremonies  by  thirty-four  little 
girls,  who  rode  in  a  gaily  decorated  car  in  the 
procession  and  sang  to  the  new  President, 
"Hail,  Columbia." 


^  368.  The  artillery  during  the  Civil  War  car- 
ried a  standard  with  thirty-six  stars  arranged 
three  stars  at  the  top,  three  at  the  bottom,  and 
a  lay-out  of  thirty  in  six  horizontal  lines  of 
five  stars  each.  It  will  be  noticed  that  this 
flag,  like  367,  was  adopted  after  West  Virginia 
and  Nevada  had  entered  the  Union. 

369.  The  design  on  the  colors  of  infantry 
regiments  during  the  Civil  War  was  almost  a 
counterpart  of  that  borne  on  the  standard  of 
the  War  of  1S12  (see  22).  It  shows  an  eagle 
displayed  and  bearing  upon  its  breast  a  shield, 
with  a  scroll  in  its  beak  and  another  below 
it,  upon  ^  which  appeared  the  designation  of 
cacli  regiment.  .-Above  the  eagle  are  thirteen 
golden  stars  arranged  in  two  arcs. 

370.  The  regimental  colors  of  the  United 
St.ates  artillery  during  the  Civil  War  were  yel- 
hnv.  LIpon  the  field  were  centered  two  crossed 
cannons  with  a  scroll  above  and  below  bearing 
the  designation  of  the  regiment. 

371.  This  flag  is  the  familiar  "Stars  and 
Bars"  of  the  Southern  Confederacy  and  was 
used  from  March,  1861,  to  May,  7863. 

372.  This  jack  of  the  Confeder.-ite  States 
was  made  to  correspond  with  the  provisional 
flag  of  the  Confederacy,  known  as  the  Stars 
and  Bars.  It  probably  was  flown  by  ships  of 
the  seceding  States  until  1S63,  when  the  navy 
jack  (374)  was  prescribed  by  the  Secretary  of 
the  Confederate   Navy. 

373.  This  ensign  was  probably  displayed  by 
the  ships  of  the  Confederacy  from  iS<ji  to 
1863. 

374.  The  navy  jack  of  the  Southern  Con- 
federacy, used  after  May  i,  1863,  had  an  ob- 
long red  field,  with  a  blue  St.  Andrew's  cross 
bordered  by  white  and  having  three  stars  on 
each  arm  and  one  at  the  intersection.  It  was 
merely  the  square  canton  of  the  second  flag 
of  the  Confederacy  elongated,  so  that  its 
length  was  one  and  a  half  times  its  width. 
The  battle  flag  of  the  Confederacy  during  the- 
same  period  was  like  this  navy  jack,  except 
that  it  was  square,  and  all  four  of  its  sides 
were  bordered  by  a  white  stripe  one  and  a  half 
inches  wide.  The  battle  flag  carried  by  the  in- 
fantry was  forty-eight  inches  square,  that  by 
the  artillery  thirty-six  inches,  and  that  by  the 
cavalry  thirty  inches  square. 

375.  The  national  flag  of  the  Confederacy 
between  IMay  I,  1863,  and  March  4,  1865,  had  a 
white  field  twice  as  long  as  wide,  with  the 
liattle  flag  as  its  union. 

376.  The  Confederacy's  national  flag,  adopt- 
ed March  8,  1865,  was  the  same  as  that  adopted 
May  I,  1863  (375),  except  that  one-half  of  the 
field  lietween  the  union  and  the  end  of  the  {\y 
was  occupied  by  a  horizontal  bar  of  red. 

377.  Hudson's  Flag. — When  Henry  Hud- 
son glided  into  the  unsailed  waters  of  New 
York  harbor  in  his  little  Half  Moon,  this  flag 
was  his  ensign  ;  thus  it  is  supposed  to  have  been 
one  of  the  first  European  flags  reflected  in  the 
waters  of  what  is  now  the  busiest  port  on 
earth.  It  was  the  flag  of  the  Netherlands,  with 
the  letters  A.  O.  C.  added  to  the  central  stripe. 
These  were  the  initials  of  the  Dutch  East  India 
Company,  "Algemeene  Oost-Indise  Compagnie," 
imder  whose  auspices  Hudson  sailed.  Later  it 
floated  over  the  little  huts  built  by  the  East 
India  Company  on  Manhattan  Island   for  the 


344 


fur  traders.  But  in  1650  the  orange  stripe  on 
the  Netherlands  flag  became  the  red  stripe  i>f 
today's  banner  (775),  and  with  the  withdrawal 
of  the  East  India  Company's  inti-rists  Imm 
New  Netherlands  this  flag  disappeared  from 
our  waters  and  shores. 

378.  [Htcii  Wkst  IxniA  Coxip.wv. — In  if'ui 
the  Dutch  West  India  Company  was  ft>rnKd 
and,  with  otlior  vahiable  concessions,  was  gi\cn 
control  of  the  fur  trade  of  tlie  New  World  by 
the  States  (leneral  of  Holland.  Thus  this  llug 
became  dominant  in  the  waters  around  New 
York  in  i6j.;,  and  continued  so  for  forty-two 
years.  The  letters  G.  \V.  C.  are  the  initials  of 
the  company,  "Gcoctroyecrdc  West  -  Indischc 
Compagnie."  In  1650  the  orange  stripe  was 
changed  to  red  in  accordance  with  a  similar 
change  in  the  national  flag  of  Holland.  It  was 
not  until  the  conquest  of  New  .N'cllierlands  by 
the  Knglish  in  Ky'M  that  this  flag  disappeared 
from  our  northern  shores. 

379.  Eniiicott's  Fl.m:.. — The  red  cross  of 
St.  George  on  the  English  flags  was  a  source 
of  (piestion  to  the  sti.-rn  religionists  of  the 
Massachusetts  Colony.  John  Endicott.  with 
Spartan  directness,  attempted  to  settle  the 
matter  by  cutting  out  a  part  of  the  re<l  cross 
on  the  Salem  ensign  in  li>M-  This  led  to  long- 
drawn  litigation.  Fear  of  olTending  the  mother 
country  struggled  with  the  seeming  idolatry  of 
a  cross  on  a  flag.  Finally  it  was  decided  to 
"render  unto  Ca-sar"  his  own,  and  inasmuch 
as  the  fi  rt  of  Castle  Island,  a!  lioston.  was 
maintained  in  the  King's  name,  his  colors  were 
allowed  to  fly  there.  It  was  not  until  K)?!, 
however,  that  the  general  court  of  Massachu- 
setts gave  oftici.il  sanction  to  the  use  of  the 
flag  with  its  cross.  This  illustration  of  the 
Endicott  flag,  with  its  distinguishing  blue  ball 
in  the  first  quarter  of  the  canton,  shows  it 
before  the  mutilation. 

380.  KiNC.'s  STANti.\Rn  IM  lfi.?5. — The  de- 
signs on  this  royal  flag,  which  was  in  use  dur- 
ing the  early  settlement  of  our  country,  are 
especially  suggestive  and  carry  us  back  to  the 
very  roots  of  English  history.  Each  little 
symbol  fnimd  its  place  on  the  flag  through 
some  noteworthy  event  in  the  ever-changing 
fortunes  of  early  luigland.  The  harp  on  the 
third  quarter  is  the  ancient  symbol  of  IrelaTid 
(sec  830>,  which  Elizabeth,  in  token  of  her 
svcccss  in  dealing  with  the  island,  added  to 
the  royal  ensign.  On  the  second  quarter  ap- 
pears the  lion  of  Scotland  (see  S.iS*,  in  token 
of  that  country's  union  with  England.  The 
first  and  fourth  quarters  of  the  shield  alike 
bear  the  three  lions  and  the  three  fleur^-do-lis. 
Two  of  the  lions  were  introduced  by  William 
II  from  the  arms  of  his  native  Normamly. 
.\uthorities  differ  as  to  the  origin  of  the  third 
lion,  some  maint.-iiiiing  that  it  was  a<lded  by 
Henry  H  in  iMUor  of  his  wife,  Eleanor  of 
Aquitainc,  who  brought  him  as  a  dowry  three 
provitKcs  in  F'rancc.  Edwanl  III,  on  assiun- 
\ng  the  title  "King  of  I'rance,"  in  13.10,  quar- 
tered with  the  lions  the  fleurs-de-lis  on  a  blue 
field.  It  remained  for  James  I,  in  KniJ-  '" 
i-..!nl>inc  these  various  symbols  into  the  form 
seen  here. 

381.  TiiKKK  CofNTY  Troop. — It  was  in  l6?o 
th.it  tliric  coiipiies  of  Massachusetts — Suffolk. 
Middlesex,   and    Essex — raised   a   company   of 


cavalry  called  the  Three  County  Troop,  which 
Continued  its  orguni/ation  for  twrniy  \rar4  or 
more.  Their  standard  is  not  known  to  be  in 
e.\istence  at  proent ;  but  a  must  intcrrsling 
drawing  of  it  and  the  original  bill  of  cost  (or 
it  are  preserved  in  the  Urilish  Museum.  The 
legend  in  the  drawing  reads:  "Thre  County 
Troni,"  app.irenily  a  mistake  in  ei>p\ing  the 
word  troop  from  the  original  banner.  It  prob- 
ably  waved  alxive  the  brave  Colonials  in  King 
Philip's  War  of  n>,-5  and   i67(). 

38a.  I'nder  the  re<l  ensign  many  f>(  Eng- 
land's greatest  adfnir;Js  won  the  victories 
which  made  the  i'.laml  kingdom  mistress  of 
the  seas.  This  is  the  famous  "meteor  flag  of 
I  )ld  England."  and  until  the  union  of  the  king- 
doms of  England  and  Scotland  under  one  par- 
liameiil.  in  1707,  ii  was  the  ensign  of  ilie  V.ixg- 
lish  colonies  in  .Vmerica.  It  was  especially 
dear  to  the  New  l-'ngland  colonists,  who  cher- 
ished its  brave  traditions  as  their  own. 

383.  ,\  Col.OSI.M.  I-UAC.  384.  NKwni.KV, 
.M.\ss^  388.  N'kw  F;Nr.i..\,s-ii,  17.17.  390.  Tatn- 
To.v  Fi..\r.. — To  one  interested  in  watching  the 
growth  ami  development  of  customs  or  in 
tracing  the  symbolic  expressions  of  the  ideas 
of  a  pei'ple,  there  is  no  more  fascinating  study 
than  the  growth  of  our  own  flag.  Naturally, 
the  Cidonists  used  at  first  the  flags  of  llie 
homeland  (such  as  3(11).  Hut  slowly  the  en- 
vironment of  this  new,  sivicious  country, 
working  in  connection  with  the  deep  religious 
consciousness  of  the  peojde,  wrought  itself 
into  visible  form  in  the  flags. 

.\t  Taunton,  Mass.,  was  raise<l,  in  1774,  flan 
number  .tijo.  the  red  union  English  flag  com- 
mon at  the  time,  with  the  aildition  of  the 
watchword  of  .Vmeric.i — the  magic  watchword 
that  now,  after  nearly  a  century  ami  a  half, 
bids  fair  to  become  the  watchword  of  the 
world. 

In  .;S.t  a  stronger  feeling  of  separation  is 
indicated  in  the  plain  red  llag  with  the  pure 
white  canton.  In  .tf<4,  the  flag  of  Newbury, 
Mass..  the  cross  is  retained,  but  the  color  of 
the  field  has  changed  to  the  green  of  the  New 
I-'ngland  forests. 

Then,  in  place  of  the  British  cross,  we  see 
coming  into  proininence  the  sturdy  native 
.\iiieri.an  emblein.s.  .V  pine  tree  on  a  while 
ground  was  a  symlml  of  many  qualities  con- 
spicuous in  the  lives  of  our  .\ew  England  an- 
cestors, .'simple,  austere,  and  bearing  with.d  a 
stately  dignity,  it  fittingly  expressed  the  ideas 
of  the  times,  More<iver,  it  ppKlaimeil  the 
patriots'  love  for  this  newest  homelanil  with 
lis  pine-clad  hills.  .Ami  so  it  was  thai  the  pine 
tree  waved  over  many  a  hard- fought  field  in 
those  trying  years.  Joine<l  with  St.  George's 
cross,  it  appeared  on  the  blue  banner  of  Bun- 
ker Hill   (.tfu). 

I'rcfpiently  the  pine  tree  gave  place  to  a 
globe,  as  in  the  New  England  flag  of  17.17 
(.V*S).  .Again,  the  pine  tree  alone  occupies  the 
white  canton  of  a  red  flag.  l>cst  illustrated  by 
.t^J,  the  Continental  flag  of  l"7<;-_ir77.  These 
historic  flags  picture  to  us  in  slrikinK  form  the 
feelings  and  the  hopes  as  well  as  llie  spirit  of 
•76. 

384.  fSee  .-fix") 

385.  .Xnjikos'  I'l.Ac,. — In  ifAi  the  charter  of 
Masf.i'-'"     "      was    annn"- •'     -"-•'    •' ■     '•.  ""• 


.^5 


H 


SALVADOR    COAT    ARMS     VENEZUELA    COAT    ARMS 

510  511 


n 


■ 


■!!i 


iiaBiiiij  I 


B  EvI 


M  I  D         I 

9  B  D  i(  B 
§  B  D !( B 


government  organized  all  of  New  England  as 
a  royal  domain.  In  1686  Edmund  Andres  ar- 
rived as  Governor  of  the  province.  The  flag 
under  his  rule  was  the  red  cross  of  St.  George 
on  a  white  field  with  a  gold  crown  in  the  cen- 
ter. Under  the  crown  appeared  the  letters 
J.  R.,  the  cipher  of  King  James.  But  in  1689, 
with  the  arrival  in  England  of  William  of 
Orange,  the  colonists  deposed  Andros,  and  this 
flag  was  consigned  to  the  oblivion  of  banners 
no  longer  expressive  of  the  feelings  of  a  de- 
veloping people. 

386.  Nova  Scotia. — Nova  Scotia  was  the 
New  Scotland,  just  as  the  Massachusetts  group 
of  colonies  was  the  New  England,  for  even  in 
the  days  of  King  James  there  was  no  Great 
Britain,  but  the  two  separate  countries.  And 
that  is  why  the  vertical  cross  of  St.  George 
appeared  on  the  .Andros  and  other  New  Eng- 
land flags,  w'hile  the  diagonal  Scottish  cross  of 
St.  Andrew  marked  those  of  Nova  Scotia. 
The  center  of  the  flag  is  marked  by  the  crown 
and  cipher  of  James  Sixth  of  Scotland  and 
First  of  England.  He  it  was  who  united  the 
two  crosses  into  the  union  flag  of  1606,  the 
very  year  in  which  he  gave  the  first  royal 
grants  of  land  in  North  America,  under  which 
permanent  settlements  grew  up.  It  was  not 
until  1801,  long  after  the  Stars  and  Stripes 
were  known  on  every  sea,  that  the  red  diag- 
onal cross  of  St.  Patrick,  in  recognition  of 
Ireland,  was  added  to  the  combined  crosses, 
thus  making  the  familiar  British  union  jack  of 
today. 

387.  Escutcheon  Ensign. — Early  in  the  life 
of  the  New-  England  Colonics  it  was  seen  that 
the  merchant  ships  of  the  ninthcr  country 
needed  a  special  flag  to  distinguish  them  from 
the  King's  ships.  In  1701  we  find  this  order 
from  the  Admiralty  Office  at  Whitehall,  Lon- 
don:  "Merchant  ships  to  wear  no  other  jack 
than  that  worn  by  His  Majesty's  ships,  with 
the  distinction  of  a  white  escutcheon  in  the 
middle  thereof."  The  "Governors  of  His  Maj- 
esty's plantatiiins"  were  ordered  to  oblige  the 
commanders  of  their  merchant  ships  to  use 
this  and  no  other.  The  merchant  ships,  how- 
ever, continued  to  fly  the  various  flags  endeared 
to  their  commanders  by  old  associations.  Many 
of  them  seem  to  have  preferred  the  usual  red 
or  blue  New  England  flag  which  had  a  red 
St.  George's  cross  and  a  globe  (388)  or  tree 
(363)  on  a  white  ground  in  the  upper  left- 
hand  corner. 

388.  (See  383.) 

389.  CoLONKi,  Moultrie's  Fl.m-..  —  In  Sep- 
tember, 1775,  Colonel  Moultrie,  having  received 
orders  from  the  Council  of  Safety  to  take  Fort 
Johnson  on  James  Island,  S.  C,  thought  a  flag 
necessary ;  so  he  devised  a  large  blue  flag  with 
a  white  crescent  in  the  upper  corner  next  the 
staff,  this  design  being  suggested  by  the  blue 
uniforms  of  the  garrison  and  the  silver  cres- 
cents which  the  men  wore  on  their  caps,  in- 
scribed with  the  words  "Liberty  or  Death." 
Colonel  Moultrie  in  his  memoirs  says  that  "this 
was  the  first  .American  flag  displayed  in  the 
South"   (see  also  406"). 

390.  (See  3S3.) 

391.  Washington's  Navy,  1775.— This  was 
the  flag  flown  by  M'ashington's  six  cruisers  in 
1775.     The  Lady  Washington,  a  brig  fitted  out 


in  1775,  was  captured  by  H.  M.  S.  Fowey  on 
December  7  of  the  same  year,  and  her  colors 
were  placed  in  the  Admiralty  Office  in  Lon- 
don. They  are  described  as  bearing  a  pale 
green  pine  tree  on  a  field  of  white  bunting, 
with  the  motto,  "Appeal  to  Heaven."  After 
the  Continental  ensign  (364)  came  into  use  by 
Washington's  fleet,  January  i,  1776,  this  white 
flag  and  green  pine  tree,  with  variations  (399), 
was  adopted  April  29,  1776,  as  the  ensign  of 
the  vessels  of  the  Massachusetts  navy  (see  399 
and  401  ;  see  also  the  history  of  our  Stars  and 
Stripes,  printed  elsewhere  in  this  number). 

392.  KEni-ORD  Flag. — Probably  the  most  in- 
teresting flag  of  all  the  colonial  period  is  this 
standard  of  the  Bedford  Minute  Men,  carried 
by  them  at  the  battle  of  Concord.  It  is  small, 
being  only  about  iUS  feet  square,  but  carries 
woven  among  its  faded  threads  the  love  and 
veneration  of  a  grateful  America.  Wrought 
in  silver  and  gold  on  a  red  ground  is  an  arm 
appearing  from  a  cloud,  with  the  hand  holding 
a  sword.  The  scroll  is  in  gold  with  the  motto, 
"\  ince  Aut  Morire"  (Conquer  or  die).  It  now 
has  an  honored  place  among  the  relics  of  the 
Historical  Society  at  Bedford,  Mass.  It  bears 
a  striking  resemblance  to  the  Ostend  Fight  en- 
sign  (1 144). 

393.  Philadelphia  Light  Horse.  —  This 
standard,  presented  to  the  Philadelphia  troop 
of  Light  Horse  by  Capt.  Abraham  Markoe,  and 
still  displayed  at  the  troop's  anniversary  din- 
ners, is  one  of  the  first  American  flags  in 
which  thirteen  stripes  were  used.  This  banner 
was  carried  by  the  Philadelphia  troop  when  it 
acted  as  escort  to  General  Washington  from 
Philadelphia  to  New  York  on  his  way  to  Cam- 
bridge, there  to  assume  command  of  the  Con- 
tinental .\rmy.  The  Philadelphia  troop  was 
composed  of  28  men,  w'ho  equipped  themselves 
at  their  own  expense.  Captain  Markoe  re- 
signed his  commission  as  captain  of  this  orga- 
nization late  in  1775,  in  obedience  to  an  edict 
of  King  Christian  VII  of  Denmark,  who  for- 
bade any  of  his  subjects  to  engage  in  the  war 
against  Great  Britain.  Before  tendering  his 
resignation,  however,  the  commander  presented 
this  standard  to  the  troop. 

394.  New  York. — The  armed  ships  of  New 
York  are  reported  to  have  used  this  flag  in 
1775.  The  beaver  reminds  us  eloquently  of  the 
prominent  part  the  lucrative  fur  trade  played 
in  the  early  history  of  the  colony.  The  glow- 
ing accounts  brought  back  by  Hudson  of  the 
rich  harvest  of  valuable  furs  to  be  secured  led 
Holland  to  authorize  the  trading  companies 
which  colonized  New  Y'ork.  The  beaver  was 
used  on  the  seal  of  New  Netherlands  and 
found  a  place  on  the  seal  of  New  York  City. 

395.  Bennington. — .At  the  battle  of  Ben- 
nington. \'t.,  .August  16,  1777,  2,000  Green 
Mountain  boys,  under  Gen,  John  Stark,  practi- 
cally annihilated  the  forces  under  General 
Baum.  sent  to  capture  stores  and  to  overawe 
the  country.  The  loss  of  these  troops  was 
partly  responsible  for  the  failure  of  Bur- 
goyne's  carefully  planned  campaign  and  was 
one  of  the  events  that  led  to  the  open  recog- 
nition nf  our  country  by  France. 

396.  Rhode  Island. — Fashioned  from  white 
silk  with  thirteen  stars  on  a  canton  of  blue 
and  showing  a  blue  anchor  surmounted  by  the 


348 


Jfei" 


motto  of  the  State.  "Hope,"  on  the  center  of 
the  field,  this  reginu-nial  lanncr  of  Rhode  Is- 
land easily  takes  high  rank  as  an  attractive 
flag;  nor  is  it  lacking  in  interesting  historic 
associatii>ns.  Carried  safely  through  (he  in- 
tense struggle  of  Urandywine.  at  Trenton,  and 
at  Vorktown.  it  now  rests  in  the  State  llouse 
at  F'rovidence.  mute  witness  to  the  heroism  of 
those  who  hore  it  to  final  victory  (sec  JIJ). 

397.  LiNKKli  Hand.— Thirteen  mailed  hands 
grasping  the  thirteen  links  of  an  endless  chain 
formed  ime  of  the  early  representations  of  the 
spirit  of  unity  in  the  colonies.  It  recognized 
the  seniiinent  of  "L'nited  we  stand."  and  fore- 
shadowed the  "E  I'Uirihus  L'num,"  sonn  in  ap- 
pear as  our  motto.  The  numher  thirteen  w.is 
prominent  on  many  of  the  early  standards.  A 
common  variation  shows  a  mailed  hand  grasp- 
ing a  hundle  of  thirteen  arrows. 

THE  R.\TTUSNAKE  TLACS 

398.  CiAHSDKX  Fl.AC.  400.  SoiTH  Cakoi.ina 
XavV.  405.  ClLIKfKR  .MlNlTK  Mkn— The 
rattlesnake  device  was  seen  again  and  again 
on  our  early  tlags.  One  writer  of  the  tiiiic 
quaintly  stated  that  as  the  rattlesnake's  c>c 
exceeded  in  brightness  that  of  any  other  ani- 
mal, and  she  had  no  eyelids,  she  might  there- 
fore be  esteemed  an  emblem  of  vigilance; 
that  inasmuch  as  she  never  began  an  attack, 
nor,  when  once  engaged,  ever  surreiulcred, 
she  was  therefore  an  emblem  of  magnanimity 
and  true  courage.  We  are  bo\md  to  suspect, 
however,  that  it  was  the  deadly  bite  of  the 
rattier  that  was  foremost  in  the  niinds  of  the 
revolutionists  who  used  the  baniurs.  The 
"[)on't  iread  on  me,"  seen  on  all  four  of  the 
rattlesnake  flags  (365.  31A  400.  and  405),  lends 
color  to  this  view. 

But  it  was  not  only  the  qualities  of  the 
snake  itself,  but  also  the  case  witli  which 
symbidism  could  be  added,  illustr.iled  in  the 
use  of  the  distinctive  thirteen  rattles,  that  in- 
cre.ised  the  nuntber  and  variety  of  the  rattle- 
snake flags.  "  'Tis  curious  and  antaziii;;,"  in 
the  words  of  the  writer  quoted  ab  )vc,  "to  ob- 
serve how  distinct  and  independent  of  each 
other  the  rattles  of  this  animal  are.  and  how 
firmly  they  are  united  together.  One  of  the 
rattles,  singly,  is  incap.iblc  of  producing  a 
sound,  but  the  ringing  of  thirteen  together  is 
sufficient  to  alarm  (he  boldest  man  living." 

Flag  31)8  was  presented  by  Colonel  Gadsden 
to  Commodore  Hopkins  to  serve  as  the  latter's 
flag  as  the  commander-in-chief  of  the  fleet  con- 
structed by  Congress,  and  was  hoisted  at  the 
main  mast  of  the  Alfi,-d  December  3.  1775. 
.■\t  the  same  time  John  Paul  Jones  hoisted  the 
union  stripi'd  flag  (364)  at  the  stern  (sec  his- 
tory of  Stars  and  Stripes  elsewhere  in  this 
number).  On  the  same  dav  365  was  hoisted 
as  the  jack  of  the  navy.  Thus  364.  365.  and 
30S  arc  the  most  historic  flags  of  the  U.  S. 
N':n\    i>rior  to  the  adoption  of  the  Stars  and 

.  1' "  ^ 

Tile    Southern    colonies    seemed    csprci.illy 

fond  of   the  device.     South   Carolina  adopted 

for  b.r  11  I w  the  red  and  blue  stripes  crossed 

!•'  ;  snake,  as  seen  in  400. 

energetic  enthiisi.nsts  in  the  cat'SC 

"f  I;  '  ■.<'.  t!  p.  ople  of  tlie  Piedmont  region 
.  l'   \  i-j  -11.1    r  ,!  :   d  to  file  supp<-irt  of  the  Q^m- 


tinenial  Congress.  Culpeper  County  wat  a 
Center  of  organization  ami  hrr  minute  men 
typitietl  on  iheir  spinl.il  banner  (405)  iheir 
fearlessness  and  inde|icildence. 

Tin:  i.ibi;ktv  a.\u  I'l.vi;  tki:k  ixacs 

399.  LtuKKTv  Thke  I'lAC.  OK  1776.  401. 
.Ma>saciii  SKITS  Navv.— In  all  early  accounti 
of  colonial  activities,  liberty  indc-.  and  tree* 
bear  an  important  pari.  .\  wide-itprcadinK  live 
oak  in  CliarU>ton,  near  the  home  of  Christo- 
pher Gadsden,  made  a  shelter  under  which  the 
leading  spirits  >f  the  day  often  met  t  •  di^cutf 
pi>lilical  c|Uesiions,  atrd  there  the  Drctaration 
of  liidepemleiice  was  first  read  t.i  the  (icoplc 
of  tile  city.  The  Sons  of  l.ilierlv,  mertinK 
under  the  fme  obi  cbn  in  Hanover  Square, 
gave  Boston  her  Liberty  Tree.  I'mlrr  il« 
shade  a  notable  meeting  was  hclil  just  prrviou* 
to  the  destrnction  of  ihc  lea,  which  led  Gen- 
eral Gage  to  order  that  it  be  hewn  down.  In- 
asiiuicli  as  the  felling  of  a  venerable  tree  al- 
ways touches  tender  chor<ls  in  the  ihi'Ughlful, 
it  is  not  surprising  that  the  lo^s  of  this  uiie 
fanned  into  lianie  tlie  very  embers  of  discon- 
tent that  Gage  had  ho|Kd  to  stamp  out  by  its 
destruction. 

On  flag  Tfyt  appears  the  well-loveij  and  fa- 
mous Liberty  Tree.  This  was  an  cmlilem  often 
used.  The  .solemn  niollo,  ".\n  .Vppeal  tti  God," 
tells  us  of  the  quiet  firmness  widi  which  our 
forefathers  "highly  resolved"  lo  claim  the 
birthright  of  freedom  for  themselves  ami  their 
children.  The  sentiment  first  appeared  in  Ihc 
"Aildress  of  ihc  Provincial  Congress  of  \Li»- 
sachusells"  to  Great  llrilain,  the  closing  sen- 
tence of  which  began,  ".Appealing  to  Heaven 
for  the  justice  of  our  cause."  Through  the 
long  years  that  have  passed  since  ihey  won 
their  victories,  the  greater  task  has  developed 
for  us,  not  only  to  hold  with  efpial  steadiness 
and  firmness  the  great  priiKiples  uiion  which 
our  nation  stands,  but  also  lo  fight  with  e<]iial 
fortitude  and  sarrifice  that  ihe-^e  gifts  m.iy  l»e 
extended  to  the  oppresseil  of  all  nilions. 

When  in  1652  the  colony  of  Massachusetts 
first  established  a  mint,  the  general  court  or- 
dained that  all  pieces  of  money  should  b'-ar 
on  one  side  a  tree,  thus  bringing  into  Ix-ing  the 
famous  pine-iree  shillings.  In  April.  177(>.  the 
Massichusetts  council  passed  a  res.dution  as 
follows: 

'  Rr.inhcd.  That  .  .  .  the  colors  (for  the 
sea  service]  be  a  while  fl,i«f  with  a  green  pine 
tree  and  the  inscription.  'An  Api»eal  lo 
Heaven.'" 

Flag  301  had  previou<ilv  licrotnc  familiar  on 
the  seas  as  the  ensign  of  Washington's  crui-ers. 
The  Fnglish  newspaiiers  <if  Ihc  lime  contain 
many  references  to  llii«  H'lking  en«ien. 

In   |Oi  an  extra  sipr  I'le 

coilc'l   snake  at  the    t  llic 

oft-used   "I>on"l   Iread   on   rv 

40a     fScc  3>)8.) 

40t.     (  Sec  ,vn  ) 

403,     The    WesimorrlanrI   C'  'ion 

of   Pennsylvania     '    -    '■■^■■^    '^  'in 

I'nx-ior  and  is  -  'ex- 

sndria.  Pa.     Ft  i-.  ^dk, 

with  the  addition  of  idr  (odrfi  i  and 

Ihc  familiar  legend,  "Don't  Tr<.  '   ." 


"•4Q 


350 


1^ 

HEEl 


— ^  p- 


I 


SIS 


illilB 


331 


403.  Connecticut  Flag. — Tlie  activities  of 
1775  and  1776  emphasized  the  need  of  colors 
to  distinguish  the  various  troops.  Soon  after 
the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill  the  States  began  Ui 
make  colors  for  themselves.  Connecticut, 
with  this  Hag,  was  one  of  the  first.  Her 
motto,  "Qui  transtulit  sustinet,"  of  which  a 
free  translation  is,  "God,  who  transported  us 
hither,  will  sustain  us,"  was  put  upon  one  side 
of  several  flags  of  the  time,  with  "An  Appeal 
to  Heaven,"  the  Massachusetts  motto,  upon 
the  other.  This  shows  almost  the  identical 
form  of  the  permanent  Connecticut  flag  (305). 

404.  Merchant  and  Privateer  Ensign. — 
Those  dasiiing  privateers,  whose  exploits  made 
such  entertaining  reading  in  the  history  books 
of  our  childhood  days,  fiew  this  ensign  of  thir- 
teen stripes.  Many  references  and  prints  of 
"striped  flaggs"  in  contemporary  British  litera- 
ture prove  its  prevalence.  The  color  of  the 
stripes  varied  according  to  the  fancy  of  the 
commanding  officer.  Merchant  vessels  nearly 
always  displayed  this  flag. 

405.  (See  308.) 

406.  Fort  Moultrie. — This  flag  flew  from 
the  southeast  bastion  of  Fort  Moultrie  (then 
called  Fort  Sullivan),  in  Charleston  Harbor, 
during  the  famous  Revolutionary  battle  of 
June  28,  1776.  Early  in  the  attack  the  sky- 
colored  emblein  fell  outside  the  parapet.  Ser- 
geant William  Jasper,  crying  out,  "Don't  let  us 
fight  without  a  flag,"  vaulted  over  the  wall 
under  a  rain  of  bullets,  secured  the  flag,  fixed 
it  to  a  staff,  and,  triimiphantly  planting  it  firm- 
ly in  place,  leaped  down  within  the  parapet  to 
safety.  Three  ringing  cheers  greeted  his  re- 
turn. After  an  intense  artillery  attack  lasting 
ten  hours,  the  British  forces  were  compelled  to 
withdraw,  and  the  next  day  the  entire  fleet  left 
Charleston  Harbor.  The  name  of  the  fort  was 
changed  to  Moultrie  in  honor  of  the  gallant 
defender.  This  victory  left  the  Southern 
States  secure  from  invasion  for  more  than 
two  years.  This  fla.g  is  identical  with  Colonel 
Moultrie's  earlier  flag  (389)  first  raised  in 
September,  1775,  with  the  addition  of  the  word 
"Liberty''  in  white  letters. 

407.  Pulaski. — Brave  and  gallant  Count 
Pulaski,  who  gave  his  life  for  our  caus>>  in 
1779.  fought  beneath  this  banner.  A  Polish 
count  volunteering  as  a  private,  distinguished 
by  his  coolness  and  courage  at  the  battle  of 
Brandywine, — he  was  made  Chief  of  Dra- 
goons, with  the  rank  of  Bri.gadier-General. 
The  IMoravian  Sisters,  of  Bethlehem,  Penn- 
sylvania, embroidered  this  flag  for  him.  One 
side  bears  the  words  "Unitas  Virtus  Forcior" 
(which  last  word,  by  the  way,  should  be  fi^r- 
tior),  "Union  makes  valor  stronger,"  encir- 
clin.g  the  letters  U.  S.  The  other  side  bears 
the  motto,  "Non  Alius  Regit,"  "No  Qther  gov- 
erns." with  the  all-seeing  eye  in  the  center 
triangle.  Pulaski  raised  his  own  independent 
corps  of  infantry  and  light  cavalry,  and  l^ater 
commanded  the  French  and  American  forces 
at  the  siege  of  .Savannah,  where  he  was  mor- 
tally wounded.  Thus  fell,  at  the  early  age  of 
31.  one  of  the  many  heroic  foreign  brothers 
who  fought  with  us  for  liberty. 

408.  409.  New  Hampshire  Regiment. — 
These  two  New  Flampshire  flags  belonged  to 
the  Second  Regiment  of  the  State.     They  were 


taken  at  Fort  Anne  by  the  British  Ninth  Regi- 
ment of  Foot,  commanded  b}'  Lieutenant  Colo- 
nel Hill,  a  few  weeks  before  the  decisive  battle 
of  Saratoga.  After  the  surrender  of  Bur- 
goyne.  Colonel  Hill  carried  them  to  England, 
where  they  were  treasured  by  his  descendants, 
finally  falling  into  the  hands  of  Col.  George 
W.  Rogers,  of  Wykeham,  Sussex.  From  him 
they  were  purchased  in  1912  by  Mr.  Edward 
Tuck,  and  presented  to  the  New  Hampshire 
Historical  Society.  They  are  of  the  same  size, 
approximately  five  by  five  and  one-half  feet. 

The  buff  flag  (40S)  with  a  golden  disk  in 
the  center  bears  the  inotto,  "We  are  one." 
From  the  disk  radiate  thirteen  rays  and  thir- 
teen thin  lines,  each  line  touching  a  golden 
ring  in  the  outer  circle,  with  each  ring  bearing 
the  name  of  one  of  the  thirteen  States.  In 
the  upper  left  corner  are  eight  red  and  pale 
blue   triangles  which   form  two  crosses 

Tlie  blue  silk  flag  with  the  gold  fringe  (409") 
bears  the  letters  N.  H.,  with  "2nd  Re.gt."  below 
them  on  the  small  red  shield  in  the  center. 
The  iTiotto  on  the  scroll  is  significant,  "The 
glory,  not  the  prey."  The  two  crosses  com- 
bined in  the  upper  corner  are  of  red  and  gold. 

These  two  New  Hampshire  flags  are  prob- 
ably the  only  ones  now  in  existence  which 
were  captured  during  the  Revolutionary  War. 

410.  First  Pexxsvlvania  Rifles. — "A  deep 
.green  ground,  the  device  a  tiger,  partly  en- 
closed by  toils,  attempting  the  pass,  defended 
by  a  hunter  with!  a  spear  (in  white)  on  a 
crimson  field" — thtis  reads  the  description  of 
the  standard  of  the  First  Pennsylvania  Rifles, 
in  the  words  of  Lieutenant  Colonel  Hand, 
written  ]\Tarch  8,  ,1776.  During  the  war  this 
regiment  served  in  every  one  of  the  thirteen 
colonies,  and  this  banner  waved  at  many  a 
famous  liattlc — at  Trenton,  Princeton,  Brandy- 
wine,  Monmouth,  and  Yorktown,  to  mention 
only  a  few. 

411.  Third  Maryland. — The  existence  of 
this  national  flag,  known  to  have  been  used  as 
a  regimental  flag  in  the  Revolution,  sheds  a  bit 
of  light  on  the  darkness  surrounding  the  ex- 
tent to  which  the  stars  and  stripes  were  used 
at  the  time.  It  is  certain  that  this  identical 
flag  was  carried  by  the  Third  I\LaryIand  Regi- 
ment at  the  battle  of  Cowpens,  in  January, 
1778.  William  Bachelor  was  the  color-bearer. 
It  is  inade  of  thin  cotton,  and  is  remarkably 
well  preserved.  It  is  a  little  over  five  feet 
long,  and  almost  a  yard  wide,  and  is  now  in 
the  flag  room  of  the  capitol  at  Annapolis.  It 
is  the  only  instance  of  the  use  of  the  "Stars 
and  Stripes"  as  a  color  (i.  c.  by  land  troops), 
national  or  regiinental,  durin.g  the  Revolution- 
ary War.  that  of  1812,  and  the  iNIexican  War. 
(See  history  of  Stars  and  Stripes  printed  else- 
where in  this  number.) 

412.  EuTAW  Standard. — This  square  of 
brilliant  crimson  formed  the  battle  flag  of  Col. 
William  Washington's  cavalry  troop,  and  led 
the  way  to  victory  at  Cowpens  and  at  the  final 
battle  of  the  Revolution,  Eutaw  Springs,  in 
1781 — two  decisive  battles  of  the  war  in  the 
South.  Tradition  tells  a  quaint  story  of  its 
origin.  It  seems  that  Colonel  \\'ashington.  on 
a  hurried  visit  to  his  fiancee.  Miss  Jane  Elliot, 
of  South  Carolina,  mentioned  that  he  had  no 
flag.     With  quick  flashes  of  her  scissors,   she 


3S2 


cut  a  square  of  gay,  red  damaik  from  (he  back 
of  a  tirawiiig-room  chair,  saying,  "Culniiel, 
make  this  your  standaril."  It  was  mounted  ori 
a  hickory  pole  and  borne  at  the  head  of  liis 
troops  till  the  end  of  the  war.  In  18.^7  it  was 
presented  to  the  Washington  l.is;ht  Infantry 
of  Charleston  by  Mrs.  Jane  Elliot  Washington, 
in  person,  and  is  one  ot  our  most  treasured 
banners. 

413.     0.\TI\OIS     ReCIMKS'T.        414.     S.M.\T<l<-.NE 

Rki.imkxt.  415.  RoY.\i,  Dkl-x  Posts. — .\  num- 
ber of  French  regiments  were  sent  t'>  .Vmerica 
during  the  Revolutionary  War.  .Ml  served 
with  gallantry  and  distinction.  Savannah  and 
Yorktown  both  being  ht^nored  by  their  ener- 
getic and  fearless  lighting.  The  llags  of  all 
these  regiments  followed  one  general  pattern, 
the  basic  idea  being  a  white  tlag  with  colored 
triangles  making  squares  in  the  corners  and 
leaving  a  white  cross  extending  across  the  cen- 
ter. They  were  about  four  feet  square  and 
the  colors  were  painted  on  them. 

The  Gatinois  regiment  (413")  was  formed  in 
1776  out  of  two  sections  of  a  famous  old 
French  regiment  of  .-Vuvergnc,  and  in  honor 
of  its  gallant  conduct  at  Vorktovvn  was  ever 
after  known  as  the  Royal  .\uvergne. 

The  blue,  red.  green,  and  yellow  triangles  of 
the  tlag  of  the  Saintogne  regiment  (414)  si)eak 
eloquently  of  dashing  courage  and  hearty  loy- 
alty at  Yorktown. 

Mach  arm  of  the  St.  .Andrew's  cross  in  the 
Royal  Dcu.x  Fonts  (415)  bears  the  golden 
fleur-de-lis  of  France,  while  a  crown  holds  the 
center.  Quartered  on  the  tlag  arc  the  arms  of 
the  Duke  of  Deu.\  Fonts  over  red  and  blue 
stripes. 

Rochambeau,  a  French  count,  with  the  rank 
of  lieutenant  general,  was  in  command  of  the 
6.000  troops  sent  to  our  aid.  He  displayed  a 
fine  spirit  throughout  the  war,  maintaining  his 
soldiers  as  part  of  the  .-\meric.in  army  and 
holding  himself  as  entirely  under  Washing- 
ton's command.  (  ?ee  "Our  First  .Mliance."  by 
J.  J.  Jusserand,  X.ationai.  Gew-R-vphic  Maga- 
zine. June,  1917.) 

416.  A\sn.\cn. — Three  Ansbach  B^iyreulh 
colors  are  now  in  the  chapel  at  West  Foint. 
They  were  among  the  German  colors  captured 
at  V'orktown.  .Ml  arc  similar  in  main  dcsigyi, 
made  of  heavy  white  damask,  embroiflcrc<l  in 
colored  silk.  On  one  si<lc  is  the  red  Branden- 
burg eagle,  with  the  words,  "Fro  Frincipe  et 
Fatria"  on  the  scroll  above.  The  other  side 
shows  tlie  preen  laurel  and  palm,  with  the 
monogrammcd  letters  S.  ET  C.  A.,  the  first 
four  letters  of  which  stand  for  "Sinceritcr  ct 
Constanter"  and  the  last  for  Prince  .Mcxan- 
dcr,  then  reigning.  It  is  supposed  that  eigh- 
teen German  colors  were  surrendered  at  York- 
town :  but  the  others  are  missing. 

417.  Xew  York  Reciment. — It  is  surprisinij 
to  note  how  lew  regimental  llags  used  in  the 
Revolution  are  in  existence  today.  Thi<  is  the 
most  clnb<iratc  and  detailed  of  any  of  them. 
It  was  made  in  1778  or  1779,  and  is  approxi- 
111  I'-  ly  six  feet  square,  of  dark  blue  silk  with 
a  I'lie  fringe,  and  bears  on  each  side  the  arms 
of  the  State.  These  arms  from  that  far-away 
day  to  this  have  remained  practically  un- 
changed  in  general  design.     The  two  figures 


dre  clad  in  costumes  of  the  day.    The  dreises 
are  ol  cloth  uf  gold,  with  red  mantles. 

This  reginieiital  color  was  carru-d  bv  C'l, 
Peter  GanseviHirl  at  Yorktown.  This  is  the 
same  Colonel  Ganscvoort  wh'i  was  in  coniiiiaiid 
of  Fort  Stunwix,  or  F'ort  Scbu>lcr,  v»lirn  he 
caused  to  be  hoisted  the  first  Stars  and  Siri|>e» 
over  a  fort  or  garrison  of  the  army,  .•\ug<i%t  .t, 
'777-  (See  History  of  Stars  and  Striini  in 
this  number.) 

418.  llfCKS  (IE  .\uKiiiCA. — John  IlaiiciK-k, 
whose  presence  in  I.exingti'ii  w.is  an  adili- 
tional  cause  of  the  Si>rtif  that  led  to  the  fa- 
tuous battle,  and  wh  >.  with  .Xdains,  was  cs|>c- 
eially  cxcipted  in  the  pardon  issued  on  the 
Ijth  of  Jtme.  1775,  by  deneral  Gage,  as  bciiiK 
"of  too  llagitious  a  nature  to  adiiiil  of  any 
father  consideration  than  that  of  condign  pun- 
ishment," yet  lived  to  a  ripe  olil  age,  and  l>e- 
came  the  lirst  (Governor  of  the  State  of  Massa- 
chusetts. .-Vflcr  the  close  of  the  Revolution, 
one  iif  his  olTicial  acts  as  Govermir  was  to  pre- 
sent Ibis  banner  to  the  colored  comiwny,  called 
the  "ISucks  of  .Vmerica,"  in  acknowlcclgmeiit 
of  their  valor.  The  (lag  is  ba<lly  faded  now, 
yet  shiiws  unniisiakablc  signsi'f  furmer  beauty. 
The  stars  in  the  blue  union  were  gilded.  In 
si/e  it  is  a  little  over  live  feet  long  by  three 
and  one-half  feet  wide.  Notice  the  "Buck"' 
under  the  green  tree. 

419.  Tm.i  MAiK-.E's  Prac.oo.vs. — Many  a  dar- 
ing exploit  of  Major  Tallmadge,  of  Cimnccti- 
cut,  and  his  ilragoons  adils  luster  to  this  flag. 
On  September  5,  1770.  without  the  loss  of  a 
man,  Tallmadge  captured  500  Tories  at  Lloyd's 
Neck,  on  Long  Island.  His  men  fought  at 
Brandywine,  Germantown.  and  Monmouth. 
This  pink  flag  of  very  thin  silk  is  about  two 
and  one-half  feet  s<|uare.  The  two  wings  on 
the  center  disk  arc  of  silver,  while  the  ten  rays 
are  golden.  The  canton  deserves  especial  men- 
tion, as  the  thirteen  stripes  are  ina<le  by  six 
strips  of  white  ribbon  sewed  to  the  silk  of  the 
(lag.     It  is  remarkably  well  preserved. 

430.  Wkiui's  RKf.iM est. —This  little  flag  lie- 
longed  to  the  troops  under  C. ilonel  Webb,  un- 
d.iubtedly  the  Third  Connecticut  Regiment, 
which  during  the  course  of  the  war  was  made 
up  friim  the  depleted  Second  an<l  the  Ninth. 
It  is  a  small,  tattered,  yellow  flag.  .\  pink  rib- 
bon ties  the  green  wreath,  while  the  sword  is 
painted  the  color  of  steel,  and  the  "I"  is  black. 
.An  old  account  of  the  colors  of  the  various 
Connecticut  troops  states  that  the  fl.ig  of  the 
first  regiment  was  yellow;  S'>  it  is  possible  that 
originally  this  was  the  banner  of  that  unit. 

43t.  The  golden  lilies  of  France  (re<luced 
to  three  in  numlicr  by  Charles  V  in  1365)  were 
liornc  by  many  intrepid  cx|ilorers  anxious  to 
expand  the  dominion  of  the  BourlKJns  in  the 
New  World.  Joliet  and  Mar(|uette,  the  pi.incei; 
missionaries   who   rediscovered   the   Father   i.l 

Waters,  and  I.;i  .'^allc,  lUrville.  an'   " "'-. 

v\lio  ligured  so  conspicuously  in  tli'  t 

the  exploration  and  colonization  oi    ..    i, 

all  iMire  the  fleurs-de-lis  in  the  wilderness. 

43a.    I-'hencii    I-'i.ac,    C»tA»iri.AiN    anp    Pk 
OiiASse. — This  was  the  ensign  of  daring  Sam- 
uel dc  Champlain  .is  he  sailed  down  the  laVr 
that  bears  his  name.     It  w.is  also  the  :" 
Count  Pc  Grassc.  who,  with  his  fleet  of  ' 
four  ships  of  tlic  line,  cailcd  from  the   >\  rst 


353 


"         ?32  I    733     CHINA    ARMY 

ANDORRA  U 

lElB 


735  BELGIUM    MERCHANT  73^,     CHINA    NAVAL  737CHINA    NATIONAL 


JAPAN    GUARD 
758 


JAPAN    TRANSPORT 
759 


JAPAN    COMDG     OFFICER 
760 


JAPAN     MAIL    FLAG 

761 


334 


(<>l   PORTUGAL   EMSlG^ 


3S- 


Indies  in  the  summer  of  1781,  entered  the 
Cliesapeake,  and  met  the  fleet  of  Admiral 
Thomas  Graves,  compelHng  him  to  return  to 
New  York  for  refitting  and  repairs.  Then,  by 
blocking  the  mouths  of  the  \urk  and  James 
rivers,  he  succeeded  in  cutting  off  communica- 
tion between  the  British  forces  at  Yorktown 
and  those  at  New  York,  and  thus  assisted  ma- 
terially in  causing  the  famous  surrender  that 
closed  tlie  war  (see  National  Geographic 
Magazine,  June,  1917,  pages  527-548). 

423.  Napoleon  s  Flag,  Louisiana,  1S03. — 
Among  the  many  changes  of  flag  that  helped 
to  make  romantic  the  early  history  of  Louisi- 
ana, this  of  Napoleon  stands  out  as  memorable 
because  it  was  hauled  down  to  give  place  for 
"Old  Glory"  on  the  20th  of  December,  1803. 

Each  of  the  colors  of  this  flag  is  woven  into 
the  tissue  of  French  history  by  myriad  threads. 
The  blue  banner  of  St.  Martin  was  first  used 
by  the  kings  of  France  in  the  fourth  century, 
and  foi-  600  years  was  carried  into  battle  as  a 
sure  omen  of  victory.  Next  came  the  well- 
loved  Auriflamme,  the  gold-broidered  banner 
of  St.  Denis.  This  in  turn  gave  place  to  the 
"cornette  blanche" — a  plain  wdiite  flag  emblem- 
atic of  the  Virgin  A'lary,  carried  by  Joan  of 
Arc,  and  later  adopted  by  the  Bourbons. 

So  it  was  not  purely  an  accident  that  the 
choice  of  the  populace  storming  the  Bastille, 
in  1789,  should  have  been  the  tricolor;  and  it 
is  easy  to  see  how  the  historic  associations,  as 
well  as  the  beauty  and  simplicity  of  the  banner 
itself,  made  it  the  permanent  emblem  of 
France. 

It  was  fourteen  years  after  this  tricolor  had 
become  the  national  flag  of  France  that  the 
remarkable  and  startling  chain  of  events,  oc- 
curring a  quarter  of  the  way  around  the  world 
from  our  Father  of  Waters,  made  it  possible 
for  us  to  purchase  the  wonderful  Louisiana 
country. 

424.  Russian-American  Company,  Alas- 
ka.— Although  the  Alaskan  coast  was  explored 
in  1741,  it  was  not  until  1794  that  the  first,  and 
even  then  only  partially  accurate,  chart  of  the 
Alaskan  mainland  was  made.  Kodiak  was  set- 
tled in  1784,  and  in  the  succeeding  years  pri- 
vate traders  raided  and  robbed  the  Indian 
villa.ges,  until  the  reign  of  lawlessness  was 
checked  by  the  formation,  in  1799,  of  the 
Russian-American  Company,  wdiich  remained 
dominant  in  Alaskan  matters  for  sixty  years. 
And  thus  it  was  that  while  the  young  Amer- 
ican Rein-blic  was  getting  on  its  feet  and  meet- 
ing its  first  problems  of  administration  and 
expansion  this  white,  blue,  and  red  standard 
was  flaunting  in  the  sunshine  from  many  a 
ship  through  the  long  days  of  Alaskan  sum- 
mers and  Happing  from  the  flagstaft's  of  many 
a  trading  post  under  the  steely  glitter  of  the 
long  winter  nights.  In  1S67  the  Alaska  pur- 
chase placed  cur  own  starry  flag  on  those 
valuable'  far-northern  shores. 

425.  Aztec  Stand.\rij — Battle  of  Otum- 
ba. — History  says  that  Cortes  and  his  Span- 
iards, with  their  allies,  the  Tlaxcallans,  were 
on  the  verge  of  defeat  at  the  battle  of  Otum- 
ba,  when  the  Spanish  leader,  descrying  the 
gorgeously  decorated  litter  of  the  Aztec  gen- 
eral and  observing  that  lie  carried  the  battle 
standard  I'lshcd  to  his  back,  summoned  several 


cavaliers  and,  praying  to  Santiago  (429),  they 
fought  their  way  to  the  Aztec's  side.  Cortes 
overthrew  the  general  and  Salamanca  cut  the 
standard  from  his  back.  The  Joss  of  tlieir 
emblem  demoralized  the  Aztec  forces  and 
turned  the  tide  of  the  battle.  Cortes  after- 
ward presented  the  standard  to  the  Tlaxcallan 
chieftain.  Maxixca,  as  a  reward  for  his  aid 
and  friendship,  and  the  Spanish  King  caused 
it  to  be  represented  on  Salamanca's  coat-of- 
arms.  This  illustration  of  the  standard,  which 
\yas  called  the  Quetzalteopaniitl  and  was  com- 
posed of  a  golden  sun  surrounded  by  the  rich- 
est plumes  of  the  quetzal  (see  487),  was  taken 
from  the  picture  writings  of  the  Tlaxcallans, 
shown  in  the  Lienzo  of  Tlaxcalla  (see  426). 

426.  Banners,  Mexican.  —  The  Lienzo  of 
Tlaxcalla  is  a  document  of  great  importance, 
as  it  represents  in  hieroglyphics  the  principal 
events  of  the  conquest  of  Me.xico  painted  by 
the  Indians  themselves.  It  is  on  long  bands  of 
linen  and  is  divided  into  86  illustrations  by 
perpendicular  lines.  The  Tlaxcallans  were  a 
fierce  mountain  people,  implacable  foes  of  the 
Aztecs,  and  became  the  staunch  allies  of  Cortes 
after  their  armies  were  decisively  defeated  by 
the  Spaniards  on  their  way  to  Tenoclititlan. 
In  numerous  of  these  illustrations  Cortes  and 
his  cavaliers  are  shown  in  battle,  dressed  in 
their  armor  and  astride  their  prancing  steeds, 
while  by  their  sides  are  shown  their  Tlaxcallan 
allies,  armed  with  their  crude  native  weapons 
and  carrying  their  beautiful  banners  (426) 
cleverly  constructed  of  precious  metals  and 
bright-colored  plumes,  mounted  on  wooden 
stafi^s  and  lashed  to  their  backs  to  allow  free 
use  of  both  arms. 

427.  Banners — Incas.  Eeeore  Pizarro. — 
"The  Children  of  the  Sun,"  as  the  Incas  were 
called,  lived  among  the  mountain  fastnesses  of 
Peru  and  were  as  cultured  as  the  Aztecs  of 
I\Iexico.  Their  country  has  been  called  the 
"Ophir  of  the  Occident,"  and  well  it  deserved 
the  name,  for  its  treasures  of  precious  metals 
exceeded  the  dreams  of  avarice.  Like  the  Az- 
tecs, these  ancient  Peruvians  used  the  gaudy 
plumage  of  tropical  birds  for  decorative  pur- 
poses, and  this  sketch  of  two  old  banners  illus- 
trates the  feathered  halyards  and  trimming. 
These  Sun-worshipers  also  had  great  rever- 
ence for  the  rainbow,  and  used  a  representa- 
tion of  it  in  their  royal  insignia.  An  old  de- 
scription, referring  to  the  ceremony  incident 
to  the  recognition  of  the  heir-apparent,  says: 
"Being  recognized  as  of  age,  he  was  given 
command  of  his  father's  armies  and  was  en- 
titled to  display  the  royal  standard  of  the  rain- 
bow in  his  military  campaigns." 

428.  Cortes  Standard. — "The  hardy  and 
romantic  adventurers  who  followed  in  the 
wake  of  Columbus  were  not  merely  sordid 
gold  hunters ;  they  were  the  descendants  of 
soldiers  who  had  for  centuries  fought  in  the 
holy  wars  of  the  Cross  against  the  Crescent, 
and  in  their  veins  flowed  the  blood  of  the 
knight-errant  and  Crusader.  Gold  they  sought 
with  eagerness  and  without  scruple;  but  they 
wanted  glory  almost  as  much  as  they  wanted 
gold,  and  in  the  pursuit  of  both  they  carried 
aloft  the  banner  of  the  Church." 

Around  the  edge  of  this  standard  of  Cortes 
there  appears  in  Spanish:  "Tliis  standard  was 


^. 


3S6 


that  carried  by  Hernando  Cortes  in  the  Con- 
quest of  Mexico."  It  now  lianas  in  the  Na- 
tional Aliiseuni  at  Mexico  City — a  relic  of  the 
stirring  times  when  the  present  city  was  Te- 
ncichtitlan,  the  Aztec  capital  ami  the  scene  of 
Montezuma's  grandeur.  .-\nithcr  standard 
carried  by  Cortes  was,  aecordini;  to  Prescutt. 
"of  black  velvet,  embroidered  with  Hold,  and 
emblazoned  with  a  red  cross  amiilst  llan\cs  of 
bine  antl  wliite,  with  this  motto  in  Latin  be- 
ntatli:  "Triends,  let  us  follow  the  Cross;  and 
under  this  sign,  if  we  have  faith,  we  shall 
connuer.' " 

429.  PiZARRO. — This  is  the  banner  of  Pi- 
zarro,  which  the  people  of  Cuzco,  the  royal 
city  if  the  Incas,  presented,  in  l8j.(,  to  den- 
era!  de  Sucre,  the  trusted  lieutenant  of  the 
liberator  Bolivar  and  the  victor  of  the  battle 
of  Ayacucho,  which  broke  the  power  of  im- 
perial Spain  in  South  .\merica.  IV-  Sucre,  in 
turn,  presented  it  ti  his  connuander-in-chief, 
who  gave  it  to  his  native  city  of  Caracas, 
Venezuela,  where  it  is  now  treasurerl.  This 
standard  is  said  to  have  been  carried  by  Pi- 
zarro  when  he  entered  Cuzco,  a  conqueror,  in 
•5.13-  't  hung  all  those  intervening  years  in 
the  cathedral  of  the  ancient  Peruvian  city.  In 
a  letter  to  Bolivar,  de  Sucre  said:  "I  present 
to  you  this  standard  which  Pizarro  bore  to 
Cuzco  joo  years  ago;  a  p<irtion  of  the  ma- 
terial is  in  shreds,  but  it  possesses  the  merit 
of  having  led  the  conquerors  of  Peru." 

Strictly  speaking,  the  llag  is  really  a  banner, 
or  fanion,  such  as  was  generally  used  in  the 
fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries.  Op  one  of 
its  faces  of  scarlet  damask  the  arms  of  Charles 
\'  are  embroidered ;  on  the  other  is  represented 
the  .Vpostle  St.  James  (Santiago),  in  an  atti- 
tude of  combat,  mounted  on  a  white  horse. 
When  Ok  standard  was  received  in  Caracas, 
the  revcfsc  side  consisted  only  f>f  white  satin, 
and  it  was  not  discovereil  until  1S72  th.at  this 
was  not  a  paft  of  the  flag,  but  a  covering  to 
protect  its  most  interesting  face,  upon  which 
is  painted  and  embroidered  the  figure  of  the 
mounted  warrior.  The  red  cross  of  Santiago 
appears  on  his  coat-of-mail,  b:it  the  hilt  is  all 
that  remains  of  the  sword  in  his  h?.nd. 

430.  Piz.^RRO. — General  San  Martin,  "the 
libcntor  of  tlie  South,"  believed  this  flag  to 
be  the  standard  of  Pizarro;  but  old  documents 
relating  to  the  founding  of  Lima  by  the  Span- 
ish conqveror  seem  to  prove  that  it  was  the 
banner  of  that  city.  The  esctitcheon  granted 
to  Lima  by  Charles  V,  in  1537,  appears  on  the 
flag. 

The  Municipal  Council  of  Lima  presented 
the  standard  to  San  Martin  in  i8ji.  after  his 
successful  campaigns  in  Chile,  and  in  his  fare- 
well proclamation  to  the  Peruvians  the  follow- 
ing year,  prior  to  his  departure  for  Europe, 
he  said :  "I  have  in  my  possession  the  standard 
which  Pizarro  bore  to  enslave  the  empire  of 
the  Incas.  I  have  ceased  to  be  a  public  man, 
but  by  this  alone  I  am  rewarded  with  usury 
for  ten  years  of  revohrtinn  and  war."  In  his 
last  testament  he  provided  that  "the  standard 
w!'-h  the  Spanish  bandit  Piz.irro  waved  in  the 
c  est  of  Peru  be  returned  to  the  said  Re- 

1V,;M:.." 


THE   UBOtAIOBS    OK    t.VIl.V    AUUIC.V 

431.  San  Martin —Flying  this  flag.  C.cn- 
eral  San  .Martm  came  north  into  Peru  with 
his  Ujirriiio  Lil'friatior,  or  liberating  army,  in 
iSjo,  after  having  ciTected  the  complete  o\cr- 
throw  of  the  royalists  in  Chile.  Forces  icnt 
against  the  liberator  joined  his  army,  and  in 
Lima  even  the  \'iccroy'»  secretaries  were  revo- 
lutionists at  heart,  tienerul  Sun  .Mjriin  en- 
tered the  capital  on  July  11,  i.Sji,  and  wa*  pre- 
sented with  the  flag  of  Pi/arro  (^ee  4jo);  on 
July  .'S  the  proclamation  of  independence  wu 
issued  in  the  Plaza  Major. 

.\fter  laying  the  foundations  of  a  republican 
giivernnient.  the  Protector  jonriic.Mil  ii..rih  to 
(Uia>ai|uil,  Kcuador,  to  comer  wuh  (icneral 
Simon  ltoli\ar,  who  had  accomplished  inde- 
pendence for  the  Northern  Slates  uf  South 
.Vnieric.i.  Then  San  Martin  rcturnccl  t<i  I.iina 
and,  after  placing  the  government  in  the  hands 
<if  the  lirst  coiisiituent  congress,  retirtil  l<i  Ku- 
rope,  the  recipient  of  every  honor  within  the 
gift  of  a  grateful  people. 

43a.  .Vkmv  ok  tiik  .Xndks.  —  This  silken 
"Banner  of  the  Sun,"  as  it  was  called,  with  its 
beautiful,  embroidered  design  an<i  eilges  deco- 
rated with  precious  stones,  was  made  tor  San 
Martin's  .Xrmy  of  the  .Andes  by  the  women  of 
Mendoza  City,  which  lies  at  the  fool  of  the 
Chilo-.\rgenline  Cordillera  on  the  .Argentine 
side.  The  revolutionary  leader  carried  it  over 
the  snow-covered  mountains  int.)  Chile,  which 
he  liberated. 

The  flag  was  publicly  consecrated  in  Men- 
iloza  City  with  elaborate  ceremony  on  January 
5,  1817.  .As  it  was  unfurled  a  salute  <<i  twenty- 
one  guns  was  lired,  the  populace  shouting, 
"Long  live  our  .Argentine  country."  tieneral 
San  Martin  tlun.  holding  aloft  the  banner,  ex- 
claimed in  a  vibrating  voice,  "Soliliers !  Swear 
to  uphiild  this  standard  and  die,  if  necessary, 
in  its  defense,  as  I  swear  to  die!"  "We  swear 
to  do  so!"  came  the  response,  amid  a  triple 
discharge  of  musketry,  followed  by  a  salvo  of 
twenty-tive  guns. 

The  design  of  the  tiadgc  on  the  field  of  blue 
and  white  is  practically  the  same  as  the  present 
.Argentine  coat-of-arms  (sec  4.;j). 

433.  Boi.ivAR. — L'nder  this  flag  Simim  Boli- 
var, the  lihcriilor,  broke  the  h-dd  of  imperial 
Spain  u|>on  its  provinces  in  northern  South 
.America  early  in  the  loth  century.  Venezuela, 
Colombia,  Bolivia,  and  Peru  owe  their  inde- 
pendence to  him  and  he  is  worshipeil  as  a  na- 
tional hero  in  these  countries.  It  is  said  that 
while  visiting  the  I'nilcd  States  on  his  return 
journey  from  Paris,  where  he  had  been  an  eye- 
witness to  some  of  the  stirring  scenes  of  the 
last  days  of  the  French  revolution,  he  was  first 
impre5se<l  with  the  desirability  of  p<ditical  in- 
dependence, and,  returning  to  Wneziiela.  he 
began  the  military  operations  which  freed  his 
native  land. 

434.  Bannct  of  H10AI.CO. — "I'ixa  .^rpe^r•1. 
ti:ii  religion,  death  to  bad  governmcn' 

the  war  cry  of  Mexico's  soldier-pncsi    " 

ilidalgo,  who,  shortly  aii        ' 

onies  had  attained  their 

popular    revolt    against    .<i  .1    -  1 

country  to  the  south  of  i)«.     M's  II  - 

CI,  r.-.|  banner  of  the  Virgin  of  C.\:  <• 


3S7 


El  in 

I  797     ROUMANIA  J   798       ROUMANiA 


325  SWEDEN 

ROVAL    STANDARD 


28  1  UNIS- 

BEY  S   STANDARD 


35,S 


*m  r  BOAWO 


patron  saint  of  Mexico,  and  was  flown  in  tri- 
umpli  for  a  time;  but  disaster  overtook  him 
and,  with  several  of  his  generals,  he  was  shot 
to  death  at  Chihuahua  in  iSii.  Two  subse- 
quent revolutions  were  also  led  by  priests. 
Padres  Morelos  and  Mier,  and  they,  too,  met 
Hidalgo's  fate.  They  died  upon  the  threshold 
of  success,  however,  for  Mexican  independ- 
ence of  Spain  was  accomplished  in  1821.  The 
banner  of  Hidalgo  is  preserved  in  the  National 
Museum  in  Mexico  City. 

435.  _  Tre.my  of  Tordesillas. — These  flags 
appearing  on  maps  of  the  sixteenth  century  in- 
dicate the  division  of  territory  for  exploration 
and  conquest  by  Spain  and  Portugal  effected 
by  the  Treaty  of  Tordesillas  in  1494.  Pope 
Nicholas  V  had  given  the  Portuguese  exclusive 
right  to  the  "road  to  the  Indies"  in  1454,  but 
he  had  in  mind  only  the  coast  of  Africa.  Com- 
plicating the  situation  came  the  discovery  of 
land  in  the  west  by  Columbus,  who  believed 
that  he  had  found  the  eastern  shores  of  Asia. 
Pope  Alexander  VI,  a  Spaniard,  was  appealed 
to  and  l:e  drew  a  line  north  to  south  a  hundred 
leagues  west  of  the  Azores,  giving  the  Span- 
iards the  right  to  all  that  lay  beyond.  The 
Portuguese  protested  and  the  diplomats  met  at 
Tordesillas,  Spain,  with  the  result  that  the  line 
was  shifted  270  leagues  farther  west,  appro.xi- 
mating  the  50th  meridian  of  longitude  west  of 
Greenwich.  This  line  strikes  South  .America 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Amazon,  and  the  Span- 
iards therefore  laid  claim  to  the  greater  part 
of  the  continent  and  sought  to  exclude  all 
other  nations.  This  probably  explains  why 
Portugal  secured  only  Brazil  from  all  this  vast 
domain. 

436.  Order  of  Christ. — This  flag  is  to  be 
found  on  old  maps  of  Brazil,  where  it  indi- 
cates the  control  of  territory  by  the  members 
of  the  Brazilian  section  of  this  ancient  order, 
which  was  instituted  by  Denys,  King  of  Portu- 
gal, in  1231,  to  expel  the  Moors  from  Betica, 
adjoining  Portugal.  According  to  eighteenth 
century  historians,  the  order  "added  many  gal- 
lant Countries  in  Asia,  Africk,  and  Brazil,  to 
the  domains  of  Portugal,  and  so  improved 
their  own  Estates,  that  all  the  Isles  in  the  At- 
lantick  do  belong  to  them;  besides  the  Rents 
of  the  Mine  of  St.  George  in  Guinea,  amount- 
ing to  ico.coo  Ducats  of  yearly  Income." 

437.  Br.^ztl  Empire. — Driven  from  their 
kingdom  by  the  invading  armies  of  Napoleon, 
the  rcyr.l  family  of  Portugal  in  180S  took  ref- 
uge in  Brazil,  ard  for  the  first  time  in  the  his- 
tory of  the  world  a  colony  became  the  seat  of 
government  of  its  mother  country.  The  prince 
regent,  coming  to  the  throne  as  Dom  John  VI, 
raised  this  standard  of  empire.  In  18S9  the 
colonists  threw  off  the  imperial  yoke  and  estab- 
lished a  rcpulilic,  retaining  in  their  national 
ensign  (see  458)  some  of  the  characteristic 
features  of  the  empire  flag — the  yellow  dia- 
mond and  the  green  iield.  The  shield  and  im- 
perial crown  of  the  old  flag,  however,  were 
replaced  by  the  blue  globe  and  the  republican 
motto,  "Ordem  e  Progresso." 

438.  Sp.\nish  Fl-^g  in  Mexico. — The  old 
flag  from  which  this  illustration  has  been  made 
WPS  carried  by  Spanish  troops  in  the  war  of 
Mexican  independence  and  it  now  reposes, 
among  other  relics  of  that  struggle,  in  the  mu- 


seum at  Mexico  City.  Its  peculiar  design  is 
an  adaptation  of  the  raguled  cross  of  the  Span- 
ish Bourbons,  wdiich  may  also  be  seen  in  the 
earlier  flags  of  Ostend  and  Biscay  (1143  and 
1146),  but  with  an  added  feature  of  crown- 
crested  coats-of-arms  on  the  ends  of  the  cross. 

439.  Mexico  Flag. — Migrating  Aztecs,  suc- 
cessors to  the  Toltecs  in  Mexico,  in  1325  came 
to  the  shores  of  a  lake  in  the  valley  of  Mexico, 
or  Anahuac,  and  there,  as  had  been  foretold  by 
their  oracle,  "they  beheld,  perched  on  the  stem 
of  a  prickly  pear,  which  shot  out  from  the 
crevices  of  a  rock  that  was  washed  by  the 
waves,  a  royal  eagle  of  extraordinary  size  and 
beauty,  with  a  serpent  in  his  talons  and  his 
broad  wings  open  to  the  sun."  This  deter- 
mined the  location  of  Tenochtitlan,  now  the 
City  of  Mexico.  From  this  legend  was  devised 
the  coat-of-arms  which  appears  in  the  center 
of  this  flag,  adopted  when  Mexico  became  in- 
dependent, in  1821  (see  new  coat-of-arms  and 
Mexican  flags  480-492-493). 

440.  Alamo  Flag. — This  was  the  flag  that 
floated  in  1836  over  the  historic  mission  for- 
tress, the  Alamo,  at  San  Antonio,  when  Texas 
was  fighting  for  her  independence.  For  twelve 
days  the  garrison  of  178  Americans  held  out 
under  the  heavy  bombardment  of  a  force  of 
4.000  Mexicans.  On  the  6th  of  March  the  gar- 
rison was  so  weakened  that  the  Mexicans  were 
able  to  make  assaults.  Twice  beaten  back,  the 
invaders  were  successful  at  last  only  through 
sheer  weight  of  numbers.  They  gained  an  en- 
trance to  find  but  live  of  the  brave  defenders 
alive.  These  Santa  Anna  ordered  bayoneted 
in  cold  blood.  The  war  cry,  "Remember  the 
.\lamo,"  echoed  over  many  a  battlefield,  lead- 
ing the  Texans  to  ultimate  victor_v.  The  date 
indicated  the  adherence  to  the  constitution  of 
1824,  and  for  this  reason  the  numbers  were 
used  in  place  of  the  eagle,  serpent,  and  cactus 
of  the  Alexican  national  flag. 

441.  Tex.as  Flag  (Naval). — When  Texas 
seceded  from  IMe.xico  and  became  an  inde- 
pendent republic,  the  fir?t  flag  that  seems  to 
have  been  adopted  was  the  naval  flag,  with  its 
single  star  and  thirteen  stripes,  the  latter  evi- 
dently borrowed  from  her  neighbor  to  the 
north,  the  United  States.  The  date  given  for 
this  is  April  9,  1S36,  antedating  by  several 
months  the  adoption  of  the  first  national  stand- 
ard of  Texas,  the  design  of  which  was  "an 
azure  ground  with  a  large  golden  star  central." 

As  to  the  origin  of  the  lone  star  there  are 
several  legends.  One  gives  the  honor  to  Henry 
Smith,  head  of  the  Provisional  Government, 
who  is  said  to  have  sealed  his  State  papers 
with  the  impression  of  a  brass  button  on  his 
coat,  which  had  in  relief  a  single  star  sur- 
rounded by  an  oak  wreath.  Another  story 
gives  the  credit  to  a  Mrs.  Venson,  who  pre- 
sented a  flag  w'ith  that  device  to  a  Texas  regi- 
ment in  1S36  (see  State  flag  328). 

442-443.  New  Granada  (Colomhia). — 
These  were  the  flags  of  New  Granada,  the 
confederation  of  South  American  States  now 
mainly  embraced  in  the  Republic  of  Colombia. 
In  1863  these  States  effected  a  closer  union 
and  changed  their  flag  from  three  broad  verti- 
cal stripes  of  yellow,  blue,  and  red  to  the  pres- 
ent Colombian  flags  (sliown  in  462-463).  The 
old  and  new  ensigns   (442  and  462)   are  much 


360 


alike  except  for  the  change  in  stripes,  for  they 
both  have  the  coat-of-arms  and  the  same  col- 
ors. The  eight-pointed  star  is  on  both  mer- 
chant flags  (443  and  463).  but  on  the  latter  it 
is  placed  on  an  oval  shield. 

444.  HcLAixjR. — This  flag  1.1  Kciiador  wlu-n 
it  was  a  part  of  the  Kepiil^hc  of  Cilumhia  had 
as  its  coat-of-arms  a  design  which  was  very 
similar  to  that  used  at  present  (see  4S0).  The 
circle  of  seven  stars  in  the  upper  part  of  the 
blue  stripe  represented  the  seven  provinces  of 
the  republic. 

445.  SoiTii  Pkru. — The  flag  of  this  coun- 
try was  in  existence  hut  a  short  time,  for  the 
Peruvian  -  Bolivian  Confederation,  'to  which 
South  Peru  belonged,  only  endured  about  two 
years.  In  tlic  process  of  evnlution  which 
brought  about  the  present  South  .\nicrican  na- 
tions, stirring  events  occurred  with  great  ra- 
pidity and  States  filmed  by  political  factions 
were  dissolved  almost  overnight.  This  par- 
ticular confederation  was  inaugurate*!  May  i, 
1^37.  nnd  consisted  of  three  States — North 
Peru,  South  Peru,  and  Rolivia^ — with  a  presi- 
dent for  each  and  with  General  Santa  Cruz  as 
the  supreme  director,  or  ilictator.  of  the  whole. 
It  was  dissolved  following  severe  lighting  and 
the  overthrow  of  the  dictati>r. 

446.  OixTKMM.A. — Conipiered  in  1525  by 
the  Spaniards  under  Don  Pedro  de  .Mvarado, 
who  became  famous  as  Cortes'  chief  lieutenant 


in  the  conquest  of  Mexico  and  was  dispatched 
by  him  to  ellect  the  couqurst  »l  the  laniU  to 
the  south,  Guatemala  O'nimucd  umlcr  S|>anish 
rule  untd  iSji,  when  indc|H-ndcnce  was  ai- 
laiiicd.  The  Guatemala  of  those  days  con- 
siste<l  of  the  whide  of  Central  .\nierica,  and 
It  was  not  until  iS,t<j  that  it  br<  kc  i:p  under 
civil  wars  into  the  live  republics  of  Guatemala, 
Honduras,  San  Salvadi^r,  Nicaragua,  and 
Costa  kiea.  The  llag  shown  in  llic  illustration 
was  the  slaml.ird  ailopted  May  .U,  iSsS.  which 
preceded  the  present   ensign   (sec  4SJ). 

447-448-449.  KsTKK  Rios,  CoRmrsTr.s, 
Santa  1"k.— These  were  the  flags  of  the  Span- 
ish Settlements  establislied  in  what  15  now  Ar- 
gentina. In  the  d.iys  of  the  viceroys  they  were 
under  the  control  of  a  guvernmciit  located  at 
Ituenos  .Xires,  which  in  turn  was  under  the 
authority  of  the  vice-royalty  of  Peru.  Later 
I'uenos  .-Vires  became  the  seat  if  its  own 
viceroy,  having  authority  over  the  .Vrgentinc 
Cun federation,  composed  of  these  tlirce  States 
and  the  territory  now  occupied  bv  Uruguay, 
Paraguay,  and  Rnlivia.  I".ntre  Uios,  Corri- 
cntes,  and  Santa  I'e  .ire  still  in  existence,  their 
flags  today  having  the  same  relative  imixir- 
tance  of  our  own  State  llag'-.  The  gulden  -.un 
in  the  center  of  the  l'"iitre  Hios  llag  is  still  used 
in  the  same  position  nil  the  ensign  of  modern 
.Vrgeiitina   (see  .151 ). 


■iiii'.  i'i..\(.s  oi-  p.\n-.\mi:ri(;.\ 


450.  The  flag  of  the  Pan- .American  Union 
is  a  pennant  adopted  in  HXJ/  and  embodies  all 
of  the  colors  of  the  twenty-one  republics  of 
the  Western  Hemisphere. 

451.  The  national  banner  of  the  .\rgentine 
Republic  was  devised  in  1812.  The  Congress 
of  Tucuman  formally  recognized  it  as  the 
standard  of  the  new  Argentine  Republic,  then 
otlkially  designated  "The  United  i'mvinces  f)f 
the  Rio  de  La  Plata."'  The  .\rgentine  banner 
is  something  more  ih.iii  merely  the  national 
flag  of  that  Reptiblic.  It  is  associated  in  a 
large  measure  with  the  glories  of  Uiiin  .\mcr- 
ica.  for,  under  the  leadership  of  (jeneral  de 
San  Martin  (see  also  431)  and  General  [Ul- 
grano.  it  helped  to  free  Bolivia,  Chile,  Peru, 
and  Kcuador.  This  flag  has  three  stripes,  sky- 
blue  at  the  top  and  b<>lti>m  and  white  in  the 
mil! i'!i  In  the  center  of  the  lield  is  a  goldm 
rt  ::■ -.Illation  of  the  sun. 

452.  The  merchant  flag  of  .\rgentina,  known 
as  the  "Bandera  Menor,"  or  flag  of  peace,  is 
exactly  like  the  national  ensign,  except  that  the 
blazing  sun  is  omitted. 

453.  The  presidential  flag  of  the  .Argentine 
K'l  i^ists  111  a  l>anner  upon  which  the 
n  •  :-of-arms  is  emblazoned.  The  cs- 
si  ■  i>le  of  the  coat-of-arms  is  that  of 
.11  .  idcd  by  the  horizontal  diameter, 
the  :;(  '  'pper  half  being  sky-blue  and 
that  ot  half  white.     In  the  center  of 

the  upi'i  ; is  a  carmine  liberty  cap,  sup- 

portiM  by  a  vertical  gohlen  statT.  held  upright 
by  two  clasped  hands,    .\round  the  ellipse  is  a 


lK>riIer  consisting  fit  a  wreath  of  two  inter- 
twined laurel  branches.  .\t  the  apex  there  is 
a  representation  of  a  golden  sun. 

454.  .After  I'.iilivia  was  liberated  b>  the 
sword  of  Gen.  Sinmn  Bolivar  (see  also  4.Ut. 
a  national  flag  ami  coat-ot-arins  were  adopted. 
The  national  ensign  Ci insists  nf  three  stripes — 
red  at  the  top.  gold  in  the  middle,  ami  green 
at  the  bi.ttom.  The  red  denotes  the  animal 
kingdom,  the  gold  the  mineral  kingdi>m,  and 
the  green  the  vegetable  kingdom.  In  the  cen- 
ter of  the  field  is  placed  the  national  coat-of- 
arrns. 

455.  The  merchant  kinncr  of  Bolivia  is  a 
duplicate  nf  the  national  ensign,  with  the  ct>at- 
ol-arms  omitted. 

456.  Bfilivia's  coat-of-arms  is  elliptical  in 
form.  In  the  center  appears  the  muiiiitain 
crest  of  Potosi,  celebrated  for  its  traditional 
mineral  wealth  ;  beneath  this  arc  an  alp.ica,  a 
sheaf  iif  wheat,  and  a  breadfruit  tn-'-  In  ^'r 
upper  part  is  a  rising  sun  with  light 

feet.  At  the  apex  is  the  inscription, 
f)n  each  side  of  the  oval  are  three  il.iiin.ni 
banners,  a  cannnn.  two  rifles  with  lixrd  t>a\"- 
nels  pointing  upward  at  an  angle;  on  the  right 
is  an  Inca  battle-axe  anci  on  the  left  a  lil>erty 
cap;  above  all,  a-s  a  crcM,  is  the  comlor  of  the 
.Andes  between  two  branches  of  laurel  and 
olive. 

457.  The  flag  of  the  .Argent inc  .Admiral 
ashore  is  blue,  with  three  j|tar»  next  to  and 
par.illel  with  the  staff,  ant^Bn  anchor  in  the 
center  of  the  tield.  ',' 


J6i 


GIBRALTAR 
861 


MALTA  CYPRUS  H  COM.      ISLE   OF   MAN  ALDERNEY 

862  863  864  865 


JERSEY  GUERNSEY 

866  867 


NOVA    SCOTIA  875    NEW 

874  BRUNSWICK 


MANITOBA  877PRINCE 

876  EDWARD    I. 


878 

BRITISH 
COLUMBIA 


BAHAMA 
ISLANDS 


882 

SOMBRERO    AND 
BAHAMA    LIGHTS 


ST.    LUCIA  ST    VINCENT 


GRENADA 
890 


\ 
895 


896 


HIGH 

COMMISSIONER 

WESTERN     PACIFIC 


897  V»a»*  898    --... ^' 

RESIDENT  BRIT  SOLOMON 
COMMISSIONER  I  -PROTECT 
NEW    HEBRIDES 


899^      

BRIT  RESIDENT 
GILBERT  AND 
ELLICE    ISLES 


900      GOVERNOR 

NEW    ZEALAND 


NEW   ZEALAND    BADGE 


I       902       N     ZEALAND 
^  BLUE    ENSIGN 


N      ZEALAND 
RED    ENSIGN 


904 


TONGA  — ENSIGN 
905 


NG A  — STANDARD 
906 


-±-^V 

II  M  C 

TONCA- 

-CUSTOMS 

907 

362 


kS9 


QUEENSLAND  N  !l  W 

SOUTM    >.VALCS 


r-iS    FEDER-- 

■■LAV   STATL- 


jOMORE 
J    i-«;             c.EDAH 

^,     -  -       •    ■-- 

«iJ 


pr     ^<^    ^^s^ 


rtAIWEl  MAURITIUS 

'>i7  9]g 


I        (% 


yt,y 


458.  The  present  flag  of  Brazil  was  largely 
inherited  from  the  extinct  empire.  It  consists 
of  a  green  lield,  twice  as  long  as  wide,  on  which 
a  diamond-shaped  hgure  is  inscribed  in  yel- 
low. The  green  represents  the  vegetable  king- 
dom and  the  yellow  the  mineral.  The  blue 
circle  within  the  yellow  diamond,  studded  with 
stars,  is  a  representation  of  the  heavens  at  Rio, 
when  the  constellation  of  the  Southern  Cross 
is  at  the  meridian.  The  words  stamped  in  the 
course  of  the  terrestrial  orbit  mean  "Order 
and  Pro,gress." 

459.  The  President's  flag  of  Brazil  consists 
of  a  blue  field,  with  the  national  coat-of-arms 
in  the  center.  The  large  five-pointed  star  typi- 
fying the  unity  and  territorial  integrity  of  the 
nation  is  bisected  in  such  a  manner  that  one 
of  the  halves  of  each  point  is  green  and  the 
other  yellow,  symbolizing  respectively  the  vege- 
talile  and  mineral  wealth  of  the  country.  The 
blue  circular  band  inscribed  within  the  star 
contains  twenty-one  small  silver  stars,  remind- 
ers of  the  twenty  States  of  the  Brazilian  Union 
and  the  neutral  city  of  Rio  de  Janeiro.  The 
five  large  stars  in  the  center  of  the  coat-of- 
arms  represent  the  constellation  of  the  South- 
ern Cross.  The  entire  shield  is  upheld  by  a 
vertical  sword,  in  the  center  of  wdiose  hilt  on 
a  red  field  is  set  a  star.  The  shield  is  encircled 
by  two  branches  of  coffee  and  tobacco  plants 
as  emblems  of  the  country's  agricultural  wealth, 
while  the  straight  golden  rays,  radiating  in  all 
directions  outward  and  upward  beyond  the 
shield,  denote  the  rising  of  the  sun — that  is, 
the  glorious  future  and  destiny  of  Brazil.  In- 
scribed below  are  the  w-ords  "Estados  Unidos 
do  Brazil"  (the  United  States  of  Brazil)  and 
the  date  of  the  establishment  of  tlie  republic, 
November  15.  1S89. 

460.  Octoijer  18,  1917,  will  be  the  centennial 
of  tlie  Chilian  flag.  October  18,  1S17,  Gen. 
Bernardo  O'Higgins,  the  supreme  dictator  of 
Chile,  decreed  its  adoption.  It  consists  of  a 
field,  the  lower  half  of  which  is  red  and  the 
upper  white,  with  a  lilue  canton  in  the  upper 
left-hand  corner  occupied  by  a  large  five- 
pointed  silver  star. 

461.  The  banner  of  the  President  of  Chile 
consists  of  the  national  ensign  with  the  coat- 
of-arms  of  the  country  thereon.  The  condor 
and  guemul  supporting  the  shield  represent  the 
strongest  and  most  majestic  bird  of  the  Chilian 
Andes  and  the  most  peculiarly  Chilian  quad- 
ruped. The  tuft  of  three  feathers  which 
crowns  the  shield  was  formerly  used  as  a  spe- 
cial mark  of  distinction  on  the  hat  of  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  Republic,  as  a  representation  of  the 
supreme  executive  dignity  of  the  nation.  In 
the  old  days  of  wooden  ships  the  sailor  who 
first  succeeded  in  boarding  a  warship  of  the 
enemy  and  came  out  of  the  action  alive  was 
rewarded  by  being  crowned  with  a  naval  dia- 
dem of  gold.  Copies  of  this  crown  appear  on 
the  head  of  tlie  condor  and  the  guemul.  The 
inscription  on  the  coat-of-arms  means  "By 
Right  or  Might." 

462.  Colombia  inherited  its  flag  and  coat- 
of-arms  from  the  Republic  of  New  Granada, 
of  which  it  is  the  successor.  Following  the 
death  of  Simon  Bolivar,  the  Colombian  Union, 
set  up  by  him,  which  consisted  of  the  present 
republics    of    Venezuela,    Ecuador,    Colombia. 


and  Panama,  ceased  to  e.xist,  and  New  Granada, 
one  of  the  succeeding  States,  adopted  what  is 
now  the  coat-of-arms  and  the  flag  of  Colom- 
bia. The  upper  half  of  this  flag  is  yellow,  the 
lower  half  divided  between  light  blue  and 
liri.ght  red,  the  red  strip  being  at  the  bottom. 
On  the  ensign  is  embroidered  the  national  coat- 
of-ariTis. 

463.  The  merchant  flag  of  Colombia  is  a 
replica  of  the  national  ensign,  except  that  in- 
stead of  the  coat-of-arms  there  appears  a 
bright  red  oval  surrounding  a  small  field  of 
blue,  upon  which  is  imposed  an  eight-pointed 
star. 

464.  Colombia's  coat-of-arms  consists  of  a 
shield  divided  into  three  horizontal  sections, 
the  upper  section  displaying  upon  a  field  of 
blue  a  golden  poinegranate  tinged  with  red, 
with  the  leaves  and  stem  of  the  same  color. 
On  each  side  of  the  pomegranate  is  an  in- 
clined golden  cornucopia,  the  one  on  the  right 
pouring  out  toward  the  center  gold  coins  and 
the  one  on  the  left  overflowing  with  the  fruits 
of  the  tropics.  The  middle  section  of  the 
shield  is  platinum  colored  and  bears  a  red  lib- 
erty cap  supported  upon  a  lance.  The  lower 
section  represents  a  silvery-waved  ocean,  di- 
vided by  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  with  full- 
rigged  ship  in  both  the  Pacific  Ocean  and 
Caribbean  Sea.  The  shield  is  supported  by 
four  national  banners.  The  crest  shows  the 
condor  of  the  .'\ndes  with  extended  wings, 
from  its  beak  hanging  a  laurel  wreath  to  which 
is  attached  a  streamer  bearing  the  inscription, 
in  Latin,  in  black  letters,  "Liberty  and  Order." 

465.  For  a  description  of  the  coat-of-arms 
of  Chile,  see  -161. 

466.  Costa  Rica's  flag  is  made  up  of  five 
stripes,  blue  at  the  top  and  bottom,  red  in  the 
center,  and  white  between  the  red  and  blue. 
The  red  stripe  is  double  width.  The  national 
coat-of-arms,  in  diameter  equal  to  the  red 
stripe,  is  placed  in  the  center  of  the  field. 

467.  The  merchant  flag  of  Costa  Rica  is  a 
duplicate  of  the  ensign  except  that  the  coat- 
of-arms  is  left  off. 

468.  As  revised  by  the  decree  of  1906,  the 
coat-of-arms  of  Costa  Rica  represents  three 
volcanoes  and  an  extensive  valley  between  two 
oceans,  with  a  merchant  ship  sailing  on  each 
of  them.  On  the  extreme  left  of  the  line  that 
marks  the  horizon  is  a  rising  sun.  On  the 
upper  part  of  the  field  are  two  myrtle  palms, 
half  covered  and  joined  by  a  white  ribbon 
which  contains  the  following  inscription  in  gold 
letters:  "Republica  de  Costa  Rica."  The  field 
between  the  peaks  of  the  volcanoes  and  the 
myrtle  palms  contains  five  stars  of  equal  size 
arranged  in  an  arc.  The  crest  of  the  shield  is 
a  blue  ribbon  interlaced  in  the  shape  of  a  crown 
and  bearing  in  silver  letters  the  inscription, 
".America  Central." 

469.  The  quarantine  flag  of  Cuba  is  yellow, 
with  a  black  anchor  and  Greek  cross  superim- 
posed upon  the  center. 

470.  The  Cuban  patriotically  calls  his  na- 
tional flag  "La  Estrella  Solitaria,"  or  "Tlie 
Lone  Star."  This  banner  becaine  the  official 
emblem  of  Cuba  on  the  20th  of  May,  igo2.  It 
consists  of  a  field  with  three  blue  and  two 
white  horizontal  stripes,  with  a  solitary  star 
set  in  the  center  of  a  red  equilateral  triangle 


364 


imposed  upon  the  staff  end  of  the  field.  The 
"lone  star"  is  taken  from  the  banner  of  the  «>ld 
Republic  of  Texas,  the  e(|uiluteral  triangle 
fron\  Masonic  symb<.>hsm. 

471.  The  flag  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy 
of  Cuba  has  a  hUie  ground  and  an  anchor  in 
white  in  the  center. 

473.  The  national  coat-of-arnis  of  Cuh;i 
was  ailople<l  during  the  revohitionary  period 
of  the  repubhc's  history.  It  has  the  form  of 
an  ogive  shield  and  is  divided  into  three  sec- 
tions, two  of  which  are  in  the  lower  two-thirds 
of  the  shield.  In  the  left  half  of  the  lower 
two-thirds  are  three  blue  and  two  white  stripes 
of  the  Cuban  Hag.  In  the  right  half  is  depicted 
a  characteristic  landscape  of  rural  Cuba.  The 
upper  third  of  the  shield  shows  a  sea  with  two 
rocky  capes,  between  which  is  a  golden  key 
closing  the  strait  thus  formed,  signifying  that 
Cuba,  with  her  tine  geographical  position,  is 
the  key  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  golden 
disk  of  the  sun.  rising  out  of  the  waves  of  the 
sea  and  shedding  its  rays  in  all  directions,  rep- 
resents Cuba,  redeemed  by  the  blo<id  of  mar- 
tyrs and  heroes,  with  a  bright  and  glorious 
future  before  her.  The  shield  is  supported  by 
fasces  surmounted  by  a  crims^m  liberty  cap  on 
which  appears  a  live-pointed  star.  Two  inter- 
twineil  branches,  the  one  of  evergreen  oak  and 
the  other  of  laurel,  denoting  respectively  en- 
during strength  and  vitality  and  victory,  en- 
circle the  right  and  left  sides  of  the  shield. 

473.  The  fl.Tg  of  the  Captain  of  the  fleet  of 
Cuba  is  a  blue  triangular  pennant  with  an 
anchor  in  white  imposed  on  it. 

474.  When  the  people  <if  the  eastern  part 
of  the  island  of  Haiti  threw  oflf  the  yoke  of 
the  Haitian  Government  and  established  the 
Dominican  Republic,  they  designed  a  flag 
which  consists  of  a  field  crossed  in  both  direc- 
tions with  white.  The  upper  quarter  next  the 
flagstatT  and  the  lower  quarter  at  the  free  end 
are  blue,  while  the  lower  quarter  next  the 
staflF  and  the  upper  quarter  at  the  free  end  arc 
red.  In  the  national  ensign  the  coat-of-amis 
of  the  Dominican  Republic  appears  on  the 
white  cross. 

475.  The  merchant  flag  of  the  Dominican 
Republic  is  like  the  national  ensign  except  that 
the  coat-of-arms  is  omitted. 

476.  On  the  shield  of  the  coat-of-arms  of 
the  Dominican  Republic  appear  the  Cross,  the 
Bible,  and  the  colors  of  the  coimlry.  Bel'w 
floats  a  streamer  with  the  inscription.  "Dios, 
Pafria.  Libertad" — "God.  Country.  Liberty." 
These  wonis  were  the  secret  password  of  "La 
Trinitaria."  the  patriotic  Society  which  inau- 
RTirated  the  revolution  that  resulted  in  the 
freedom  of  the  republic. 

477.  The  admiral's  flag  of  the  Dommiran 
Republic  is  like  the  nati'>nal  ensign  (474>  ex- 
cept that  the  outward  third  of  the  fly  is  swal- 
low-tailed. 

478.  Lender  a  legislative  decree  entered  in 
1000  the  national  flag  of  Ecuador  is  the  o'd 
Venezuelan  flag  of  181 1.  The  only  dilTerenrc 
between  it  and  the  Colombian  flag  (462)  is 
that  the  Ecuadorean  coat-of-:irms  appears  in- 
stead of  the  Colombian.  The  law  provides 
thn'  t''i-  flag  raised  over  the  n.itional  buildings. 
w.ir>!i|i>.  fortresses,  and  those  hoisted  by  the 
diplomatic  and  consular  .ii-nirs  ..f  thr  ninihlic 


in  foreign  countries,  shall  l>ear  the  coal-u(- 
arms  of  the  nation  in  the  center  on  the  yellow 
and  blue  stripes. 

479.  The  l-A°uadorean  kuv  of  lino  provides 
that  the  flag  used  by  individuals  and  incrchanl 
shipping  shall  be  the  national  co|i<r»  without 
any  iiiNignia.  The  flags  flown  over  numici|>al 
buddings  have,  under  that  law,  a  circle  of 
white  stars  on  the  blue  stripe,  of  a  numlier 
etpial  to  that  of  the  provinces  which  coni|K»c 
the  republic. 

480.  The  coat-of-arms  of  Ecuador  consists 
of  an  oval  shield,  supported  by  the  colors  of 
the  republic,  in  the  upper  part  of  winch  i*  a 
representation  of  the  sun.  with  that  part  of  the 
zodiac  in  which  are  found  the  signs  c.irre- 
sp.indiiig  to  the  nioiitlis  "f  .March,  .\pril.  May. 
and  June.  .\t  the  left  of  the  shield  i>  a  repre- 
sentation lit  Mmiiit  Chiinbiira/o.  washetl  In  a 
river  on  which  llnats  a  steamship.  The  shield 
rests  iin  con>ular  fasces,  the  emblem  of  repub- 
lican dignity,  and  is  crowned  by  a  condor  with 
outstretched  wings. 

481.  The  commanding  officer's  pennant  of 
the  Dominican  Republic  is  triangular,  with  the 
reprocntation  of  the  natinn.il  colors  still  |ire- 
scrved. 

48a.  The  present  national  fl.ig  of  Guate- 
mala is  one  which  was  provi<led  umler  a  de- 
cree of  1871.  restoring  the  colors  fixed  by  the 
National  .\ssembly  in  iSs.?.  It  con^i*.tsof  three 
vertical  stripes  of  equal  dimeiisii>n>.  blue  and 
white,  the  latter  in  the  ctliter.  The  national 
ensign  hears  the  coat-of-arms  of  the  country 
on  the  white  stripe. 

483.  The  merchant  flag  of  Guatemala  is 
like  the  national  ensign  except  that  the  coat- 
ot-arnis  is  omitted. 

484.  The  National  Congress  of  llmiduras 
ill  iS<)6  maile  the  flag  of  the  republic  that  of 
the  old  Central  .\merican  Federation— two  blue 
stripes  and  one  white  stripe  between,  placed 
horizontally,  and  in  addition  a  grmip  of  live 
stars,  live-|)ointed,  in  the  center  <ii  the  white 
field.  In  the  national  ensign  these  stars  arc 
replaced  by  the  coat-of-arms  and  regrouped  so 
as  to  form  a  curved  row  of  live  stars  l>elow 
the  escutcheon. 

485.  The  Honduras  merchant  flag,  which 
the  law  says  is  the  national  flag,  as  distin- 
guished from  the  war  flag,  has  the  five  stars 
so  grouped  in  the  center  of  the  white  stripe  as 
to  fonn  an  "X." 

486.  The  coat-of-arms  of  the  Republic  of 
Haiti  wa<  cst-ibli^hed  under  the  con^tltllllon 
of  1S4.V  It  con-ii-ts  of  a  palm  surinouiiled  by 
the  cap  of  Lilxrty  and  ornameiiled  with  a 
trophy  of  arms,  with  the  motti..  "Ll'mnn  fait 
la  force"  (In  union  there  is  s'retiglh).  When 
F'resident  Soiiloiique  cstaMisbed  himself  as 
h'niperor  I'atisttn  I,  he  modiiied  the  coat-of- 
arms.  but  It  was  restored  in  l86t  and  has  since 
remained  unchanged. 

487.  Gu.ilemala's   coat-of-arms   dates    from 
l.'^ri.      It  consists  of  a   shield   with  two   rilh* 
and   two   sworcls  of   gold   entwinrd 
branches.    On  the  scroll  arc  the  wur. 

t.vl.   I?    '     '^  •■— bre  de    iS.ji"    ■'    ' 

of    ?ep-  •!>.      .■\l>ove    ' 

quetzal.    :  ''   'i'd  "f  Cr 

sp  iidiiig  to  the  \  '''•<• 

this  bird   never   -'  -.then 


36s 


JACK     INDIAN     marine: 

949 


^^m  v»p 


950       LOCAL    INDIAN 
MARITIME  GOVTS 


JSTEES    BOMBAY 

953  I    WITU  — PROTECTORATE 


^ 

11 

1 

P^ 

s 

^H 

■l 

M| 

^ 

P     ^^ 

^ 

S 

BR|- 

-ISH 

EAST 

955 

AFR 

CA 

958  *8L-^  959^^^^  960    --^^--^  961^^*»i^'  962~^*!:i!^  963""^^!3!'^  964' 

SOMALILAND  rjYASALAND  r;IGLI-l,\  GAMBIA  SIERRA    LEONE       GOLD    COAST  ST     HELENA 

PROTECTORATE    PROTECTORATE    PROTECTORATE 


GOVERNOR    GENERAL 
UNION    SOUTH     AFRICA 

965 


965 


UNION    SOUTH     AFRICA 
BADGE 


967  .  BLUE    ENSIGN 
UNION    SOUTH    AFRICA 


908      M  LU    ENSIGN 
UNION    SOUTH    AFRICA 


''■;fe?Sf?-'#^' 


969^ -^  970     *II*  971    <«ail  972 

CAPEGOODHOPE         NATAL  ORANGE     RIVER        TRANSV/ 


RHODESIA      HIGH    COMMISSIOh 
SOUTH    AFRICA 


976 

MILITAR 


'■-       a,n    -rax  980-'^^^'  981  ^«!Ua^  982 

QPp.^__  CONSULAR  PORT    LONDON         ^'^         *»  MERSEY  DOCKS      COMMSPORT  COMMS-PORT 

AFLOAT  ISHOREl  AUTHORITY         ^q  JgU-f^BER  ^^  ^    H  A  RBOR    BD  RANGOON  CALCUTTA 

1 


ROYAL    MAIL    VESSELS 
983 


PORT    LONDON 

AUTHORITY 

984 


THAMES   CONSERVANCY 
985 


CUSTOMS 

COMMISSIONER 

986 


366 


JlOJl    TURKEY  ■■    __,   ,]."^?>'l.,    .,. 

•ERI4L    STANOA=!0    AFLOAT  WELIGIOOS     Fl.*to 


367 


taken  in  early  life.  In  tlie  ancient  days  of  the 
Indians  none  but  the  royal  family  could  wear 
its  beautiful  fealhers.  The  tail  feathers  of  the 
male,  which  sometimes  reach  a  length  of  three 
feet,  are  of  a  peacock  green  ranging  to  indigo, 
and  contrast  with  the  scarlet  breast  of  this 
proud  and  unconquerable  bird. 

488.  The  coat-of-arms  of  Honduras  is  an 
elaborate  affair,  with  a  shield  supported  on  the 
mountains  of  the  republic,  and  surmounted  by 
two  horns  of  plenty,  out  of  which  all  good 
things  in  tropical  fruits  and  flowers  are  flow- 
ing. On  the  shield  is  a  pyramid,  with  a  blazing 
sun  rising  out  of  the  green  waters  of  the  sea. 
Around  the  sliield  is  an  inscription  which 
reads,  "Republic  of  Honduras — Free,  Sover- 
eign. Independent — 15  Sept.,  1821." 

489.  Mexico  Coat-of-.^lrms.  —  The  design 
for  the  coat-of-arms  of  Mexico  has  been 
changed  very  recently  from  that  shown  on  the 
flag  pictured  in  439  to  this  arrangement,  which 
shows  a  side  view  of  the  eagle.  It  is,  of  course, 
based  upon  the  legend  relating  to  the  founding 
of  Mexico  City.  It  has  the  same  fundamen- 
tals— the  eagle,  the  serpent,  the  nopal  cactus, 
and  the  branches  of  laurel  and  evergreen  oak — 
but.  in  addition,  has  the  words  "Estados- 
Uiiidos-Mcxicanos"  (United  States  of  Mexico) 
to  round  out  the  circle  and  further  to  identify 
the  seal.  The  change  was  made  in  January, 
1917.  under  the  direction  of  President  Car- 
ranza,  the  explanation  given  being  that  it  con- 
forms more  closely  to  the  ancient  Aztec  picto- 
graphs  of  the  event. 

490.  The  national  flag  of  Haiti  consists  of 
a  field,  the  upper  part  of  which  is  blue  and  the 
lower  red,  with  the  coat-of-arms  of  the  coun- 
trv  in  the  center.  The  flag  was  adopted  in 
1843. 

491.  The  merchant  flag  of  Haiti  is  blue  and 
red.  exactly  like  the  national  ensign,  except  for 
the  absence  of  the  coat-of-arms. 

492.  Dating  from  1823,  the  national  flag  of 
Mexico  consists  of  three  parallel,  vertical  bars, 
the  one  next  the  flagstaff  being  green,  the  mid- 
dle one  white,  and  the  outer  one  red.  The 
three  guarantees  of  the  republic,  which  date 
from  that  time,  are  symbolized  in  the  flag. 
The  green  denotes  independence,  the  white  the 
purity  of  religion,  and  the  red  the  union  of  the 
Spanish  element  with  the  Mexican  nation.  On 
the  white  bar  is  placed  the  national  coat-of- 
arms  (see  also  439-489"). 

493.  Mexico's  merchant  flag  is  exactly  like 
the  national  ensign,  except  that  the  coat-of- 
arms  is  absent. 

494.  The  ensign  ^f  Nicaragua  consists  of  a 
field  of  three  horizontal  bars,  the  upper  and 
lower  blue  and  the  middle  one  white,  with  the 
coat-of-arms  of  the  country  on  the  white  bar. 
This  flag  dates  from  1823.  although  in  1S54  it 
was  superseded  by  another  banner,  which,  in 
its  turn,  gave  place  to  the  old  one  again.  The 
coat-of-arms  consists  of  a  triangular  shield 
(No.  498). 

495.  According  to  the  law  cited  by  the  Pan- 
American  Union  respecting'  the  merchant  flag 
of  Nicaragua,  merchant  vessels  shall  not  bear 
the  coat-of-arms  on  the  flag. 

496.  The  present  escutcheon  of  the  Repub- 
lic of  Panama  is  described  in  the  Constitution. 
It  rests  upon  a  field   of  green,  symbolical  of 


vegetation.  It  is  ogival  in  form  and  divided 
into  three  parts.  The  center  of  the  shield 
shows  the  Isthmus  with  its  two  seas  and  the 
sky,  wherein  is  depicted  the  moon  rising  over 
the  waves,  with  the  sun  setting  behmd  the 
mountains,  thus  marking  the  solemn  hour  of 
Panama's  declaration  of  independence.  The 
upper  part  is  subdivided  into  two  sections.  In 
the  right-hand  section,  on  a  silver  field,  appear 
a  sword  and  gun,  so  placed  as  to  suggest 
abandonment,  signifying  an  eternal  farewell  to 
the  civil  wars  that  have  heretofore  been  the 
cause  of  the  country's  ruin.  In  the  section  to 
the  left,  on  a  field  of  red,  appear  a  spade  and 
hoe,  crossed,  to  symbolize  labor.  The  lower 
part  of  the  shield  is  also  subdivided  into  two 
sections.  The  right-hand  section  shows,  on  a 
field  of  azure,  a  cornucopia,  the  emblem  of 
plenty,  and  in  the  left-hand  section,  on  a  field 
of  silver,  is  a  winged  wheel,  symbolizing  prog- 
ress. Surmounting  the  shield  and  covering  it 
with  outstretched  wings  is  poised  an  eagle,  the 
emblem  of  sovereignty,  its  head  turned  to  the 
left  and  holding  in  its  beak  a  silver  streamer 
with  ends  flying  to  right  and  left.  On  the 
streamer  is  the  following  motto:  "Pro  mundi 
beneficio"  (For  the  benefit  of  the  world). 
Above  the  eagle  seven  golden  stars  are  grouped 
in  the  form  of  an  arch,  representing  the  prov- 
inces into  which  the  republic  is  divided.  As 
decorative  accessories  two  national  flags,  gath- 
ered at  the  lower  extremity  of  the  staff,  are 
stacked  on  either  side  of  the  shield. 

497.  The  held  of  the  flag  of  Panama  is  di- 
vided into  four  quarters.  The  upper  quarter 
next  to  the  flagstaff  is  white  and  the  lower  one 
farthest  away  from  the  staff  is  also  white. 
The  lower  quarter  next  the  flagstaff  is  blue 
and  the  upper  quarter  farthest  away  is  red.  In 
the  upper  white  quarter  appears  a  blue  star  and 
in  the  lower  white  quarter  a  red  star.  Both 
the  flag  and  coat-of-arms  of  the  republic  are 
only  provisional,  the  constitution  authorizing 
a  contest  for  the  adoption  of  a  permanent  de- 
sign. 

498.  The  present  escutcheon  of  Nicaragua 
was  borrowed  from  the  old  "United  Provinces 
of  the  Center  of  America,"  of  which  it  was  a 
member.  On  the  base  appears  a  range  of  vol- 
canoes, located  upon  a  strip  of  land  washed  by 
both  oceans;  surmounting  these  and  in  the 
upper  part  of  the  triangle  appears  a  rainbow, 
below  this  a  liberty  cap  radiating  light.  Around 
the  escutcheon  appears  the  legend  in  gold,  "Re- 
publica  de  Nicaragua  America  Central." 

499.  The  law  prescribing  the  roat-of=arm<! 
of  Perusavsj  "The  coat-of-arms  of  the  Peru- 
vian Republic  shall  consist  of  a  shield  divided 
info  three  fields,  to  wit:  one  of  sky  blue,  to  the 
right,  on  which  shall  be  a  llama  looking  toward 
the  left:  another  of  white,  to  the  left,  with  a 
cinchona  tree;  in  the  base  a  field  of  red  with 
a  cornucopia,  from  which  flow  coins  of  gold. 
These  emblems  symbolize  the  riches  of  Peru 
in  the  three  natural  kingdoms.  The  shield  shall 
bear  as  a  crest  a  civic  crown  (laurel  wreathl, 
and  on  either  side  a  flag  and  a  standard  with 
the  national  colors." 

SCO.  Paraguay's  coat-of-arms  consists  of 
palm  and  olive  branches  interlaced  at  the  ver- 
tex with  a  circular  space  between:  in  the  cen- 
ter of  this  space  is  the  morning  star,  and   in 


368 


the  uiiicr  borilcr  the  inscription,  "Repiiblica  de 

Parajnipy" 

501.  The  ensign  of  Paraguay  is  composed 
of  three  bars — the  upper  red,  the  middle  white, 
the  lower  blue — running  horizontally.  In  the 
center  on  the  obverse  side  appears  the  national 
coat-of-arms.  On  the  reverse  side,  also  in  the 
center,  is  the  seal  I'f  the  Hacienda  (Treasury), 
a  circle  bearing  the  inscription,  "I'az  y  Jus- 
ticia"  (Peace  and  Justice),  in  the  center  i>f 
which  is  depicted  a  lion  in  a  vii-ibint  attitude, 
defending  the  Phrygian  cap — the  syndiol  of 
liberty — above  him  on  a  pike. 

50a.  The  national  standard  and  flat;  of  Peru 
is  composed  of  three  vertical  stripes,  the  end 
ones  red  and  the  middle  one  white.  On  the 
latter  appears  the  coat-of-arms  with  its  crest, 
and  surnuindetl  at  itt  base  by  a  laurel  branch 
to  the  left  and  a  palm  to  the  right,  both  tied 
together  at  their  lower  ends.  This  (lag  was 
established  by  the  Peruvian  Congress  which 
met  in  iSjj  and  has  never  been  changed. 

503.  The  merchant  (lag  of  Peru  is  the  same 
as  the  national  ensign,  e.\ccpt  that  the  coat-of- 
arms  is  omitted. 

504.  The  merchant  flag  of  Paraguay  has  the 
same  colors  as  the  national  ensign,  the  coat- 
of-arms  being  omitted;  in  its  place  appears  at 
the  end  of  the  white  stripe  next  to  the  flag- 
staff the  seal  of  the  department  having  to  do 
with  merchant  marine  matters. 

505.  The  flag  of  the  admiral  of  the  Para- 
gua>an  navy  is  a  swallow-tailed  banner  in  the 
national  colors,  with  a  yellow  half  moon  on 
the  end  of  the  white  bar  nearest  the  swallow 
tail. 

506.  Tn  ^0l2  the  Congress  of  Salvador  or- 
dered a  return  to  the  original  coat-of-arms 
and  flag  of  Central  .-Vmcrica  as  they  existed 
in  the  days  of  the  "I'nited  Provinces  of  the 
Center  of  .\inerica."  The  flag  consists  of  the 
familiar  three  horizontal  bars,  the  upper  and 
lower  blue  and  the  central  one  white,  with  the 
coat-of-arms  of  the  country  in  the  middle  of 
the  white  bar.  This  is  the  flag  for  ports  and 
vessels  and  for  government  envoys  to  foreign 
countries. 

507.  The  merchant  flag  does  not  bear  the 
coat-of-arms.  but  on  the  middle  stripe  is  in- 
scribed in  silver  letters,  "Dios,  Union  y  Lib- 
crtad." 

508.  I'ruguay  has  but  one  flag  for  its  na- 
tional banner  and  the  emblem  of  its  merch.int 
marine.  This  consists  of  nine  stripes,  t"ivc 
white  and  four  blue,  white  at  the  top  and  bot- 
tom. In  the  upper  corner  next  to  the  stalT  is 
a  wliite  canton  on  which  appears  a  blazing  sun. 
This  is  known  ns  "Kl  Sol  de  Mayo"  ( The  Sun 
vi  Mayl.  SMiili.  ■li.'ing  the  aw.ikcning  of  the 
Colony  into  ki.I.  junijent  national  life. 

509.  The  i-.cutcheon  of  Uruguay  is  an  oval 
crowned    with   a   sun   and   divided    into    four 


quarters.  In  the  upper  right-haiul  division  U 
<lepicled,  on  a  lield  of  blue,  a  pair  of  >calct, 
syinboli/ing  equality  and  juslicr  :  in  the  iip|irr 
left-hand  division,  on  a  field  »f  silver,  the 
Cerro  of  .Muntevideo,  as  a  sviiiIkiI  of  ^Mivvcr; 
in  the  lower  right-hand  <Iivi>ion,  i>n  a  ticld  of 
silver,  a  horse  running  loose,  syinlxjlizing  lib- 
erty;  and  in  the  left-hand  biwer  cjuarter.  on  a 
blue  held,  an  ox,  as  a  syinlMil  oi  abundance. 
The  lielil  is  inclosed  within  tW'>  braiicheji  of 
olive  anil  laurel  joined  at  the  liottom  by  a  bow 
of  azure. 

510.  The  law  establishing  the  coat  ofarn)i 
of  Salvador  s;iys:  "The  ocutcheon  of  l\l  Sal- 
vador shall  be  an  e<|uilateral  triangle.  .\t  its 
b.ise  shall  appear  a  c>>rdilUTa  of  I'nc  vile. mors 
located  on  a  strip  of  land  appcaruig  to  be 
washed  by  both  seas;  in  the  npixr  part  a  rain- 
bow curved  above;  beneath  an  arc,  a  lil>erty 
c.(p  radiating  light,  and  in  the  form  of  a  siini- 
circle  an  inscription,  "15  de  Scliembre  iSji." 
Surrounding  the  triangle  and  in  the  lorui  of  a 
circle  shall  be  inscribed  in  Utters  of  gold, 
"Ke|)ublica  ile  I'll  Salvador  en  la  .\merica 
Cei«ral."and  at  the  base  of  the  iri.ingle.  "Dios, 
Union  y  Libertad."  The  great  seal  of  the -na- 
tion, that  of  the  Secretary  of  the  National 
.Assembly,  and  that  of  government  repres.nla- 
tives  and  tribunals  of  justice  bear  the  same 
coat-of-arms. 

511.  The  coat-of-arms  of  Venezuela  was 
est.iblished  under  a  decree  of  1905.  It  consists 
of  a  shield  divided  into  three  parts,  the  one  at 
tlie  right  yellow,  with  a  sheaf  of  seven  heads- 
of  wheat.  The  second  section  is  red,  bcariiiK 
arms  and  two  national  flags  bound  together 
with  a  wreath  of  laurel.  The  third  section 
occupies  the  entire  lower  portion  of  the  shield, 
is  blue,  and  bears  an  unt.iined  white  horse. 
The  crest  of  the  shield  is  an  emblem  of  plenty, 
two  cornucopias  flowing  with  fruit.  .\t  the 
lower  edge  of  the  shield  is  a  branch  of  laurel 
and  palm  tied  together  by  a  ribbon,  bearing  in 
gold  letters  the  following  inscription:  "Inde- 
pendencia — Libertad — 5  de  Julio  ile  tSti — 24 
de  Marzo  de  1S54 — Oios  y  Fcderacij'n"  I  Inclc- 
pindence — Libert)-'— Ood  .Ttnd  the  I'cderati.'u). 
July  5,  iSii,  was  the  date  of  the  re|iublic's 
declaration  of  indepenilcnce,  and  March  24, 
185^,  tlic  date  of  the  abolition  of  slavery. 

THE  X.\V.\L  FL.VGS  OF  THE  WORLD 

514-727.  These  flags  and  peniLints,  showing 
all  of  the  flags  of  command,  commissiim  |>cn- 
nants,  j.icks,  and  pilot  flags  of  the  navies  of 
the  world,  are  used  in  the  same  manner  as 
the  corresponding  ones  of  the  I'nited  St.ilcs, 
and  the  reader  is  directed  to  de.'.criptl''n>  40, 
50,  51,  5.1,  54.  5S.  and  (i4-'>S,  inclusive,  f5tr  in- 
formation as  to  the  lime,  occasion,  and  manner 
of  their  respective  use. 


369 


370 


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the:   flags  of  the  wok 


EARS    A 


THE  FLAGS  OF  EUROPE,  ASIA,  AND  AFRICA 


728.  The  flag  of  Abyssinia  consists  of  three 
horizontal  stripes,  the  uppermost  green,  the 
middle  yellow,  and  the  bottom  red.  This  ban- 
ner flies  over  that  part  of  Africa  which  was 
known  in  Bible  times  as  Ethiopia.  It  is  the 
emblem  of  authority  of  a  government  which 
has  been  called  a  sort  of  feudal  monarchy. 
The  Emperor's  title  is  "King  of  Kings."  Cer- 
tain parts  of  the  country  are  ruled  by  princes, 
some  of  them  appointed  by  the  Emperor  and 
others  self-conslituted.  Some  of  these  princes 
have  retinues  of  supporters  who  are  perpetual 
warriors  and  whose  usefulness  lasts  as  long  as 
there  are  any  insubordinate  tribes  to  pacify. 
The  Abyssinian  army,  numbering  about  150,000, 
is  largely  composed  of  cavalry  and  is  well 
adapted  for  swift  movement,  as  it  is  not  in- 
cumbered by  any  commissariat,  its  maintenance 
being  obtained  from  the  inhabitants  of  regions 
through  which  it  passes. 

729.  The  flag  of  Albania  has  a  red  field, 
upon  which  is  imposed  a  black  double-headed 
spread  eagle.  This  flag  dates  from  1913.  in 
which  year  a  council  of  six  members,  chosen 
by  the  powers  of  Europe,  set  up  the  principal- 
ity as  an  offset  to  Serbia's  desire  to  possess  a 
port  on  the  Adriatic  Sea.  Austria  resented 
Serliia's  designs  on  the  ground  that  the  small 
nation  would  cut  off  the  dual  monarchy  from 
an  outlet  to  the  Mediterranean  in  a  way  as 
prejudicial  to  her  interests  as  the  closed  Dar- 
danelles were  prejudicial  to  the  interests  of 
Russia. 

730.  The  coat-of-arms  of  Andorra,  one  of 
the  four  vest-pocket  nations  of  the  world,  has 
a  quartered  shield  bearing  thereon  the  episco- 
pal miter,  the  crozier  of  Urgel,  the  red  and 
yellow  pales  of  Aragon,  and  two  belled  cows. 
Andorra  is  under  the  joint  sovereignty  of 
France  and  the  Spanish  Bishop  of  Urgel.  It 
is  governed  by  a  council  of  twenty-four  mem- 
bers elected  for  four  years  by  the  heads  of 
families  in  each  parish.  The  council  elects  a 
first  and  second  syndic  to  preside ;  the  execu- 
tive power  is  vested  in  the  first  syndic,  while 
the  judicial  power  is  exercised  by  a  civil  judge 
and  two  magistrates.  France  and  the  Bishop 
of  Urgel  each  appoint  a  magistrate  and  a  civil 
judge  alternately.  The  permanent  delegate  of 
the  prefect  of  the  Pyrenees-Orientales  has 
charge  of  the  interests  of  France  in  the  re- 
public. 

731.  A  century  ago  Napoleon  declared,  "I 
recall  a  miniature  republic  lust  in  a  corner  of 
the  Pyrenees."  Today  the  hero,  the  conqueror, 
and  the  soldier,  merely  a  handful  of  dust,  is 
often  recalled  by  Andorra.  But  in  its  mild- 
ness, its  weakness,  its  isolation,  the  republic 
has  found  strength,  and  its  colors  float  upon 
the  breeze  as  independent  as  they  were  a  cen- 
tury ago,  when  they  waved  over  an  island  of 
peace  in  the  great  sea  of  human  carnage  dur- 
ing the  Napoleonic  wars.  For  nearly  six  cen- 
turies it  has  been  thus.  The  war  between 
France  and  England,  begun  at  Crecy  and  Poi- 


tiers, did  not  move  the  tiny  country.  Queen 
Isabella  and  Ferdinand  left  it  unmolested. 
Charles  V,  dreaming  dreams  of  empire  as  great 
as  those  of  Charlemagne,  did  not  crush  it  upon 
his  way  to  the  Netherlands  or  to  Italy.  Philip 
II,  weaving  his  web  of  expanding  power 
around  so  many  principalities,  cast  no  entang- 
ling thread  about  it.  Cynical  Louis  XI  did 
not  deign  to  harm  it,  and  Louis  XIV,  although 
he  ordered  that  there  should  be  no  more  Pyre- 
nees, left  It  undisturbed.  It  was  a  spectator  of 
the  Carlist  War  in  Spain  in  1833  and  of  the 
contest  between  France  and  Germany  in  1870. 

732.  Built  upon  a  rampart  of  rocks  and  hid- 
den upon  the  southern  slope  of  the  Pyrenees, 
liberty  has  found  a  home  in  Andorra  for  a 
thousand  years,  .\ppreciating  the  services  ren- 
dered by  the  Andorrans  in  his  campaign 
against  the  Moors,  Charlemagne  gave  them  a 
charter  of  freedom  and  permitted  them  to  gov- 
ern themselves.  Louis  the  Pious  confirmed 
these  rights,  and  from  that  day  to  this  the  tiny 
country  has  been  self-governed  under  its  own 
code  of  laws.  The  Spanish  Bishop  of  Urgel 
holds  spiritual  supremacy  and  looks  after  edu- 
cational matters  and  religious  instruction. 
France  exerts  a  temporal  influence  by  appoint- 
ing the  provost  from  the  department  of  Ariege 
to  control  the  military  activities  of  the  repub- 
lic. The  blue,  yellow,  and  red  flag  of  Andorra, 
W'ith  its  coronet  in  the  center,  is  the  youngest 
thing  in  the  nation.  It  is  only  fifty  years  old, 
having  originated  in  the  reform  of  1866  to 
emphasize  the  autonom\'  of  the  valley;  but 
neither  of  the  co-suzerains  has  approved  it. 
It  is  displayed  when  the  council  is  in  session. 

733.  The  flag  of  the  Chinese  army  lias  a 
red  field  upon  which  is  centered  a  black  star 
bearing  eight  yellow  points,  with  nine  yellow 
disks  on  the  body  of  the  star.  This  is  the  flag 
of  the  republic  and  is  entirely  different  from 
the  one  flown  by  the  Chinese  armies  in  the 
past. 

734.  The  royal  standard  of  Belgium  con- 
sists of  three  vertical  bars — black,  yellow,  and 
red — with  black  ne.xt  the  staff.  The  national 
arms  are  imposed  upon  the  middle  or  yellow 
bar.  These  arms  consist  of  a  golden  lion  on 
a  black  ground.  Its  tongue  and  jaws  are  red. 
The  shield  is  ensi,gned  with  the  royal  crown  of 
Belgium  and  the  supporters  are  two  golden 
lions.  The  motto  of  Belgium  is  "L'Union  fait 
la  force"  (Union  makes  strength).  The  black, 
yellow,  and  red  of  the  Belgian  flag  are  the 
colors  of  the  Duchy  of  Brabant. .  and  were 
adopted  in  1831,  when  the  monarchy  was - 
founded. 

735-  Belgium's  merchant  flag  is  a  duplicate 
of  the  royal  standard,  except  that  the  coat-of- 
arms  is  omitted. 

736.  The  flag  of  the  Chinese  navy  under  the 
republic  is  red.  with  a  blue  canton  in  the  upper 
corner  next  the  staff,  upon  which  is  a  large 
white  sun  w'ith  ravs  emanating  in  the  form  of 
small  triangles.     This  flag  succeeds  the  one  in 


372 


which  the  dragon,  on  a  yellow  field,  was  shown 
in  the  act  of  ikvoiiriny  a  red  sun. 

737.  China's  iiatiuiial  tl:ig,  which  is  aKo 
used  in  the  niercliaiit  service,  consists  of  five 
liroad  horizontal  stripes,  the  u|ipermost  red, 
ihe  next  yellow,  the  next  b!i!e.  the  next  white. 
and  the  one  at  the  bottom  black.  These  colors 
stand  respectively  for  China,  Manchuria,  Mon- 
Kolia.  Tibet,  and  Turkestan. 

738.  The  royal  standard  of  Denmark  con- 
sists of  a  swallow-tail  red  fiy  with  the  lyufiiic*- 
I'rot/,  or  silver  cross,  upon  it.  The  origin  of 
this  cross  is  said  to  date  from  I2iq.  when  King 
Waldcmar.  at  a  critical  moment  in  his  career, 
averred  that  he  h.ad  seen  this  cruss  in  the 
heavens.  Me  asserted  that  it  became  slrenjjth 
for  him  and  savc<l  Denmark.  At  the  intersec- 
tion of  the  daiincbrc'j  is  tlie  coat-of-arms.  The 
first  quarter  of  the  sliield  represents  Denmark, 
with  three  blue  lions,  crowned,  on  a  golden 
ground  powdered  with  red  hearts.  The  second 
(juarter  represents  Schleswii;.  with  two  blue 
linns  on  a  golden  gronnd.  The  third  quarter 
stands  for  modern  Sweden  and-  shows  three 
i;ol.Un  crowns  on  a  blue  field;  Iceland  is  rcp- 
riMiited  by  a  silver  hawk  on  a  red  ground: 
the  I"aroe  Is'ands  by  a  silver  goat  walking  on 
a  blue  ground,  and  Greenland  by  a  silver  polar 
bear  on  a  blue  ground.  The  fourth  quarter 
lirnlaims  Jutland,  a  blue  linn  at  the  top  on  a 
^Mtii  gmund  wi;h  ten  red  hearts  below;  Van- 
'1 1!:  I  lias  a  golden  dragon  on  a  red  ground,  and 
!l  l-tein  is  represented  by  three  leaves  of 
luitle  and  the  three  nails  of  the  Passion  of 
Christ.  The  supporters  are  two  savage  men 
wearing  green  wreaths  and  holding  wooden 
clubs   (see  also  1 172). 

739.  Denmark's  ensign  is  the  same  as  the 
royal  standard  (73S),  except  that  the  national 
coat-of-arms  is  omitted.  It  is  the  oldest  na- 
tional ensign  in  existence. 

740.  The  merchant  tlag-  of  Denmark  has  a 
red  field  with  a  white  cross  upon  it,  and  omits 
the  swallow-tail   feature  of  the  ensign. 

741.  The  flag  of  Iceland  is  of  the  same  di- 
mensions as  the  Danish  merchant  flag,  the  field 
being  blue  and  the  cross  red,  with  thin  white 
stripes  separating  the  red  of  the  cross  from 
the  blue  of  the  field. 

THE  REPfBLtC  OF   FRvVN'Ce 

74a.  The  fla^:  of  the  President  of  France 
consists  of  the  f-rcncli  tricolor,  with  the  initials 
of  the  President  in  gold  on  the  white  stripe. 

743.    The  familiar  and  inspiring  tricolor  of 

Tr  ticc    flatcs    from    the    year    tliat    gave    the 

I  •...,.,(  tit.ntcs  its  Constitution — I7f?9.    The  best 

are  doubtful  as  to  t!ic  true  story  of 

.  hut  there  are  three  principal  theories 

.:-    I)    the    derivation    of    its    combination    of 

'    I  Ts.     The   first  of  these,  and  the  most  au- 

'    '  after  the  taking  of  the   Hastillc. 

■   bad   been    appointed    bv   accla- 

mler-in-chicf    of    the    National 

sed  for  the  Guard  a  new  cx-k- 

V  Iiite  of  the  royal  family  .t'I 

is  time  ort  of  mind,  wl 

•  -.  hr  red  and  blue.     Fr 

-ians  Iielicve,  came  the 

\nother   version    link« 

the    :riLjlor    with    I'.-.c    three   historic    flags   of 


France — the  blue  of  the  Chape  dc  Martin,  the 

red  of  the  orillainme.  and  ibe  wliitc  of  ihc 
liourbons.  It  will  be  recalled  th.ti  (he  Chupc 
dc  .Martin  was  supiMoed  to  be  the  <  riKinal 
cloak  which  St.  Martii\  divided  with  a  iKggar 
at  .Xmiens.  which  act  was  followed  by  a  vision 
of  Christ  making  known  to  the  angcN  thi«  derO 
of  charity.  The  chape  was  in  t!ic  keeping  of 
the  monks  of  Marmoutier.  and  Clovis  carried  i) 
when  he  concpiered  .Mane,  while  Churhmagne 
l)ore  it  at  .\'arl«iiiiie.  When  the  king'i  of 
l-'rance  transferrcil  the  seat  of  government  to 
Paris,  the  local  -ainl.  .St.  Denis,  was  held  in 
high  honor,  ami  graduallv  the  pla'ii  scarlet 
banner,  known  as  the  oritiamine,  ami  kept  in 
the  abbey  church,  supplaiilnl  the  blue  of  St. 
Martin  as  the  national  colors.  The  iritla.nmc 
appe.ired  for  the  last  time  at  the  battle  of 
Aginconrt.  in  1415.  The  Huguenot  part>  in 
I'rance  .-Kbipted  tlie  white  tlag,  and  when  Henry 
III.  himself  a  Protestant,  came  t  1  t!ie  throne 
lie  made  it  t!ie  royal  ensign.  His  s-'ccessor, 
Henry  I\'.  tlie  first  kin<7  nf  th-  Itourltons, 
adopted  it  as  t'le  nation.Tl  flag.  The  third  ac- 
count of  t!ie  tricolor's  oricin  is  that  it  is  copied 
from  the  shield  of  tlu-  O-l.-.ps  f.iinib.  ;•<  it 
appeared  after  Piiilippe  fijialite  knocked  n1  the 
lleur  de  lis.  Drring  the  first  and  second  em- 
pires, the  tricolor  became  the  in'peri.il  stand- 
ard, but  in  the  center  of  the  white  stripe  was 
placed  the  ea;;'e.  while  all  three  'tri|>es  were 
richly  powdered  with  the  golden  bees  if  the 
N'apoleon  family.  The  lla*^  r>f  France  to<Iav 
waves  over  territory  nearly  one  aivl  a  half 
times  as  large  as  that  covereil  bv  l''e  I'nitcd 
.States.  Frencli  cf>liMiies  have  a  total  of  ap- 
proximately j.500.o')o  square  miles.  .\monB 
the  flags  of  the  earth,  ■nly  the  Unir'n  Jack  and 
the  banner  of  Russia  float  over  m  're  territory. 

744.  The  tlag  of  the  French  G'^vernors  of 
Colonies  consists  of  a  blue  field  with  a  canton 
of  white  anil  red  in  the  qu.irter  ne\t  to  the 
llagstalT.  a  bine  stripe  as  wide  as  t'le  white 
and  Ihe  ri-d  stri[>e  separ.iting  the  canl^  n  from 
the  staff.  This  Mag  is  to  be  llown  below  the 
national  ensign. 

745.  The  tlag  of  French  Indo-China  and  of 
the  L.ieuten.ant  Governor  of  Senegal  is  a  <lupli- 
catc  of  the  Hag  of  the  French  Governors  of 
Colonies.   cxceKl    that   it   is   swallow-tailed. 

746.  The  tlag  of  Greece  consists  of  nine 
alternate  stripes  of  blue  and  white,  four  white 
and  five  blue,  with  a  canton  of  blue  in  the 
upper  corner  next  the  stalT.  upon  which  is  im- 
posed a  white  cross  bearing  at  its  i>i>int  of  in- 
tersection a  Greek  crown.  The  cdors  of  the 
Hag,  white  and  blue,  were  derived  from  the 
arms  of  Otto  of  Havaria.  who  was  called  to 
the  throne  of  Greece  in  iS.l.t.  The  tnoilo  of 
the  nation  reads.  "My  strength  is  my  people's 
love." 

747.  The  merchant  flag  of  Greece  is  a  dupli- 
cate of  the  ensign,  with  •' '■    '   the 

crown  i»  omitted   from  ■'>. 

V  748.     The    o,  1,,.,  ,,i  n- 

sists   of   a    »!  '11- 

;.  M-d,    in    a    i  <t 

r   next    the    s: 
■  .  t'rrr  h'-r- 


lui-t.  ttic   ija-i:    liall   o!    w.iicli  iiivt    in.; 


blue  and  the  apex  half  white.  Upon  the  bhie 
is  placed  a  crowned  anchor,  proclaiming  the 
government  and  the  navy. 

750.  Italy's  royal  standard  consists  of  a 
square  blue  field  on  which  is  centered  the  na- 
tional coat-of-arms.  A  crown  appears  in  each 
corner  of  the  flag  outside  the  encircling  collar 
of  the  ,\nnunciation.     Within  this  collar  is_  a 

•crowned  black  spread-eagle  on  blue.  On  its 
breast  is  an  oval  shield  bearing  a  silver  cross 
on  a  red  ground,  the  arms  of  Savoy  (see  also 
1 181).  The  collar  itself  is  composed  of  a  se- 
ries of  red  and  white  roses  and  the  letters 
F.  E.  R.  T.,  meaning  "Fortitudo  ejus  Rhodum 
tenuit"  (His  firmness  held  Rhodes),  this  being 
a  tribute  to  Amadeus  the  Great  from  the 
Knights  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  in  i.yo,  for 
his  help  against  the  Saracens  at  the  siege  of 
Rhodes.  The  pendant  of  the  collar  of  the  .An- 
nunciation bears  a  design  representing  that 
holy  event. 

751.  When  Napoleon  made  the  northern 
provinces  of  Italy  into  a  kingdom,  in  1805,  he 
gave  it  a  flag  of  three  colors — green  next  to 
the  flagstaff,  white  in  the  middle,  and  red  at 
the  fly  end.  This  flag  disappeared  when  Na- 
poleon was  overthrown,  but  was  revived  when 
Victor  Emmanuel,  King  of  Sardinia  and  a 
representative  of  the  house  of  Savoy,  became 
king.  Today  Italy's  ensign  consists  of  the 
Savoy  arms,  surmounted  by  a  crown,  on  the 
central  white  vertical  stripe  of  Napoleon's 
green,  white,  and  red. 

752.  The  Italian  merchant  flag  is  an  exact 
duplicate  of  the  ensign,  with  the  exception  that 
the  crown  is  omitted  above  the  arms. 

753.  The  flag  of  the  Governor  of  Eritrea, 
tlie  Italian  colony  in  .Africa,  consists  of  a  white 
field   upon   which   are   imposed    the   arms   and 

'crown  of  Italy. 

754.  The  flag  of  the  Emperor  of  Japan  con- 
sists of  a  red  field  upon  which  is  centered  a 
golden  representation  of  the  yellow  chrysan- 
thcnnnn.  It  is  essential  that  the  flower  should 
invariably  have  sixteen  petals.  While  the  use 
of  this  flower  as  a  badge  is  not  necessarily 
confined  to  the  imperial  family,  its  members 
alone  have  the  right  to  use  the  sixteen-petalled 
form.  If  used  by  any  other  family,  society, 
or  corporation,  it  must  be  with  a  number  of 
petals  less  or  more  than  si.xteen. 

755.  The  flag  of  the  Japanese  crown  prince 
is  like  that  of  the  emperor,  except  that  the 
chrysanthemum  is  centered  in  a  rectangle 
formed  by  a  line  of  white  on  the  red  field  of 
the  flag. 

756.  The  Japanese  ensign  consists  of  a  ris- 
ing sun,  slightly  to  the  left  of  the  center  of  a 
white  field,  with  rays  radiating  to  all  points  of 
the  compass.  Both  the  sun  and  the  rays  are 
red,  and  the  device  is  generally  known  as  the 
sunburst. 

757.  The  Japanese  merchant  flag  is  white, 
of  rectangular  form,  with  a  rayless  red  sun  in 
the  center,  its  diameter  approximately  half  the 
widtli  of  the  field. 

758.  The  Japanese  guard  flag  is  of  white, 
with  two  horizontal  parallel  dancetty  lines  in 
red  across  it.  A  "dancetty"  line  is  zigzag,  re- 
sembling the  "worm"  of  a  rail  fence,  with  deep 
indentations. 

759.  The  Japanese  transport  flag  is  identical 
with  the  Japanese  guard  flag,  with  the  excep- 


tion that  the  dancetty  lines  are  blue  instead  of 
red. 

760.  The  Japanese  commanding  officer's  flag 
is  a  swallow-tail  white,  with  tlie  red  sun  and 
four  rays,  two  vertical  and  two  horizontal. 

761.  This  flag,  flown  by  all  ships  under 
Japanese  registry  carrying  mail,  consists  of  a 
wdiite  field  with  two  horizontal  red  stripes, 
separated  by  a  narrower  white  stripe  occupy- 
ing the  upper  half.  The  lower  half  is  quar- 
tered by  a  red  stripe,  which,  with  the  lower  of 
the  two  horizontal  red  stripes,  forms  a  T- 
square. 

762.  The  flag  which  distinguishes  a  Japa- 
nese repair  ship  is  the  same  as  that  displayed 
by  a  transport,  with  the  exception  that  the  bot- 
tom and  top  of  the  white  field  are  bordered 
with  red  stripes. 

763.  In  1910  the  Kingdom  of  Korea  was 
abolished  by  Japan,  whose  influence  in  this  ter- 
ritory had  been  recognized  as  paramount  by 
the  treaty  which  ended  the  Russo-Japanese 
War.  The  name  of  Chosen  was  given  the 
State,  and  the  red  and  white  of  the  Japanese 
ensign  were  utilized  in  the  flag  adopted. 

764.  The  national  ensign  of  Liberia,  which 
is  also  the  merchant  flag,  has  eleven  horizontal 
stripes  of  red  and  white,  red  at  the  top  and 
bottom,  with  the  blue  canton  in  the  upper  cor- 
ner ne.xt  to  the  flagstaff,  on  which  is  super- 
imposed a  large  white  star.  This  flag  was 
adopted  at  the  time  the  Republic  of  Liberia 
was  established,  in  1847,  by  colonists  from 
America. 

765.  The  flag  of  the  President  of  Liberia 
consists  of  a  square  blue  standard  upon  which 
is  imposed  a  shield  containing  the  red  and 
white  stripes  of  the  national  colors,  and  above 
it  the  five-pointed  star  of  the  republic. 

766.  The  coat-of-arms  of  Liechtenstein  (see 
767)  consists  of  a  shield  imposed  upon  the 
mantle  of  the  Prince  of  the  Holy  Roman 
Empire,  with  his  crown  forming  the  crest.  On 
the  escutcheon,  wdiich  is  quartered,  are  the 
arms  of  Silesia  for  Ritberg;  the  second  quar- 
ter of  the  shield,  with  its  six  stripes  of  red 
and  gold,  and  green  crown  of  rue  cutting  them 
diagonally,  represents  Khuenring:  the  third 
quarter,  half  red  and  half  silver,  is  for  Trop- 
pau;  the  fourth  quarter,  of  gold,  willi  its  black 
harpy  crowned,  represents  East  Frisia.  At  the 
point  of  the  shield  in  blue  is  a  golden  hunting 
horn,  representing  Jagerndorf;  the  small  red 
and  gold  shield  in  the  center,  imposed  upon  all 
four  quarters,  represents  Liechtenstein  itself. 

767.  With  its  field  shared  by  yellow  and 
red,  the  latter  occupying  the  lower  half,  the 
national  banner  of  the  principality  of  Liechten- 
stein flies  over  a  nation  having  an  area  of  65 
square  miles.  This  miniature  principality  lies 
between  Austria  and  Switzerland.  It  consists 
of  Schellenberg  and  Vaduz,  formerly  fiefs  of 
the  Roman  Empire.  Schellenberg  in  1699  and 
Vaduz  in  1712  came  into  tlie  possession  of  the 
House  of  Liechtenstein  and  were  set  up  as  a 
I)rincipality  by  Emperor  Carl  VI  in  i/ig.  After 
the  break-up  of  the  empire  in  1806.  the  princi- 
pality was  incorporated  in  the  Rhine  Confed- 
eration. When  the  map  of  Europe  was  remade 
after  the  Napoleonic  wars,  it  became  a  part  of 
the  German  Confederation  and  remained  so 
from  that  time  until  1866,  when  the  Confedera- 
tion broke  up.     Since  then  it   has  not  joined 


374 


itself  with  any  other  nation.  There  is  no  pub- 
lic debt  anil  the  inhabitants  have  not  been 
liable  to  military  service  since  1867. 

768.  With  its  tricolor  of  red,  white,  and 
blue  in  three  horizontal  bars,  red  at  the  top 
and  blue  at  the  Ixittom,  the  Huk  of  l,uxe^lllur^; 
flics  over  a  country  that  did  not  raise  a  hanil 
to  check  the  invader  in  HJ14.  An  alien  army 
now  passes  over  its  soil  at  will  and  unresentcd. 
The  population  of  Luxemburg  is  approximately 
260,000,  and  it  is  Roverncd  by  a  reigning  Grand 
Duchess  and  a  Chamber  of  Deputies.  The 
Grand  Duchy  was  included  from  1815  to  1S66 
in  the  Germanic  Confcderatittn.  By  the  treaty 
of  London  in  1867  it  was  declared  neutral  ter- 
ritory and  its  integrity  and  independence  were 
guaranteed. 

769.  The  Prince  of  Monaco  flies  a  flag  con- 
sisting of  awhile  field  upon  which  is  a  crowned 
shield,  covered  with  lo/enge-?hapcd  figures  of 
red  and  silver,  surroundeil  by  the  collar  of  the 
order  of  St.  Charles,  institrted  in  186.^.  The 
shield  bears  as  a  pendant  a  Maltese  cross.  The 
supporters  are  two  monks  with  swords.  The 
motto  placed  over  the  shield  is  "Deo  Juvantc" 
(God  Helping). 

MOXACO — SM.VLLEST    NATION    OX    E.VRTII 

770.  The  red  and  white  flag  of  Monaco 
floats  over  the  smallest  nation  on  earth.  The 
entire  area  of  the  territory,  whose  symbol  of 
authority  it  is,  is  only  eight  square  miles.  .\1- 
though  it  is  smallest  in  area,  there  are  three 
smaller  in  population.  It  has  2.^.000  inhabit- 
ants, as  compared  with  5,231  for  .\ndorra, 
10.716  for  Liechtenstein,  and  11,51,?  for  San 
Marino.  Monaco  is  a  small  principality  on  the 
Mediterranean,  surrounded  by  the  French  de- 
partment of  .\lpcs-Mnritimc,  except  on  the  side 
toward  the  sea.  .After  t)68  .A.  D.  it  belonged 
to  the  house  of  Grimaldi.  The  reigning  prince 
was  dispossessed  during  the  French  Revolu- 
tion, in  1792,  and  died  in  1705.  In  1814  the 
principality  was  reestablished,  but  placed  under 
the  protection  of  the  Kingdom  of  Sardinia  by 
the  treaty  of  Vienna  in  1S15.  In  i&jSthe  towns 
of  Mentone  and  Roccabnma  ( now  known  as 
Roquebrunc)  revolted  and  declared  themselves 
free.  The  prince  thereupon  ceded  his  rights 
over  them  to  France  and  the  principality  thus 
became  geographically  an  eiiclaie  of  France, 
when  the  Sardinian  garrison  was  withdrawn 
and  the  protectorate  establishe<l  in  1815  ended. 
The  prince  was  an  absolute  ruler  until  191 1, 
when  a  representative  government  was  set  up. 

771.  The  State  flag  of  Montenegro  has  a 
red  field  bordered  with  white.  In  the  center 
is  the  royal  coat-of-arms,  with  its  double- 
headed  spread-eagle  in  silver  and  holding  in 
its  talons  a  scepter  and  an  orb.  A  small  shield 
on  the  breast  of  the  bird  contains  the  letters 
■'H  I,"  and  underneath  the  eagle  is  a  golden 
lion  passant.  The  initial  H  is  the  Montene- 
grin N  and  refers  to  Nicholas,  the  King.  "I" 
is  the  Roman  numeral,  the  letters  together 
standing  for  Nicholas  I. 

77a.  The  military  standard  of  Montenegro 
rotisists  of  n  ■iiiarc  field  of  red  bordered  with 
wliite.  a  Gr<<  !<  cross  centered  upon  the  red. 
The  cross  hears  at  its  intersection  the  "H  1" 
of  the  Montenegrin  coat-of-arms. 


773.  The  naval  flag  of  Montenesro  is  a  tri- 
color with  red  at  the  top.  blue  in  the  iiii<ldle, 
and  white  at  the  bottom  in  horiioiilal  slri|>r«. 
On  the  blue  is  a  gold  crown,  below  uhieli  arc 
the  letters  "H  I."  The  merchant  flag  is  the 
same  as  the  naval  ensign,  except  that  the  letters 
and  crown  are  omitted. 

774.  Morocco's  flag  now  consists  of  a  red 
lietd  U|H>n  which  is  inlpo^ed  a  five-pniiiicd  star 
of  striking  design.  This  star  pruclaiiiisi  the 
passing  of  Turkish  influence  in  MoriKco. 
I'nder  the  old  regime  the  familiar  crescent  of 
the  .Mohanimedan  world  was  borne  on  the  .Nb- 
roccan  flag  where  the  star  is  now  imposed. 
The  old  flag  of  Morocco  was  red,  In-ariiig  what 
appeare<l  to  be  scissors,  but  which  were  in 
reality  crossed  yataghans. 

775.  The  national  flag  i.f  the  .Netherlands 
consists  of  three  horizontal  bars,  rc<l  at  the 
top,  blue  at  the  bottom,  anil  white  between.  It 
is  national  flag,  ensign,  and  inerchant  flag — all 
in  one.  In  the  sixteenth  century  it  was  orange, 
white,  and  blue,  the  orange  being  in  honor  of 
William  the  Silent,  Prince  of  Orange.  Uoth 
the  victories  of  Van  Tromp  and  De  Renter 
were  gained  uinler  the  present  colors  ( see  .i77>. 

776.  The  royal  standard  of  the  N'etlieriands 
is  butT  quartered  by  a  cross  of  blue.  In  each 
but!  quarter  there  is  placed  a  hunter's  horn  in 
blue,  and  upon  the  intersection  of  the  cross  is 
the  royal  coat-of-arms.  consisting  of  a  blue 
ground  dotted  with  golden  billets  and  bearing 
a  crowned  golden  lion  rampaiit.  The  lion 
grasps  in  one  paw  a  naked  swonl  ami  in  the 
other  a  cluster  of  arrows.  The  shield  has  for 
its  crest  a  crown. 

777.  The  standard  of  the  Prince  of  Nether- 
lands is  the  reverse  of  the  royal  standar<l 
(  1776)  in  its  coloring.  The  cross  is  bulT  and 
the  quarters  arc  blue.  Instead  of  the  hunlcr's 
horns  of  the  royal  standard  there  are  goMcn 
lions  like  the  lion  of  the  coat-of-arms.  which 
appears  in  the  center  of  the  cross  in  both 
st.iiidards. 

778.  The  flag  of  the  Arabians,  aUo  typical 
of  .Muscat  and  Zanzibar,  is  scarlet.  Flsewhcre 
the  red  (lag  is  the  emblem  of  mutiny  and  dis- 
order, and  was  carried  recently  by  the  Revo- 
lutionists of  Russia  during  the  eventful  days 
which  marked  the  overthrow  of  the  Romanoff 
dynasty  and  the  establishment  of  a  republican 
form  of  government.  The  red  flag  was  a 
widelv  used  national  emblem  tw<i  centuries 
ago.  Spam.  Venice,  Genoa,  Tetuan,  Salley,  ani| 
Camphen  being  partial  to  it  (see  1141,  I1S8, 
1103,  an<l   1 104). 

779.  The  Governors  of  Surinam  and  Cura- 
cao bear  a  flag  which'  has  the  national  colors 
of  the  .Netherlands,  with  the  adilition  of  two 
white  disks  in  the  reil  stripe  near  the  stafT. 

780.  The  merchant  reserve  of  the  Nether- 
lands bears  a  flag  which  is  like  the  national 
ensign,  except  that  an  anchor  and  a  crown  arc 
imposed  upon  the  middle  of  the  white  bar.  In 
order  to  make  room  for  these,  an  arc  is  cut  out 
of  the  blue  stripe  at  the  bottom  and  the  re<i 
stripe  at  the  top  and  the  white  stripe  enlarged 
accfirdingly. 

781.  The  ensign  of  the  Governor  General 
of  the  Dutch  Ivast  Indies  is  a  triangular  swal- 
low-tail pennant  showing  the  national  colors 
of  the  Netherlands  and  attached  to  the  flag- 
slaflF  by  the  means  of  a  toggle. 


375 


782.  Repair  ships  of  the  Netherlands  fly  a 
flag  with  the  regulation  red,  white,  and  blue 
bars,  the  statF  end  of  the  red  bar  giving  way 
to  white  and  forming  a  canton  upon  which  is 
placed  a  red  anchor  capped  by  a  crown. 

783.  The  royal  standard  of  Norway  has  a 
red  field  upon  which  is  centered  a  golden  lion 
rampant  holding  a  battle-ax. 

784.  Norway's  ensign  is  red  and  three- 
tailed,  a  blue  cross  edged  with  white  extending 
to  a  point  between  tlie  swallow-tail.  It  thus 
preserves  the  shape  of  the  Swedish  ensign, 
from  which  it  was  fashioned,  that  ensign  hav- 
ing a  3'ellow  cross  on  a  blue  field  (see  826). 

785.  Tlie  merchant  flag  of  Norway  is  like 
the  ensign  ("78^).  except  that  the  swallow-tail 
effect  IS  omitted. 

786.  The  senior  admiral's  flag  of  Norway 
consists  of  the  ensign  with  the  addition  of  a 
saltire  cross  of  wdiite  in  the  upper  quarter  next 
to  flagstaff. 

787.  The  imperial  standard  of  Persia  con- 
sists of  a  blue  square  held  with  the  national 
colors  in  a  small  canton  in  the  upper  corner 
next  to  the  staff.  In  the  center  is  a  white 
circle  on  which  the  Persian  coat-of-arms  ap- 
pears, showing  a  Hon  holding  a  sword,  a  rising 
sun  in  the  background,  and  the  crown  of  the 
empire  above  the  lion.  The  lower  half  of  the 
circle  is  bordered  by  a  wreatli. 

788.  The  military  flag  of  Persia  is  unique 
in  that  it  embodies  a  very  pale  shade  of  green 
and  a  delicate  shade  of  pink  as  the  upper  and 
lower  hues  of  its  tricolor.  The  iniddle  stripe 
is  w-hite  and  bears  the  Persian  sword-carrying 
lion  with  tlie  sun  peeping  over  his  back.  The 
crown  of  the  empire  is  imposed  upon  the  green 
stripe.     The  wreath  rests  upon  the  pink. 

789.  The  ensign  of  Persia  is  like  the  mili- 
tary flag,  except  that  the  crown  and  wreath 
above  and  below  the  lion  are  omitted. 

790.  The  merchant  flag  of  Persia  is  the 
same  green,  white,  and  pink  arrangement  as 
seen  in  the  ensign  and  military  flag  of  the 
nation,  but  without  the  Persian  lion. 

791.  The  colors  of  the  flag  of  Portugal  are 
green  and  red,  the  third  of  the  field  next  the 
staff  green,  and  the  two-thirds  at  the  fly  end 
red.  The  arms  of  the  country  are  centered  on 
the  di\iding  line  between  the  two  colors.  These 
arms  consist  of  a  large  silver  shield  upon 
whicli  are  five  small  blue  ones  arranged  in  the 
form  of  a  cross,  each  of  them  bearing  five 
plates  of  silver.  Around  the  shield  is  a  red 
border  upon  which  are  placed  seven  golden 
castles.  Alfonso  I  defeated  five  Moorish 
princes  in  the  historic,  battle  of  Ouriqne  and 
adopted  the  five  small  blue  shields  to  com- 
memorate his  triumph.  The  five  white  spots 
on  tlie  small  shields  represent  the  five  wounds 
of  Christ,  in  whose  strength  .Mfonso  believed 
he  had  defeated  the  infidels.  The  red  border 
of  the  shield  was  added  by  Alphonse  III  in  1252, 
after  his  marriage  to  a  daughter  of  the  King 
of  Castile.  The  circle  of  gold  upon  wliich  the_ 
shield  and  its  border  arc  imposed,  together 
with  the  green  of  the  flag,  which  is  that  of  the 
cross  and  ribbon  of  the  Knights  of  St.  Benedict 
of  .\viz.  commemorate  the  fame  of  Prince 
Henry  the  Navigator. 

792.  The  flag  of  the  President  of  Portugal 
is  solid  green,  witli  the  Portuguese  coat-of- 
arms  in  the  center. 


793.  The  flag  of  the  Governor  General  of 
the  provinces  of  Portugal  is  white,  with  a  strip 
of  green  placed  horizontally  across  the  field 
and  the  coat-of-arms  centered  on  it. 

794.  The  flag  of  the  dependent  Kingdom  of 
Poland  (so  nominated  after  the  Napoleonic 
wars)  has  a  white  field  with  the  blue  cross  of 
St.  Andrew,  which  proclaims  Russian  suzer- 
ainty. Upon  tlie  red  canton  is  a  crowned 
spread  eagle. 

795.  Roumania's  flag  has  three  vertical 
stripes,  blue  next  the  flagstaff,  yellow  in  the 
middle,  and  red  on  the  fly.  In  the  standard 
the  blue  and  the  red  liars  are  narrow  and  the 
yellow  very  wide.  Upon  the  yellow  is  placed 
the  national  coat-of-arms,  a  canopy  of  ermine 
on  which  is  a  crowned  shield.  On  the  quar- 
tered field  of  the  shield  appear  a  golden  eagle 
displayed  on  blue,  a  lion's  head  in  gold  dis- 
played on  red,  a  golden  demilion  issuing,  from 
an  antique  crown  on  red,  and  two  dolphins  in 
gold  displayed  on  blue.  There  is  also  a  small 
shield  of  pretense  quartered  in  white  and  black. 
The  shield  is  supported  by  golden  lions  ram- 
pant. The  motto,  "Nihil  sine  Deo"  (  Nothing 
without  God),  is  below  the  shield  on  a  rililjon. 
Four  crowns  appear,  one  in  each  corner  of  the 
flag. 

796.  The  Roumanian  ensign  is  like  the 
standard,  except  that  the  three  stripes  are  of 
equal  width,  and  crowns  in  the  four  corners 
of  the  flag  are  omitted. 

797.  Roumania's  merchant  flag  is  blue,  yel- 
low, and  red,  like  the  ensign,  except  that  the 
arms  are  omitted. 

798.  The  Roumanian  coast  guard  flag  has 
the  national  colors,  together  with  an  anchor, 
above  which  is  a  crown  on  the  yellow  stripe. 

RUSSIAN   ■rL-^cs 

799.  The  ensign  of  the  Russian  navy  is  a 
blue  cross  of  St.  .Andrew  upon  a  field  of  wdiite. 
The  Russians  venerate  St.  Andrew  as  their 
patron  saint,  believing  that  it  was  he  who  se- 
cured the  adoption  of  Christianity  by  their  an- 
cestors. It  has  been  asserted  that  he  preached 
in  Scythia.  Peter  the  Great,  under  his  name 
and  protection,  in  the  year  169S,  instituted  St. 
.Andrew's  as  the  most  noble  order  of  Knight- 
hood of  the  Empire.  St.  Andrew  is  also  the 
patron  saint  of  Scotland,  b;it  there  the  cross 
is  white  upon  a  field  of  blue   (see  831"). 

800.  The  wdiite,  blue,  and  red  horizontal 
stripes  of  the  Russian  merchant  flag  are  remi- 
niscent of  the  day  wdien  Peter  the  Great  was 
learning  ship-building  in  Holland.  The  Dutch 
flag  is  a  tricolor  of  red.  wdiite,  and  blue.'  Peter, 
in  making  his  flag,  turned  these  colors  upside 
down,  but  was  afterward  advised  that  he  \vas 
flying  the  flag  employed  by  the  Dutch  as  a  sig- 
nal of  distress  and  disaster.  He  thereupon  re- 
vised his  flag,  putting  the  white  at  the  top  and 
the  red  at  the  bottom,  with  the  blue  between. 

801.  The  flag  of  the  volunteer  fleet  of  Rus- 
sia is  the  same  as  the  merchant  flag,  except 
that  there  is  a  trumpet  in  the  center  of  the  blue 
field. 

802.  Russia's  customs  flag  consists  of  a  blue 
field  with  a  canton  in  the  upper  corner  next 
the  staff  showing  the  merchant  flag  in  minia- 
ture, while  in  the  lower  corner  next  the  staff 
are    two    comliination    caducci    and    tridents, 

crossed. 


Z7^ 


803.  The  flay  of  the  Russian  admiralty  con- 
sists of  four  anchors  interlm-ked  and  arranged 
in  the  form  of  a  St.  Andrew's  eru^s. 

804.  The  Hag  _ot  the  Commander-in-Chief 
of  the  Russian  Navy  is  flown  only  whde  the 
country  is  at  war.  It  coti.>ists  of  a  white  liehl 
upon  which  is  imposed  the  blue  cross  of  St. 
Aiidrew,  the  upper  quarter  nearest  the  statT 
being  occupied  by  a  canton  consisting  of  a 
white-bordered  bhie  cross  of  St.  .Xnclrew  and 
a  white  St.  George's  cross  on  a  red  lield.  .\ 
blue  anchor  is  centered  in  a  white  lield  im- 
posed upon  the  insection  of  the  crosses. 

805.  The  (lag  Lif  Russia's  .Minister  of  War 
consists  of  a  white  field  with  a  reil  canton  on 
which  is  imposed  the  blue  cross  of  St.  .\ndrew 
and  the  white  cross  of  St.  George.  Mere  again 
the  Russians  reverse  the  British  in  their  in- 
signia, the  latter  placing  the  scarlet  cross  of 
St.  George  on  a  field  of  white,  while  the  Rus- 
sians place  a  white  cross  on  a  field  of  scarlet. 
Below  the  canton  appears  the  shield  with 
crossed  muskets  and  cannons. 

806.  The  Hag  of  Russia's  aeronautic  service 
is  like  that  of  the  Minister  of  War,  except  that 
the  tly  is  .shorter  and  the  shield  in  the  lower 
left-hand  corner  is  omitted,  while  a  red-winged 
anchor  is  added  in  the  lower  right-hand  comer. 

807.  The  royal  standard  of  Serbia  consists 
of  a  field  of  red,  blue,  and  white,  surrounded 
by  an  indented  border  of  the  same  colors. 
Upon  the  field,  which  is  .square,  is  centered  the 
coat-of-arms  of  the  country.  This  consists  of 
a  red  shield  within  a  crown-Hl  ermine  canopy. 
The  shield  bears  a  silver  eagle  displayed,  hav- 
ing upon  its  breast  another  shield  with  a  silver 
cross  and  the  date  1S04.  The  supports  are  two 
natives  holding  flags  of  the  colors,  while  the 
motto  is  "Spes  mihi  prima  Deus"  (My  hope  is 
God  first  of  all). 

808.  The  Serbian  merchant  flag  is  red.  Muc, 
and  white,  like  the  Russian  merchant  tlag  in- 
verted. The  latter  flown  as  a  signal  of  distress 
might  be  mistaken  for  the  Serbian  merchant 
emblem  normally  displayed.  .As  Servia  has  no 
seaport  and  no  merchant  navy,  808  is  largely  a 
flag  of  hope  for  a  navy. 

809.  Russia's  transport  navy  llies  a  blue  flag 
witli  a  white  canton  upon  which  appears  the 
blue  cross  of  St.  .-\ndrew. 

810.  Russian  transports  employing  civilian 
crews  fly  a  blue  flag  with  a  union  next  the 
flagstaff  in  the  upper  corner,  showing  the 
colors  of  the  country. 

811.  The  flag  of  Siatn  consists  of  a  scarlet 
field  on  which  is  a  white  elephant.  The  ele- 
pliaiit  is  in  full  trappings  and  harness  and 
stands  on  a  platform.  In  the  upper  corner 
next  the  hoist  appear  a  pagoda-crowneil  anchor 
and  a  wheel.  "The  elephant  recalls  the  tradi- 
tion of  the  founder  of  the  nation.  Before 
X  1  ra.  the  reputed  founder,  was  born,  his 
in.  I  hi  r  dreamed  that  she  hafl  Kiveii  birth  to  a 
white  elephant.  The  Brahmans  alTirmcd  that 
X.icca,  after  undergoing  80,000  reincarnations, 
finally  did  actually  become  a  white  elephant, 
and  as  such  was  received  into  the  company  of 
the  iclr-tial  deities.  On  this  account  the  white 
elephai.t  is  held  a  sacreil  boast,  and  the  Siam- 
ese rejoice  to  place  themselves  beneath  so  po- 
tent a  protector. 

813,  The  merchant  flag  of  Siam  now  con- 
sists of  a  field  of  five  stripes — red,  yellow,  red. 


white,  red.  The  central  red  stripe  is  broader 
than  the  ^othcr  four  striiKj.  which  arc  of  wjual 
width.  This  flag  replaces  the  old  red  flag  U|Km 
which  wa>  imposed  tin-  while  elephant  of 
Siamese  tr.vliiioii  without  any  trappings  ur 
harness  and  wiiliout  the  michur  and  wheel  of 
the  national  ensign.  The  merchant  (lag  is  of 
recent  origin.  The  flag  liook  of  the  Inilcd 
Sl.iics  Navv,  published  in  dm.  and  Ih.il  of  the 
British  .Xdniiraliy,  published  even  more  re- 
centl.\,  sh..w  the  elephant  flag  instead  of  the 
new  striped  one. 

813.  The  Siamese  emblem  of  ro)al  ail- 
thiirity,  the  royal  standanl,  has  an  orange-huetl 
lield  upon  which  is  reprtseiiird  an  image  of 
the  l';ast,  a  man  eagle.  This  st.nidard  is  of 
Comparatively  recent  adoption.  I'ormerly  thrrt 
was  used  a  blue  tlag  having  a  reil  JMirdcr 
l'|H«n  this  was  imposed  the  royal  coat-of-arnif 
which  consisted  of  an  escutcheon  (xirtraying  a 
tliree-heade<l  elephant  in  the  upper  half  and 
the  white  elephant  and  crosseil  swurd&  in  th* 
t«i.  quarters  of   the  lower   hall. 

814.  This  is  the  C'>ai-of-arni<;  of  what 
claiins  to  be  the  oldest  Slate  in  l-iiiropc — Sail 
.Marino.  Next  to  .Monaco,  it  is  in  arci  the 
smallest  iiidepemleni  country  in  the  worUI.  It 
has  thirty  .square  miles  i.i  territory  and  a  pap- 
ulation of  11,51.?.  The  coal  of-arms  consists 
of  three  hills  111  gold  i:poii  a  fielil  of  blue. 
These  hills  are  .Monte  Gui.ito,  Monle  Cucco, 
and  Monte  Gist.i,  each  luaring  a  castle  sur- 
niounled  by  a  plume.  The  shield  has  a  «old 
crown  as  a  crest  and  is  surr<>imileil  by  branches 
of  laurel  and  0.1k  niiiUil  by  a  riblxin  iiiscril>cd 
with   the   word   "l.iiiKRT\." 

815.  The  merchant  fl.ig  of  San  Marino, 
which,  though  that  of  a  belligerent,  the  little 
republic  having  ilared  lo  declare  war  against 
the  Central  I'owers,  has  probably  never  yet 
been  eiici>untered  by  a  Germ.in  submarine  lie- 
cause,  as  may  well  be  imagined,  the  merchant 
ii.ivy  of  the  niounlain  republic  is  not  large. 

816.  The  ensign  of  ihe  Republic  I'f  San 
Marino  consists  of  a  fiehl  the  upper  part  of 
which  is  blue  and  the  lower  half  white.  The 
coat-of-arms  is  centered  on  it.  It  is  this  flag 
that  the  soldiers  of  San  Marini>  carry  when 
they  inarch  to  the  aid  of  iheir  ally,  ft.iiy. 

817.  The  royal  standard  of  Spain  proclaims 
nil  ire  of  the  glory  of  the  empire  that  was  than 
of  the  C'luiilrv  which  now  exists.  It  consists 
of  a  purple  held  up^n  which  i^  ini|Miscd  the 
Spanish  co.it-of-arins.  This  l>ears  the  lion  of 
Leon  and  the  castle  of  Castile.  It  also  bcart 
the  arms  of  .Aragon;  the  ilevice  of  Sicily:  the 
red  and  while  stripes,  which  proclaim  the  arnu 
of  .Austria;  oblique  stri|>es  of  yellow  and  blue 
within  a  reil  l>order,  which  tell  of  the  flaR  of 
ancieni  Burgundy:  the  black  lion  'in  the  Koldm 
ground,  which  is  the  heraldic  bearing  of  Flan- 
ilers:  the  red  eagle,  which  is  the  device  of 
.Antwerp;  the  golden  lion  of  Brabant;  the 
flettr-<le-lis  and  checkers  i>f  ancieni  BurK'indy; 
the  arms  of  Portugal,  anil  the  fleur-de-lis  of 
■•'ranee.  The  w  hole  i»  surrounded  by  the  collar 
of  the  Golden   I'leeco. 

818.  The  ensign  of  Spain  i«  ycHow.  l>or- 
flered  at  ihe  top  and  b<iltom  by  a  »tri|>c  of  red 
On  tlie  bri>ad  yelbiw  slrii>c  is  an  oval  shield 
licaring  a  crown  and  showing  the  arms  of 
C.rsiilc  impaling  I^cnn. 

819.  The  merchant  flag  of  S|>ain  consisU  of 


five  stripes,  three  yellow  and  two  red,  yellow 
at  the  top  and  bottom.  The  central  stripe  is 
wider  than  the  others.  The  flag  bears  no  de- 
vice, bat  the  colors  are  those  of  Aragon  and 
Castile. 

820.  The  flag  of  Switzerland  consists  of  a 
red  held  with  a  white  cross.  When  the  Red 
Cross  was  recognized  at  the  International  Con- 
ference at  Geneva,  in  1863,  a  distinguishing 
badge  was  devised  for  times  of  war  and  peace. 
It  will  he  noticed  that  the  colors  adopted  are 
those  of  Switzerland  counterchanged,  the  red 
cross  being  in  a  while  ground. 

821.  The  Captain  General  of  the  fleet  of 
Spain  flies  the  familiar  red  and  yellow  colors 
with  an  anchor  placed  horizontally  on  the  yel- 
low bar. 

822.  Spanish  ambassadors  fly  a  swallow-tail 
flag  made  up  of  white,  red,  and  yellow.  The 
third  of  the  flag  next  to  the  staff  is  white  and 
red.  white  at  the  top  and  red  below.  The  mid- 
dle bar  of  the  flag  is  yellow  and  upon  it  two 
crossed  tasseled  pencils  are  imposed.  The  third 
of  tlie  flag  at  the  fly  end  is  red. 

823.  The  flag  of  a  Spanish  minister  is  like 
that  of  an  ambassador,  except  that  instead  of 
the  pencils  there  are  three  blue  disks  on  the 
s'ellow  bar. 

824.  The  military  and  naval  service  of 
Tunis  has  a  flag  consisting  of  a  red  field,  upon 
which  is  centered  a  white  disk  having  a  diam- 
eter half  the  vertical  wid'h  of  the  flag.  Upon  this 
disk  a  red  crescent  and  a  red  star  are  imposed. 
The  flag  is  inherited  from  Turkey,  although 
't  is  no  longer  uiider  Turkish  domination. 


825.  The  royal  standard  of  Sweden  consists 
of  a  blue  flag  bearing  a  yellow  cross.  This 
flag  is  swallowtailed  and  the  horizontal  arm  of 
the  cross  in  the  fly  projects.  Upon  the  inter- 
section of  the  cross  is  placed  the  coat-of-arms 
of  the  country. 

826.  The  ensign  of  Sweden  is  like  the  royal 
standard,  with  the  exception  that  the  coat-of- 
arms  is  omitted. 

827.  The  merchant  flag  of  Sweden  is  a  rec- 
tangular blue  flag,  bearing  the  yellow  cross. 
The  blue  and  yellow  were  regarded  as  colors 
of  freedom  and  independence  at  the  time  they 
were  incorporated  in  the  Swedish  flag. 

828.  The  standard  of  tlie  L) "y  of  Tunis  is  a 
fearfully  and  wonderfully  made  flag.  It  con- 
sists of  seven  horizontal  stripes — red.  yellow, 
red,  green,  red,  yellow,  red — the  green  stripe 
being  double  the  width  of  the  others.  The 
stripes  do  not  extend  the  full  length  of  the 
flag,  but  join  a  narrow  green  stripe  next  to 
and  parallel  with  the  staff.  Every  red  stripe 
has  four  yellow-centered  green  disks  and  four 
yellow  stars  arranged  alternately.  On  every 
yellow  stripe  are  four  red  stars  and  four  black 
disks  with  red  centers  arranged  in  the  same 
way.  On  the  broad  central  green  stripe  is  a 
double-pointed  dagger  with  white  blade  and 
red  handle,  gold  and  red  stars  being  distributed 
about  it.  Tins  flag  is  a  western  variation  of 
the  old  flag  of  the  days  of  Moslem  authority. 
In  those  days  there  were  thirteen  stripes  in- 
stead of  seven.  Tunis  is  now  under  French 
dominion  and  the  tricolor  is  the  supreme  ban- 
ner of  the  land. 


THE  FLAGS  OF  THE  BRITISH  EMPIRE 


829.  The  national  flag  of  the  British  Empire, 
the  union  jack,  combines  the  crosses  of  St. 
George  (830),  St.  Andrew  (8,^0,  and  St.  Pat- 
rick (832).  When  the  union  of  the  two  crowns 
of  England  and  Scotland  took  place  upon  the 
accession  of  James  VI  of  Scotland  to  the  Eng- 
lish throne  as  James  I,  the  cross  of  St.  An- 
drew, the  patron  saint  of  Scotland,  and  that  of 
St.  George,  the  patron  saint  of  England,  were 
combined,  and  all  ships  were  ordered  to  fly  at 
their  maintop  the  new  flag,  while  at  the  fore- 
top  the  English  were  still  to  fly  the  red  cross 
of  St.  George  and  the  Scots  the  white  cross  of 
St.  Andrew. 

This  was  the  firsl  union  jack  (361),  as  it  is 
generally  termed,  though,  strictly  speaking,  the 
name  of  the  flag  is  "great  union,"  being  a  jack 
only  when  flown  from  the  jackstaff  of  a  ship 
of  war.  James  I  alwavs  signed  his  name 
"Jacques,"  and  it  is  believed  in  many  quarters 
that  the  jack  and  the  jackstaff  of  the  navy  de- 
rived their  names  from  that  fact.  Others  con- 
tend that  "jack"  was  used  a^  early  as  the  close 
of  the  sixteenth  century  Lord  Howard's  ships 
in  their  attack  upon  the  Spanish  Arniada,  in 
15SS.  arc  described  as  carrying  a  "jack"  on  the 
jackstaff,  their  jack  being  a  small  edition  of 
the  red  cross  of  St.  George. 

That  St.  George's  cross  was  placed  over  St. 
Andrew's    was   distressing   to   the    Scots,   who 


made  it  the  subject  of  an  appeal  to  the  King 
(see  1 1 3-).  But  even  a  king  cannot  solve  all  of 
the  problems  of  heraldry.  That  a-t  has  no  way 
of  making  two  devices  on  a  flag  of  equal  value. 
If  they  be  put  side  by  side  the  position  next 
the  staff  is  more  honorable  than  the  one  re- 
mote from  it,  just  as  the  upper  portion  of  a 
flag  is  more  honorable  than  the  lower.  After 
the  death  of  Charles  I,  the  union  of  Scotland 
and  England  was  dissolved  and  the  ships  of 
parliament  reverted  to  the  use  of  the  simple 
cross  of  St.  George,  while  those  of  Scotland 
took  up  the  cross  of  St.  Andrew  again.  When 
Cromwell  became  protector  he  restored  the 
"nion  flag,  imposing  the  Irisli  harp  upon  its 
center. 

After  the  Restoration,  Charles  II  removed 
the  harp,  and  so  the  original  union  flag  was 
revived  and  continued  in  that  form  until  1801, 
when,  upon  the  legislative  union  of  Great  Brit- 
ain and  Ireland,  the  cross  of  St.  Patrick  was 
incorporated.  To  combine  these  crosses  with- 
out losing  the  characteristic  features  of  each 
was  not  easy.  Each  had  to  be  distinct  and  at 
the  same  time  retain  a  border  which  would 
denote  its  original  ground.  To  place  the  red 
cross  of  St.  Patrick  on  the  white  cross  of  St. 
Andrew  would  have  obliterated  the  latter,  and 
vice  versa.  Therefore  it  was  decided  to  make 
the  white  broader  on  one  side  of  the  red  tharj 


378 


ihc  other.  This  breaks  the  continuity  of  ilirec- 
tion  of  the  arms  of  St.  Patrick's  cross,  but 
permits  the  Irish  and  Scottish  crosses  to  be 
distinguished  from  one  another. 

The  union  jack  tlies  from  the  jackstafT  of 
every  nian-of  war  in  tlie  Uritish  navy.  Witli 
the  Irish  liarp  on  a  bhie  shiild  ihs|)laycd  in  the 
center,  it  is  Mown  liy  the  l.ord  Uieiitenant  of 
Ireland.  The  Governor  General  of  India  adds 
to  it  the  star  and  tievice  of  the  Order  of  the 
Star  of  India  and  tlies  it;  colonial  Kovernors 
add  the  badge  of  their  colony  in  the  center  and 
fly  it;  diplomatic  representatives  use  it  with 
the  royal  arms  in  the  center.  As  a  military 
flag  it  is  flown  over  fortresses  and  headquar- 
ters, and  on  all  occasions  of  military  cere- 
mony. The  admiral  of  the  fleet  hoists  it  at 
the  mainmast  of  a  man-of-war  as  his  flaw. 

830.  The  red  cross  of  St.  George  is  reputed 
to  have  originated  during  the  Crusades.  The 
story  goes  that  while  engaged  in  a  great  battle 
the  soldiers  of  Kngland  were  wearied  and. 
seeing  that  the  number  of  enemies  did  not  de- 
crease, began  to  despair.  .-Xt  this  critical  mo- 
ment an  intinite  number  of  heavenly  soldiers, 
all  in  white,  descended  from  the  mountains, 
the  standard  bearers  and  leaders  of  them  being 
St.  George,  St.  Maurice,  and  St.  Demetrius. 
When  the  Bishop  of  I,e  Puy  first  beheld  them 
he  cried  aloud  to  his  troops,  "There  are  they, 
the  succours  which  in  the  name  of  God  I 
promised  you."  As  a  result  of  the  miracle  the 
enemies  turned  their  backs  and  lost  the  field, 
there  being  slain  one  hundred  thousand  horse, 
besides  foot  innumerable,  and  in  their  trenches 
such  infinite  store  of  victuals  and  munitions 
were  found  that  the  Christians  were  refreshed 
and  the  enemy  confounded.  This  great  victory 
at  .\ntioch  led  to  the  recovery  of  Jerusalem, 
and  during  the  Crusades  England,  Aragon, 
and  Portugal  all  assumed  St.  George  as  their 
patron  saint. 

The  cross  of  St.  George  was  worn  as  a 
badge  over  the  armor  by  every  Knglish  soldier 
in  the  fourteenth  century,  if  imlced  not  in 
earli  r  times.  It  was  the  flag  under  which  the 
great  seamen  of  Elizabeth's  reign  traded,  ex- 
plored, and  fought ;  it  was  the  flag  that  Drake 
bore  around  the  world :  and  to  this  day  it  is 
the  flag  of  the  British  admiral   (see  605). 

831.  St.  Andrew  has  been  the  patron  saint 
of  Scotland  since  about  740  .V.  D.  Mow  he 
came  to  be  such  has  never  been  satisfactorily 
settled.  When  he  suffered  martyrdom,  in  the 
year  60  •■\-  D.  at  Papras.  his  remains  were  care- 
fullv  preserved:  but  in  .?;o.  Regxilus.  one  of 
the  Greek  monks  to  whom  they  had  been  en- 
trusted, learned  in  a  vision  that  the  Emperor 
Consl.nntine  was  proposing  to  move  them  to 
Constantinople.  In  compliance  with  the  in- 
structions received  in  the  vision.  Reguhis  at 
once  visited  the  shrine  and  removed  the  arm 
bones,  three  fingers  of  the  right  hand,  and  a 
tooth,  and,  putting  them  into  a  chest,  set  sail 
with  some  half  do/en  companions.  .After  a 
stormv  vovagc  the  vessel  was  dashed  upon  a 
rock  .nnd  Rcguhis  and  his  companions  landed 
-.n  an  unknown  shore  and  found  themselves  in 
,1  gl  ..:nv  forest.  The  natives  there  listened  to 
their  --'rv  and  gave  them  land  on  which  to 
build  a  church  for  the  glory  of  God  and  the 
enshrining  of  the  relic.  This  inhospitable  shore 
orovcd  to  be  that  of  Caledonia  ( Scotland). 


833.  .Vuthorities  agree  that,  devoutly  as  mil- 
liuns  love  it,  the  use  of  St.  Patrick's  cn.is  is 
in  defiance  of  all  ecclesiastical  usage  and  cus- 
tom, because  St.  Patrick  never  sulTercd  mar- 
tyrdom, but  died  in  his  bed  at  the  ripe  age  of 
ninety.  It  is  said  that  he  was  never  canoni/r«l. 
and  that  his  sainth<HMi,  like  his  cross,  is  due  to 
IH>pular  err.ir.  Ii  has  been  suggested  by  S"mc 
that  the  .\-like  form  of  cross.  iHith  of  the  Irish 
and  of  the  Scot>.  is  derived  from  the  sacred 
monogram  of  the  labaruni  of  Constanlinr. 
where  the  X  is  the  first  letter  of  the  Greek 
word  for  Christ.  This  symliMlic  meaning  of 
the  form  might  reailily  have  been  ad<>|ite<l  in 
the  early  Irish  church  and  thence  carried  by 
missionaries  through  Scotland.  .-Xnolhcr  sug- 
gestion is  that  the  retl  cross  on  a  white  field 
was  the  heraldic  <lcvicc  of  the  Geraldines.  <l.n. 
ing  at  least  from  .Maurice  I'itzgcrald.  the 
grandson  of  Rhys,  the  great  King  of  South 
Wales,  who  land-d  in  Irel.ind  in  iitx}  on  the 
invitation  of  King  Dermod  of  l.cinster.  and 
that  it  is  in  fact  a  banner  not  of  St.  Patrick, 
but  of  the  Norman  Invader,  which  was  adroitly 
held  up  to  the  pit>ple  of  these  islands  as  dis- 
tinctive of  the  patron  saint. 

St.  Patrick  was  liorn  in  Scotland,  near  where 
Glasgow  now  stands.  The  date  of  his  birth 
was  about  the  middle  of  the  fifth  century.  His 
father  was  of  gi>od  family,  and  while  the  fu- 
ture saint  was  umler  the  paternal  nwif  divers 
visions  revealed  to  him  that  he  was  destined 
for  the  great  work  of  the  conversion  of  Ire- 
land, at  that  time  steeped  in  idolatry,  lie  re- 
signed his  birthright  and  social  position  and 
took  the  burden  of  the  Irish  upon  him.  Or- 
dained a  deacon  and  priest,  he  was  ultiinaiely 
made  a  bishop,  in  which  capacity  he  traveled 
over  the  whole  island,  founding  nuinasieries, 
and  filling  the  country  with  churches  and 
schools  and  with  piety  and  learning.  Tradi- 
tion has  it  that  he  found  Ireland  a  land  of 
barbarism  and  left  it  a  seat  of  Karning  and 
piety.  It  continued  for  centuries  a  center  of 
mental  and  spiritual  light. 

833.  With  its  three  golden  lions  represent- 
ing England,  its  red  lion  rampant  standing  for 
Scotlaiul,  and  its  golden  harp  (or  Ireland,  the 
royal  standard  was  first  lioiste<l  on  the  Tower 
of  London  on  the  first  day  of  January.  iSoi. 

How  England  came  to  be  repre-cnted  by 
three  lions  is  not  entirely  clear.  Two  lions 
were  assigne<l  as  the  arms  of  William  the  Con- 
ijueror.  a  lion  each  for  N'orinamlv  and  Maine, 
but  there  is  no  distinct  evidence  that  he  l>ore 
them.  .'Xs  a  Crusader.  Richard  C'rur  dc  I.i"n's 
banner  bore  two  lions  combatant,  but  on  his 
second  great  shield  three  lions  |iass.int  gnard- 
ant  appear.  The  date  of  this  shield  i»  1 105.  »o 
that  for  nearly  seven  and  a  <|uarler  centuries, 
with  the  exception  I'f  the  days  of  Cromwell, 
the  three  goMcn  lions  on  the  red  field  have 
typified  the  p<iwer  of  England. 

The  rampant  lion  of  Scotland  tlates  from  the 
time  of  Willi.ain  the  Lion,  alwiiit  tifiS.  It  l»e- 
camc  a  part  of  the  roval  staiulard  in  l6oj 
The  Scots  di<l  not  like  the  idea  of  Ihcir  li.in 
being  placed  in  the  second  quarter  any  more 
than  thev  relished  the  thoucht  of  St.  .Andrew'* 
cross  lie'ing  placed  under  that  "f  St.  Genrgc. 
They  claimed  thjt  after  Ihc  death  of  Queen 
iii.'i,.,!,    ihc    Scottiih    crown    virtually    an- 


379 


nexed  the  English,  and  felt  so  bitter  aboi:t  it 
that  for  many  years  after  the  union  on  all 
sin'elds  devoted  to  Scottish  business,  and  on 
the  flag  displayed  north  of  the  Tweed  the 
arms  of  Scotland  were  placed  in  the  first  quar- 
ter, as  they,  are  on  tlie  monument  to  Queen 
Elizabeth  m  Westminster  Abbey  (see  also 
1 133). 

The  early  standard  of  Ireland  contained 
three  gold  crowns  on  a  blue  field.  Henry  VIII 
substituted  the 'harp,  and  James  I  finally  placed 
it  on  the  third  quarter  of  the  royal  standard. 
The  Earl  of  Northampton,  writing  in  the  reign 
of  King  James  I,  "suggested  that  the  best  rea- 
son that  he  could  observe  for  the  use  of  the 
harp  was  tliat  it  resembled  the  country  it  typi- 
fied in  being  an  instrument  that  cost  more  to 
keep  it  in  tune  than  it  was  worth. 

The  royal  standard  is  hoisted  only  when  the 
King  is  actually  w'ithin  the  palace  or  castle,  or 
at  the  saluting  point,  or  on  board  the  vessel 
wliicli  flies  it.  The  King's  regulations  say : 
"The  royal  standard,  being  the  personal  flag 
of  a  sovereign,  is  not  to  be  displayed  in  future 
on  board  His  Majesty's  ship  or  on  official 
buildings,  as  has  hitherto  been  customary  on 
His  Majesty's  birthday  and  other  occasions: 
but  It  shall  only  be  hoisted  on  occasions  when 
tlie  sovereign  is  actually  present  or  when  any 
member  of  the  royal  family  is  present,  repre- 
senting the  sovereign." 

834.  The  wdiite  ensign,  bearing  the  red  cross 
of  St.  George  with  the  imion  flag  of  the  Em- 
pire as  its  canton,  is  the  fighting  flag  of  the 
British  navy.  When  at  anchor  in  home  ports 
the  British  ships  hoist  their  colors  at  8  o'clock 
in  the  morning  in  the  summer-time  and  at  g 
o'clock  in  the  winter,  and  when  abroad  either 
at  8  or  9,  as  the  commander-in-chief  directs. 
On  the  hoisting  of  the  ensign  all  work  stops 
and  all  ranks  must  get  on  deck,  standing  at 
the  salute  as  the  band  plays  the  opening  bars 
of  the  national  anthem,  the  man  at  the  hal- 
yards timing  his  pulls,  so  that  the  ensign 
reaches  tlie  truck  at  the  last  note  of  the  band, 
just  as  it  readies  the  deck  in  the  evening, 
wdien  it  is  played  down.  The  regulations  pro- 
vide tliat  British  ships  shall  not  on  any  account 
lower  their  flags  to  any  foreign  ships  whatso- 
ever, unless  the  foreign  ships  shall  first  or  at 
the  same  time  lower  their  flags  to  them. 

835.  The  blue  ensign  of  the  British  Empire  is 
now  flown  by  naval  reserve  vessels,  public  offi- 
cers afloat,  the  consular  service,  the  government 
vessels  of  the  several  colonies,  by  hired  trans- 
port?;, bv  hired  surveying  vessels  commanded 
by  officers  of  the  royal  navy,  by  commissioned 
officers  serving  as  mail  agents,  by  the  Fishery 
Board  for  Sco'tland,  by  the  Pacific  Cable  Board 
ships,  by  Lloyds  (in  boats),  by  the  Indian  Ma- 
rine, and  by  Royal  Naval  Reserve.  The  privi- 
lege of  flying  tiie  blue  ensign  is  also  allowed 
to  British  merchantmen  commanded  by  officers 
on  the  retired  list  of  the  royal  navy,  or  by 
officers  of  the  Royal  Naval  Reserve,  on  condi- 
tion tliat  either  officer  commanding  the  ship  is 
one  of  these,  that  ten  of  the  crew  belong  to 
the  reserve,  or  that  the  ship  is  in  receipt  of 
an  admiralty  warrant.  Yaclit  clubs  (except  the 
royal,  which  flies  the  white)  fly  the  blue  ensign. 
When  flown  by  ships  belonging  to  the  British 
pnlilic  service,  it  bears   in   the  fly  the   seal  or 


badge  of  the  office  to  which  the  ship  is  ac- 
credited. For  example,  hired  transports  fly 
it  with  a  yellow  anchor  in  the  fly  (see  846)  ; 
the  ordnance  department  of  the  War  Office 
displays  it  with  a  shield  on  the  fly  bearing  a 
cannon  and  cannon  balls  (see  854). 

836.  No  other  flag  in  the  world  flutters  iti 
the  breeze  of  as  many  ports  or  sails  as  fat 
and  wide  as  the  red  ensign  of  the  British  Mer 
chant  Marine.  At  the  beginning  of  the  present 
war  nearly  one-half  of  all  of  the  cargo-  and 
passenger-carrying  ships  of  the  earth  sailed 
under  these  colors.  It  is  not  improbable  thai 
more  than  half  of  all  the  passengers  and  car- 
goes sailing  the  seven  seas  were  carried  upon 
them,  for  no  nation's  ships  were  tnore  effi- 
ciently handled.  At  that  time  tlie  tonnage  of 
the  British  JMerchant  Marine  was  more  thar 
four  times  as  great  as  that  of  Germany. 

837.  Uther  Pendragon,  father  of  King 
.'Xrthur,  had  a  vision  of  a  flaming  dragon  ir 
the  sky.  This  his  seers  interpreted  as  mean- 
ing that  he  should  ascend  the  throne.  Aftei 
liis  accession  he  had  two  golden  dragons  fash 
ioned.  one  of  which  he  carried  into  battle 
The  ./Xnglo-Saxon  kings  were  impressed  with 
the  image  and  incorporated  it  into  their  arms 
Not  until  the  twentieth  century  was  it  officially 
restored,  as  proper  only  to  the  race  of  Uther 
Pendragon.  Under  the  reign  of  Edward  VII 
it  was  incorporated  into  the  armorial  bearings 
i)f  the  Prince  of  Wales. 

838.  The  lion  rampant  with  the  tressure 
which  is  the  device  of  Scotland  and  which  is 
^een  in  the  second  quarter  of  tlie  British  royal 
standard,  first  appeared  on  the  seal  of  King 
.■\lexander  II  about  12.50  A.  D.  Without  inodi- 
ficalion  in  color  or  form,  it  was  borne  by  all 
the  sovereigns  of  Scotland,  and  on  the  acces- 
sion of  James  VI  to  the  throne  of  England  as 
James  T,  in  the  year  1603,  it  became  an  integral 
part  of  the  king's  standard,  and  has  so  re- 
mained to  this  day. 

839.  The  story  of  the  harp  of  Ireland,  which 
.-ippcars  on  the  blue  field  of  the  Irish  standard 
has  Iieen  told  in  the  account  of  the  history  oi 
the  British  royal  standard  (833),  on  which  it 
appears  in  the  third  quarter  (see  also  ii33^- 

840.  The  three  golden  lions  of  the  standard 
of  England  are,  as  told  in  833,  of  doubtful 
I'rigin.  Certain  it  is  that,  except  for  the  break 
which  occurred  in  the  years  that  Cromwell  was 
Protector,  they  have  typified  the  might  of  Eng- 
land for  seven  hundred  years. 

841.  The  royal  family's  standard  of  the 
British  Empire  is  the  same  as  the  royal  stand- 
ard (833),  except  that  it  has  a  wdiite  border 
and  bears  as  an  escutcheon  of  pretence  the 
arms  of  Saxony  (098),  proclaiming  the  conti- 
nental origin  of  the  royal  family.  .\s  the  name 
of  the  reigning  family  has  been  changed  re- 
cently, it  is  probable  also  that  its  standard  will 
he  changed  in  this  same  particular. 

842.  The  flag  of  the  Lord  Lieutenant  of 
Ireland  is  the  national  flag  of  the  British  Em- 
pire, with  the  golden  harp  of  the  Irish  on  a  blue 
escutcheon  at  the  intersection  of  the  crosses. 

843.  The  County  Lords  Lieutenant,  when 
nn  land,  fly  the  union  with  a  crown  over  a 
sword  borne  horizontally  along  the  middle  artn 
of  St.  George's  cross.  Each  county  of  Great 
Britain   and   Ireland   has   such  a   chief  official. 


^. 


380 


who  controls  the  appointment  of  justices  of 
tlie  peace  and  issues  conunissions  in  the  local 
military  organizations,  aiiU  in  earlier  times  was 
charged  with  the  defense  of  his  county  in  case 
of  disturbance. 

844.  The  tlag  of  British  diplomatic  func- 
tionaries is  that  of  the  Kmpire,  bearint;  upon 
the  intersection  of  the  crosses  a  white  shield 
surrounded  by  a  garland.  The  shield  is  charijed 
\vith  the  royal  arms — that  is.  the  lions  of  Eng- 
land,  the  red  lion  of  Scotland,  and  the  harp  of 
Ireland — in  the  quarters  corresponding;  to  those 
of  the  royal  standard  (S33),  with  a  lion  and  a 
unicorn,  rampant,  for  supporters. 

845-860.  These  are  the  tlans  of  various  dc- 
partnicnts  of  the   British  Oovernincnt. 

BRITISH  COLOXI.\L  IL.\GS 

The  union  jack  (820)  is  the  national  flag  of 
the  colonies  as  well  as  of  the  mother  country, 
and.  although  it  is  a  rule  more  honored  in  it'; 
breach  than  in  its  observance.  ni>  ether  flag  is 
to  be  flown  ashore.  The  ensigns  are,  strictlv 
speaking,  maritime  flags  and  are  not  supposeil 
to  be  displayed  ashore.  .According  to  Britisli 
flag  law,  the  union  jack,  in  its  plain  con<lition 
and  with'  i;t  emblazonment  or  ba<lgc.  is  the 
only  fl.ig  an  individual  or  corporation  in  Brit- 
ish realms  may  properly  fly.  However,  since 
the  shipping  of  tlic  principal  colonics  is  accus- 
tomed t:>  fly  the  red  ensign  with  the  badge  of 
the  colony  represented  in  tlic  fly  (see  S71,  oil. 
q6S,  etc.),  this  flag  is  fref|uenily,  if  not  indeed 
usually,  displayed  by  the  people  of  the  several 
colonics  as  their  particular  flag.  Vessels  bear- 
ing ci^Ionial  governors  or  other  administrative 
oflicials  of  badge-possessing  rank  fly  the  union 
jack  with  a  badge  of  the  colony  placed  within 
a  wreath  at  the  intersection  of  the  crosses. 
Vessels  of  the  colonial  public  service  display 
the  blue  ensign  with  the  badge  of  the  colony 
from  which  it  hails  in  the  fly. 

861.  The  badge  of  Gibraltar  is  a  castle  and 
key.  appropriate  to  the  strategic  position  of 
thi-i  natural  fortress.  .\n  inscription  on  a 
scroll  below  represents  .Xb^unt  Calpc,  Caipe 
being  the  ancient  name  of  the  European  Pillar 
of  Hercules  as  distinct  from  .Vpc's  Hill,  the 
.Vlrican   Pillar. 

863.  The  badge  of  Malta  is  a  gold-bordered 
shield  of  white  and  red,  and  not  the  eight- 
poinlcd    silver   cross   of   the    Hospitallers    (sec 

863.  The  badge  of  Cyprus  has  two  red  lions 
adapted  from  the  antique. 

864.  The  badge  of  the  Isle  of  Man  consists 
of  an  e--cutcheon  upon  which  arc  three  tri- 
corporate  running  legs.  They  are  joined  at 
the  upper  part  of  the  thighs  and  flexed  in  a 
triangle.  Once  these  legs  were  the  arms  of 
Sicily,  but  they  were  bare;  when  appropriated 
by  the  Man.xmen.  they  were  first  supplied  with 
li'M-.  later  incased  in  armi>r,  and  finally 
eiinippcd  with  spurs. 

865.  .\lderney"s  badge  is  a  green  medallion 
bearing  a  golden  lion  crowned  and  ramp-ant. 

866.  Jersey  contents  herself  with  a  badge 
showing  the  three  lioni  of   England. 

867.  The  badge  of  Guernsey  shows  the  three 
lions  of  England  with  the  addition  of  3  sprig 
at  the  top. 


868.  The  flag  of  the  Governor  Gmrral  of 
Canada    cuiisisis    m    the    national    llot;   of    the 
British  Empire  with  tlie  arms  of  Canada,  sur 
rounded    by    a    wreath    and    crowned,    imposed 
uiHui  the  intersection  of  the  crosses. 

869.  The  badge  of  Canada  has  a  >liicld 
(|uarierrd.  In  tlie  lirst  (|uarier  i^  (he  shield  of 
Ontario  (S;.-),  in  the  second  of  Oiiebec  (Sr.fl 
in  the  third  that  »f  .\>i\a  Scotia  (^74),  and  in 
the  fourth  that  of  .New  Brunswick  (SrsJ-  Tht- 
provinces  of  Prince  l-Ulward  Island,  .Manitoba 
and  British  Columbia  do  imt  a|i|>ear,  havin(> 
Jiiined  the  Dominion  alter  the  anus  were  de 
vised.  .\rounc|  the  esciilcheon  are  intertwined 
wreaths  .md  almve  il  the  env«n  of  the  Empire 

870.  The  blue  ensign  of  Canada  is  the  Brit 
ish   blue   ensign    with    the   addition    of    the   es- 
cutcheon of  the  Colonial  Government   iiii|H)!>e<) 
on  the  fly  end. 

871.  The  merchant  flag  of  Canada  is  thr 
red  ensign  of  the  British  merehaiit  marine 
with  the  shield  of  the  Canadian  <'iovcrninenl 
imposed  on  the  lielil. 

87a.  Ontario's  bailge  has  an  escutcheon,  the 
upper  third  of  which  lu-ars  a  cross  of  St 
George  oti  white  and  the  lower  lw>>-third! 
three  maple  leaves  on   green. 

873.  The  badge  of  Quebec  is  an  escutcheon 
of  gold  with  a  horizontal  bar  of  red  in  the 
center.  At  the  top  of  the  shield  are  ilic  lilie? 
of  Erance.  which  proclaim  the  old  IVeiicli  do- 
minion. The  lion  of  England  on  the  reil  bar 
proclaims  the  present  rule,  and  the  maple  leaf 
at   the  bottom  is  the  emblem  of  C.inada  itself 

874.  .\ova  Scotia's  badge  is  an  escutcheon 
t>{  gold  wiih  a  hi'ri/ontal  bar  of  blue  in  the 
middle.  The  bar  bears  a  silver  salmon.  .Mx've 
and  below  the  blue  stripe  are  thistles,  which 
are  reminiscent  of  Scotland   (see  .il«o  .Wi>. 

875.  Bearing  the  g(dden  lion  -if  I-'ngland  al 
'.he  top  and  the  ancient  lymidiad  or  galley  be 
low.  the  badge  of  New  Brunswick  has  the 
same  colors  in  its  held  as  that  of  Quebec. 

876.  Manitoba's  badge  is  an  escutcheon 
hearing  the  cross  of  St.  George  at  the  lop  on 
white  and  a  natural-colored  InilT.ilo  on  green 
below. 

877.  Prince 'Edward  Island,  which  joined 
the  Dominion  in  187,?,  has  fr>r  its  badge  a 
shield  which  bears  the  British  lion  at  the  top 
•  in  red  and  two  trees,  one  lar«e  a^id  one  small, 
on  white.  The  inscription  is  "Parva  sub  in- 
gelili"    (The  little  ninler  the  great  1. 

878.  British  Columbia's  badge  consists  of  a 
shield  bearing  the  union  jack  at  the  toi>  and  a 
rising  sun  below,  its  rays  extending  over  five 

line  and  white  horizontal  slri|H-s  which  occtipy 
•.he  middle  section  of  the  shield. 

879.  Newfoundland  is  Great  Britain's  "senior 
colony."  being  the  earliest  discovered,  though 
not  continuously  i->ccupie<l,  of  British  overseas 
dominions.  Its  bailge  is  a  Mcrciirv  introduc- 
ing to  Britannia  a  kneeling  sailor  who  h.\»  just 
landed  from  a  iKiat.  "Thcsr  gilts  I  bring  you" 
is  the  inscription.  .\\  the  top  are  the  words 
"Terra   .Nova." 

880.  Bermuda's  badge  is  .1  while  shield  on 
which  is  represented  the  wreck  of  the  SfO 
Venture,  under  Sir  Goirge  S<>nicrs,  in  tfioQ. 
There  is  shown  .1  clilT  loftier  than  the  ship's 
masthead,  and  the  imposed  escutcheon  bearing 
the  scene  is  supported  b>'  a  rc<f  lion. 


3«i 


88i.  A  large  and  two  small  ships  within  a 
garter  surmounted  by  a  crown  constitute  the 
principal  device  of  the  badge  of  the  Bahamas. 
On  the  garter  are  words  which  tell  us  that  the 
pirates  have  been  expelled  and  that  business 
has  been  resumed.  This  is  the  badge  of  the 
group  of  islands  whicli  include  what  is  now 
known  as  Watling's  Island,  believed  to  have 
been  the  first  landing  place  of  Christopher 
Columbus,  who  called  it  San   Salvador. 

882.  The  badge  of  Sombrero  and  Bahama 
Li.ghts  has  a  blue  field  hearing  a  ring  of  red 
inclosing  a  lighthouse  shedding  its  rays.  The 
ring  is  crowned  and  inscribed  "Board  of 
Trade."  Above  the  crown  is  a  scroll  bearing 
the  word  "Bahamas." 

883.  Jamaica's  badge  shows  an  escutcheon 
bearing  St.  C/eorge's  cross  and  surmounted  by 
a  lizard.  Upon  the  cross  are  distributed,  one 
at  each  arm  and  one  at  the  intersection,  five 
pineapples.  The  escutcheon  is  supported  by 
two  Indians. 

884.  The  Turks  and  Caicos  Islands,  which 
are  close  to  the  Bahamas,  have  an  escutcheon 
which  consists  of  a  full-rigged  sailing  ship  in 
the  background,  a  man  making  salt  in  the  mid- 
dle foreground,  and  the  name  of  the  islands 
below. 

885.  On  the  badge  of  the  Leeward  Islands 
appears  in  tlie  middle  distance  a  mountainous 
coast,  skirted  by  a  full-rigged  ship;  in  the 
foreground  is  another  ship:  on  the  shore  a 
pineapple,  larger  than  either  ship,  and  three 
smaller  ones.  Above  the  whole  appear  the 
British  royal  arms. 

886.  Britannia,  robed  in  blue,  red,  and  er- 
mine, and  ruling  the  waves  from  the  backs  of 
two  sea-horses,  forms  the  principal  scheme  of 
the  badge  of  Barbados.  One  sea-horse  in  this 
badge  has  a  blue  tail. 

887.  The  Windward  Isles  have  a  badge 
which  makes  use  of  a  garter  encircling  a  blue 
field,  upon  which  is  pl.-iced  a  quartered  shield — 
red,  yellow,  green,  and  purple.  The  device  is 
crowned.  The  motto  is,  "I  Pede  Fausto," 
"Make  a  propitious  beginning." 

888.  St.  Lucia,  the  chief  coaling  station  of 
the  British  fleet  in  the  West  Indies,  has  for  a 
badge  a  landscape  in  which  appear  the  Pitons, 
twin  mountains  of  tlie  island,  and  the  ever- 
bubbling  volcano  Snufriere,  with  a  land-locked 
harbor  in  the  foreground.  The  Latin  motto 
below  describes  this  harbor  as  "Hardly  a  faith- 
less guard  for  ships." 

889.  St.  Vincent's  badge  has  a  classical 
group  showing  a  woman  holding  a  branch  and 
another  kneeling  before  the  altar  of  the  law, 
upon  which  she  is  placing  a  wreath.  The  badge 
bears  the  motto,  "Pax  et  Justicia." 

890.  Discovered  by  Columbus  on  his  third 
voyage,  Grenada  seems  to  have  taken  his  sliip, 
in  full  sail  and  running  before  a  spanking 
breeze  toward  the  island,  as  its  badge.  The  in- 
scription "Clarior  e  Tcnehris"  means  "Brighter 
out  of  the  darkness,"  and  doubtless  refers  to 
the  fact  that  Grenada  is  beyond  the  hurricane 
line. 

891.  The  badge  of  British  Guiana,  the  Brit- 
ish Empire's  continental  lioldings  on  the  coast 
of  South  America,  consists  of  a  clipper  in  full 
sail  surrounded  by  a  garter  of  gold. 


892.  The  facts  that  British  Honduras  is  a 
mahogany  colony,  that  it  belongs  to  the  British 
Empire,  and  that  it  is  given  to  trading,  are 
lirought  out  in  the  shield  of  the  colony,  which 
is  circular,  one-third  of  it  being  devoted  to 
the  display  of  tlie  tools  of  mahogany  logging, 
the  second  third  showing  the  union  jack,  while 
the  remaining  third  bears  a  full-rigged  sailing 
ship. 

893.  Trinidad  and  Tobago  have  a  badge 
which  shows  a  mountain  in  the  background,' a 
frigate  in  the  left  middle  ground,  and  a  blue 
ensign  on  a  jetty  in  the  right  middle  ground. 
A  boat,  a  smaller  ship,  a  house,  and  several 
spars  showing  behind  the  jetty  complete  the 
picture.  Below,  on  white,  is  a  Latin  inscrip- 
tion meaning  "He  approves  of  the  people  unit- 
ing and  entering  into  treaties." 

894.  A  white  bull  standing  in  tussac  grass 
and  a  frigate  in  a  river  close  by  form  the 
badge  of  the  Falkland  Islands,  lying  off  South 
America  and  belonging  to  England. 

895.  The  smaller  British  islands  of  the  Pa- 
cific are  under  the  control  of  the  Western 
Pacific  High  Commissioner.  His  badge  is  the 
crown  of  the -Empire  above  the  letters  W  P 
H  C. 

8g6.  The  main  feature  of  the  badge  of  the 
Fiji  Islands  is  an  escutcheon  bearing  at  the 
top  on  red  the  British  lion.  Below  is  the  red 
cross  of  St.  George  on  white.  The  quarters 
thus  formed  bear  specimens  of  the  vegetable 
and  bird  life  of  the  islands.  The  shield  is 
supported  by  two  Polynesians  wearing  skirts 
of  straw  and  standing  on  a  scroll  upon  which 
is  inscribed  a  motto  in  the  native  language. 
The  crest  is  a  native  catamaran  in  full  sail. 

897.  The  resident  commissioner  of  the  New 
Hebrides  has  as  a  badge  a  disk  of  white  en- 
circled by  a  wreath  of  green  and  red  and  bear- 
ing a  crown  with  the  words  NEW  Hebrides 
around  it. 

898.  The  Protectorate  of  the  British  Solo- 
mon Islands  has  a  simple  badge,  consisting  of 
the  royal  crnwn,  surrounded  by  the  three  words 
on  a  white  field,  British   solojion  isl.'vnds. 

899.  The  British  Resident  of  the  Gilbert 
and  Ellice  Islands,  in  the  southern  Pacific,  has 
a  badge  whicli  consists  of  a  white  field  bearing 
below  the  letters  B  R,  above  which  is  a  crown. 

900.  The  Governor  of  New  Zealand  flies  a 
flag  which  consists  of  the  national  flag  of  the 
British  Empire,  bearing  at  the  intersection  of 
the  crosses  the  badge  of  the  island   (901). 

901.  Xew  Zealand's  bad.ge  is  a  wreatli-en- 
circled  design  of  white,  bearing  four  stars  in 
the  form  of  a  cross,  with  the  letters  N  Z  in 
the  center.  The  stars  are  emblematic  of  the 
southern  cross,  which  appears  in  the  skies  over 
New  Zealand. 

902.  The  blue  ensign  of  New  Zealand  bears 
the  southern  cross  on  the  fly,  the  stars  being 
red  with  white  borders. 

903.  The  red  ensign  of  New  Zealand  bears 
the  southern  cross  in  white  stars  of  five  points. 

904.  The  ensign  of  Paratonga,  which  flies 
over  sundry  islands  in  the  Pacific,  has  a  field 
consisting  of  three  stripes,  the  upper  and  the 
lower  red  and  the  middle  one  white.  Upon 
the  white  stripe  are  three  five-pointed  blue 
stars. 


382 


905.  The  Friendly  Islands  of  the  South  Pa- 
citic,  constitiiiing  the  Protectorate  of  Tonua. 
have  an  ensit;n  with  a  red  field  and  a  while 
canton  in  wliicli  appears  the  cross  of  St. 
George. 

906.  The  standard  of  the  Protectorate  of 
Tonija  has  a  quartered  field,  the  first  and 
fourth  Kold.  the  second  red,  and  the  thinl  lihie. 
The  tirst  quarter  hears  three  six-pointed  stars. 
The  red  quarter  hears  a  crown.  The  third 
tjuarter  bears  a  flyins  dove.  On  the  fourth 
quarter  are  three  "bii;  sticks."  I'jion  the  center 
is  a  si.\-pointed  white  star  bearing  a  small  St. 
GeorRc's  cross. 

907.  The  customs  flai;  of  tlic  Protectorate 
of  Ton^a  consists  of  a  field  the  upper  part  of 
which  i-.  Iilne,  the  lower  (lart  white,  with  a 
white  canton,  upon  which  is  iintmsed  the  red 
cross  of  St.  Georsc.  On  the  white  part  of  the 
field  are  the  initials  H  M  C,  proclainiiiiK  His 
Majesty's  Customs. 

AUSTR.ALI.v'S   FLAGS 

908.  The  flag  of  the  Governor  General  of 
Australia  is  the  familiar  union  jack  bearing 
upon  the  intersection  of  the  crosses  a  wreath- 
encircled,  crowneil  star,  which  is  the  badge  of 
the  Commonwealth. 

909.  The  star  of  .-Vustralia  originally  had  six 
points,  one  for  each  of  the  original  States,  but 
was  altered  to  include  a  point  for  the  Northern 
Territory.  The  present  badge  of  the  Common- 
wealth is  therefore  a  seven-pointed  star,  with 
a  crown  above,  set  within  a  laurel  wreath. 

910.  The  blue  ensign  of  the  Commonwealth 
of  .-Vustralia  has  a  large  seven-pointed  star  be- 
low the  union,  and  on  the  fly  end  live  small 
stars  representing  the  Southern  Cross.  The 
Southern  Cross  exercises  a  strong  appeal  to  the 
people  south  of  the  Kquator.  Even  Humboldt 
felt  its  influence  and  said  that  in  the  solitude 
of  the  seas  it  was  hailed  as  a  friend  from 
whom  he  and  his  companions  had  long  been 
separated.  This  constellation  never  sets  in 
Australia  (sec  also  S.^jK 

911.  P>y  a  warrant  of  the  Lords  Commis- 
sioners, issued  in  1903,  vessels  registered  in 
Australia  were  authorized  to  fly  the  red  ensign 
or  merchant  flag  of  Great  Britain  "having  in 
the  center  of  the  lower  canton  next  the  stall 
and  pointed  directly  to  the  center  of  the  St. 
George's  Cross  a  white  six-pointed  star,  indi- 
cating the  six  F-'ederaled  States  of  .-\ustralia." 
and  in  the  fly  the  Southern  Cross,  as  in  the 
blue  ensign.  In  iqoS  the  desirability  of  adding 
a  seventh  point  to  the  star  of  .-Vustralia,  for 
the  N'orthcrn  Territory,  was  recognized,  and 
merchant  vessels  were  authorized  to  fly  the  red 
ensign  as  pictured  here. 

gia.  .\  blue  Maltese  Cross  coming  down 
from  the  order  of  St.  John  and  bearing  the 
crown  of  the  F.mpire  on  the  intersection  forms 
the  badge  of  Oueenshnd. 

913.  N'ew  South  Wales  has  for  its  badge  a 
St.  George's  cross  on  white,  with  the  Imn  of 
the  British  Empire  on  the  intersection  and  four 
golden  stars  of  the  southern  cross  on  the  arms. 

914.  The  State  of  N'ictoria  in  the  Common- 
wealth of  .-\ustralia  has  for  its  badge  a  blue 
field  bearing  the  constellation  of  the  southern 


cn.ss.    with    the   ro>al   crown   of    the    Empire 

alH»\ e. 

915-  South  .Australia  has  made  the  tthite- 
backed  piping  crow  take  the  place  ..f  the  .\mcr- 
ican  -ipnad  eagle  on  her  arms.  The  budyc  of 
that  Stale  con>ists  of  a  yellow  field  licanng  the 
piping  crow  displayed. 

916.  The  celebrated  black  swan,  which  wan 
first  <liscovercd  on  western  .Vustralia's  principal 
river,  since  named  the  Swan,  has  »ervcd  to 
typify  in  the  po|iular  mind  tin-  contrariety  of 
the  southern  continent's  flora  and  fauna  to 
those  of  the  rest  of  the  world  This  bird  rep- 
resented on  a  circular  gold  fuld  has  been  ap- 
propriately chosen  as  the  bad^c  of  we^^crn 
.Australia. 

9'7-  .  A  red  lion  passant  upon  a  circular 
white  field  serves  as  the  design  on  the  badge 
of  Tasmania. 

918.  The  badge  of  the  territory  of  Papua  is 
a  white  disk,  with  the  name  of  the  territory 
below  and  the  crown  of  the  Itriti>li  Ijiipirc 
above. 

919.  The  flag  of  the  N'orth  Borneo  Company 
is  a  British  union  jack,  bearing  u|>on  its  inter- 
secting crosses  a  red  lion,  on  a  field  of  gold. 

920.  Sabah,  a  small  settlement  on  the  Ma- 
lacca Strait  side  of  the  Malay  peninsula,  and 
included  within  the  State  of  Selaiigor.  has  a 
governor  whose  flag  is  yellow,  with  a  red  lion 
centered,  in  what  the  exponents  of  heraldry 
call  a  passant  guardant  attitude. 

9ai.  Sarawak,  a  territory  of  some  4^,000 
square  miles  on  the  coast  of  Borneo,  has  a 
yellow  flag  upon  which  is  imposed  a  cross  of 
St.  George,  the  half  of  which,  next  the  staff, 
is  black  instead  of  the  regulation  reil.  I'lwin 
the  intersection  of  this  cross  is  superimposed  a 
crown. 

92a.  The  flag  of  the  R.ajah  of  Sarawak  is 
like  that  of  the  country  he  rules,  except  that 
the  arm  of  the  cross  next  the  fly  is  split  a|>art, 
and  each  section  tapered,  exten<ling  to  a  corner 
of  the  Hy.  In  1.S4J  Sir  James  Brooke  (xuight  a 
large  territory  from  the  Sultan  of  Brunei.  He 
ruled  this  country  for  a  long  time  as  the  Rajah 
of  Sarawak,  his  nephew  succeeding  to  the  posi- 
tion in  1S68.  The  population  of  Sarawak  15 
estimated  at  500.000  Malays,  Dyaks.  Jayans, 
Kenyahs,  Muruts,  with  Chinese  and  other  set- 
tlers. 

933.  The  Straits  Settlements,  a  British  col- 
ony which  comprises  Singap<ire,  Prnang.  and 
Malacca,  on  the  Strait  of  Malacca,  has  for  a 
badge  a  re<l  di.Tmond  with  three  crowns  on  a 
three-armed  field  of  white. 

934.  Labiian.  which  was  formerly  the  small- 
est colony  in  the  British  Empire,  bring  about 
the  size  of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  but  which  has 
since  lieen  incorixiralcd  in  the  Straits  Settle- 
ments colony,  has  a  liadge  which  shows  a 
brigantine  sailing  past  a  very  high  rock,  l>eyond 
which  is  rising  a  golden  sun. 

925.  The  badge  of  Ceylon,  whose  authentic 
history  goes  l>ack  to  the  5th  century  B.  C, 
when  an  invasion  of  Hinilus  from  northern 
India  established  the  Sinhalese  dynasty,  has  a 
pagoda,  in  front  of  which  is  an  rleph.int.  The 
liackground  is  blue  and  the  foreground  green, 
surrounded  by  a  diamond-studded  Imrder  of 
red  and  gold. 


383 


926.  Hongkong's  badge  shows  a  harbor 
scene  in  whicU  appear  a  junk  and  a  tea  clipper. 
Hongkong-  is  a  Chmese  city,  now  under  British 
sovereignty,  and  possessed  of  a  naval  base  of 
first  magnitude. 

927.  Weihaiwei,  a  British  holding  on  the 
Chinese  coast,  is  represented  by  a  badge  upon 
which  appear  two  mandarin  ducks  on  the  banks 
of  a  stream. 

928.  The  motto  of  Mauritius  proclaims  it, 
"The  star  and  the  key  of  the  Indian  Seas." 
On  its  badge,  whicli  is  a  quartered  shield,  azure 
and  gold,  appear  the  symbolical  key  and  star 
and  a  galley.  The  supporters  are  a  red  and 
white  dodo  on  the  dexter  side  and  a  red  and 
white  antelope  on  the  sinister.  Each  of  the 
supporters  has  a  stalk  of  sugar  cane  in  front 
of  it.  Mauritius  is  an  island  in  the  Indian 
Ocean,  500  miles  from  Madagascar,  having 
about  720  square  miles  of  territory  and  about 
377,cco  inhabitants. 

929.  Seychelles  and  its  dependencies  consist 
of  ninety  islands  and  islets,  with  a  total  esti- 
mated area  of  156  square  miles,  lying  along  the 
coast  of  Africa.  They  are  represented  on  its 
badge  by  a  tall  palm  tree,  with  a  smaller  tree 
near  by  and  a  turtle  at  its  foot,  and  the  motto 
Finis  cornnat  opus. 

930.  The  ensign  of  the  Federated  Malay 
States  is  one  of  the  comparatively  few  ensigns 
of  the  world  that  use  black.  The  field  consists 
of  four  horizontal  stripes,  white  at  the  top, 
then  red,  yellow,  and  black  in  order.  Upon  the 
center  is  an  oval  of  white  bearing  a  runnin,g 
tiger.  The  Federated  Malay  States  are  Perak, 
Selangor,  Negri-Seinbilan,  and  Pahang.  They 
occupy  a  large  portion  of  the  Malay  peninsula 
and  are  under  British  protection. 

931.  The  jack  of  the  Federated  Malay  States 
has  a  unique  design.  It  preserves  the  colors 
of  the  Malay  States  ensign,  but  uses  them  as 
triangles  instead  of  stripes.  The  red  triangle 
has  its  base  on  the  staff;  the  black  triangle,  its 
base  on  the  fly;  the  base  of  the  wdiite  triangle 
is  at  the  upper  edge,  and  that  of  the  yellow  at 
the  bottom.  The  apexes  of  the  triangles  meet 
in  the  center  of  the  fla.g. 

932.  The  ensign  of  Pahang.  one  of  the  four 
Federated  Malay  States,  has  a  field  the  upper 
half  of  wdiich  is  wdiite  and  the  lower  half 
black.  Pahang  has  14.000  square  miles  of  terri- 
tory and  a  population  of  iiS.ono. 

933-  The  ensign  of  Negri-Sembilan,  one  of 
the  four  Federated  Malay  States,  consists  of  a 
yellow  licld,  with  a  union  bearing  two  triangles. 
one  of  which,  its  base  resting  on  the  staff,  is 
black,  and  the  other,-  its  Ijase  resting  on  the 
yellow  field,  is  red. 

934.  Perak,  also  a  Federated  Malay  State, 
has  an  ensign  consisting  of  three  horizontal 
stripes,  the  upper  white,  the  lower  black,  and 
the  middle  j-ellow. 

935.  The  ensign  of  Selangor  is  yellow  and 
red  and  is  quartered.  The  first  quarter  is  red 
and  liears  the  star  and  crescent  of  the  Moham- 
medan world ;  the  second  quarter  is  yellow,  the 
third  yellow,  and  the  fourth  red.  Selangor  is 
about  the  size  of  Delaware  and  has  a  popula- 
tion of  300,000. 

936-945  (inclusive).  These  are  the  flags  of 
the  Malay  JStates  not  included  in  the  Federa- 
tion.    They  are  all   under   British   protection. 


The  relations  of  Johore  with  Great  Britain  are 
dehned  by  a  treaty  dated  December  11,  18S5, 
amended  by  agreement  on  May  12,  1914,  m 
which  the  Sultan  agreed  to  accept  and  to  act 
upon  the  advice  of  a  British  officer  called  the 
general  adviser.  The  rights  of  suzerainty,  pro- 
tection, administration,  and  control  of  the 
other  four  States  were  transferred  from  Siam 
to  Great  Britain  by  the  Anglo-Siamese  treaty 
of  March  10,  1909.  The  State  of  Kelantan,  on 
the  east  coast  of  the  peninsula,  with  an  area  of 
5,870  square  miles  and  a  population  approxi- 
mating 300,000,  is  represented  by  936  and  937, 
ensign  and  merchant  flags  respectively.  There 
are  only  four  post-offices  in  the  entire  State. 
The  flag  of  Johore  (938)  is  black,  with  a  red 
union  bearing  the  star  and  crescent  of  the  Mo- 
liammedan  religion.  The  flag  of  the  Sultan  of 
Johore  (939)  is  white,  bearing  a  crescent  and 
star  in  blue,  the  star  being  nine-pointed.  Perlis 
flies  a  yellow  and  black  flag  (940),  the  upper 
half  yellow  and  the  lower  black.  The  Rajah 
of  Perils  flics  a  yellow  flag  (041),  with  a  shield 
inclosed  within  a  wreath.  The  flag  of  Kedah 
(942)  is  red,  with  a  green  crescent  and  a  shield 
half  surrounded  by  a  wreath.  That  of  the 
Sultan  of  Kedah  (943)  is  yellow,  with  a  green 
shield,  a  red  crescent,  and  a  green  wreath. 
The  Regent  of  Kedah  flies  a  green  flag  (944), 
bearing  a  yellow  shield,  crescent,  and  wreath. 
Trengganu  has  a  flag  (945)  the  staff  third  of 
wdiich  is  white  and  the  remainder  black. 

946.  The  Governor  General  of  India  flies  the 
familiar  union  jack,  with  the  star  of  India, 
crowned,  at  the  intersection  of  the  crosses. 

947.  The  badge  of  India  consists  of  a  five- 
pointed  star  inclosed  within  a  garter  and  sur- 
rounded by  golden  rays,  as  a  sunflower.  Above 
is  the  crown  of  the  Empire. 

948.  The  Indian  marine  flics  the  blue  ensign 
of  Great  Britain,  with  the  star  of  India  in  the 
fly. 

949.  The  jack  of  the  Indian  marine  is  the 
union  jack  on  a  field  of  blue. 

9£0.  The  flag  of  the  local  Indian  maritime 
government  is  the  lilue  ensign  of  Britain,  bear- 
ing on  the  fly  a  golden  lion,  rampant,  carrying 
in  its  forepaws  the  crown  of  Empire. 

951.  The  flag  of  the  Conservators  of  Bom- 
bay has  seven  horizontal  red  stripes  separated 
by  thin  white  stripes.  The  central  red  stripe 
forms  with  a  perpendicular  bar  the  red  cross 
of  St.  George,  on  wdiich  is  centered  the  seal  of 
the  Conservators,  consisting  of  two  small  es- 
cutcheons leaning  together  on  a  field  of  white 
and  having  a  crow-n  above  them. 

952.  The  flag  of  the  Trustees  of  Bombay, 
a  body  which  has  in  charge  the  light-houses 
and  other  shipping  activities  on  the  Bombay 
coast,  has  a  blue  cross  placed  on  the  field  cor- 
responding to  the  red  cross  of  St.  George. 
This  cross  quarters  the  field,  the  first  quarter 
bearing  a  light-house,  the  light  represented  by 
rays  of  red.  and  the  other  three  quarters  bear 
shipping  scenes  along  the  coast. 

953-  The  Witu  forest  lies  within  the  pro- 
tectorate of  British  East  Africa.  Its  flag  is  a 
red  field  upon  wliich  is  centered  a  union  jack, 
about  half  as  long  and  half  as  -wide  as  the 
field  itself, 

954.  British  ascendency  in  Egypt  dates  from 
the  i8th  of  December,  1914.  when  the  govern- 


384 


ment  of  tlic  Empire  ilipoicd  tin-  reigning 
Khedive,  on  the  yr>.>uiid  that  he  had  adhered  lo 
the  King's  enemies.  The  Uriiish  protecturate 
has  heen  recognized  by  I-rancc.  The  new 
Egyptian  tlaig  ol  red  has  three  white  cresienis, 
with  the  hums  toward  the  fly,  and  each  con- 
taining a  live-pointed  while  star.  This  flag 
was  the  personal  standard  of  the  Khedive  and 
now  takes  the  place  of  tlie  former  national 
Hag,  which  was  distinguished  from  the  Turkish 
by  having  a  star  I'f  live  instead  of  si.\  points. 

955.  The  flag  of  I'.ritish  East  .-Xfrica  is  the 
national  banner  of  the  Empire,  bearing  upon 
the  intersection  of  tlie  crosses  a  red  lion,  ram- 
pant, or  aggressively  walking  forward  on  his 
hind  legs.  .\  p:»s-.:int  lion,  as  shown  in  917,  is 
one  walking  ahead  on  all  fours,  with  right 
paw  uplifted;  encircled  by  a  wreath. 

956.  .\rmed  vessels  of  the  British  East 
.•\fnca  Company  carry  the  blue  ensign  of 
liritain,  with  the  red  lion  of  East  .\frica  on 
the  fly. 

957.  The  East  .Africa  nierchrint  flag  is  of 
the  familiar  red  ensign  type,  with  the  red  linn, 
rampant,  in  a  white  ilisk  on  ;he  fly. 

958.  The  Somaliland  Protectorate  in  East 
.-\frica  has  an  area  of  alMiut  6S,ax)  square 
miles;  its  population  is  about  300,000,  mostly 
nomadic,  almost  entirely  Mohammedan.  The 
badge  of  the  protectorate  bears  the  head  and 
shoulders  of  a  Kudu,  one  of  the  antelopes  of 
that  region. 

959.  The  Nvassaland  Protectorate,  which 
was  formerly  known  as  British  Central  Africa, 
with  an  area  of  .10,000  Sduare  miles  and  a  popu- 
lation of  l.ioo.ooc).  has  a  badge  which  shows  a 
tree  on  a  diagonal  yellow,  white,  and  black 
background. 

960.  Nigeria,  with  approximately  336.000 
square  miles,  an  area  as  large  as  New  England 
and  Texas  together,  has  a  population  of  about 
17.000.000.  In  Ifxxi  a  proclamation  was  issued 
which,  without  abolishing  domestic  slavery,  de- 
clared all  children  l>orn  after  January  1,  1000. 
free ;  it  also  forbade  the  removal  of  dornestic 
slaves  for  sale  or  transfer.  The  badge  of  this 
protectorate  has  a  red  field,  upon  which  are 
imposed  two  interlocked  triangles  in  the  form 
of  a  six-poin'cd  star.  In  the  center  is  the 
crown  of  the  British  Empire. 

961.  96a,  963.  An  elephant  in  front  of  a 
palm  tree,  with  mountains  in  the  background, 
f.irms  the  device  of  the  badge  of  West  .\frica, 
with  the  initials  "O"  for  Gambia.  "S.  L."  for 
Sierra  Leone,  and  "G.  C."  for  Gold  Coast,  mak- 
ing the  badge  ronresontnlivc  of  each  of  the 
subdivisions  of  West  .Xfrica. 

964.  St.  Helena  has  a  badge  which  shows 
an  Inilian  merchantman  on  a  green  sea.  steer- 
ing between  two  high  cliffs.  St.  George's  cross 
on  the  ensign  of  the  ship  is  reminiscent  of 
days  long  ago. 

965.  The  Governor  General  of  the  Union  of 
South  .\frica  fl-cs  the  national  flng  of  the  Brit- 
ish Empire,  with  the  coat-of-arms  of  South 
.■\frica  in  the  center. 

966.  The  badge  of  the  Union  of  South  .Vf- 
rica  consists  uf  .t  shield  quartered  and  showing 
the  figure  of  Hope  for  Capo  r..l..tn.  iw.,  vnii. 


for  Natal,  an  orange  tree  i'-r  the  Orange  Free 
State,  and  a  trek  wugnn  for  the  Trans\aal. 
The  gnus  and  the  orange  tree  are  imi  gold,  and 
Hope  and  the  wagon  on  red  and  green  ropccl- 
ively.  The  crest  is  a  lion  and  the  supporters 
antelopes;  the  motto,  "In  union  there  i» 
strength." 

967.  The  I'nion  of  South  .-Xirica  ha»  as  its 
olVuial  flag  the  blue  ensign  o(  t'.reat  Britain, 
with  the  coat-ofarms.  as  descrilied  in  tpb,  on 
the  fly. 

^  968.  The  merchant  flag  of  the  Union  of 
South  .\lrica.  which  is  made  up  of  Cape  Col- 
ony, Natal,  Transvaal,  and  Orange  Free  ."^taie, 
is  the  red  ensiijn  of  Britain,  liearing  the  l'nion'<> 
coat-of-arins  in  a  white  ilisk  on  the  fly, 

969.  The  badge  of  the  Cape  of  (i>H«l  Hope 
shows  a  shielil  bearing  on  red  a  golde.i  hoii, 
rampant,  and  supported  by  a  gnu  and  an  aii'e. 
lope.  On  a  scroll  below  the  shield  is  "(".ijod 
I  lope"  in  Latin. 

970.  The  badge  of  Natal  shows  two  gnus. 
the  oild-looking  .\frican  antelopes,  with  the 
inqierial  crown  above.  The  export  of  gnu 
liitles  is  an  important  industry  in  Natal,  and 
the  nuinlur  of  these  animals  has  been  greatl> 
reduced  by  hunting. 

971.  The  <^lraiige  River  Colony,  before  it 
became  the  Orange  bree  .^tate  of  the  Union, 
had  on  its  badge  a  sprin'.;bok  in  alert  attitndc. 

972.  Before  the  formation  of  tlu  South  .\f- 
rican  Union  the  badge  iif  the  Transvaal  showed 
a  lion,  couchant,  resting  on  the  velilt. 

973.  Khiidesia's  baclge  has  a  blue  lield.  with 
a  golden  lion  grasping  an  elephant's  tusk  in  its 
right  paw.  The  name  i>f  this  colony,  as  well 
as  the  letters  B.  S.  .X.  C.  appearing  Ih-Iow  its 
device,  recalls  the  means  by  which  this  region 
was  secured  and  developed  for  Great  Britain, 
namely,  Cecil  Rhodes'  P.ritish  South  .\frica 
Company. 

974.  The  High  Commissioner  of  Sou-h  .\f- 
rica  has  as  bis  badge  a  blue  disk  with  the  ini- 
tials S.  .v.  H.  C.  and  a  crown  alnivc. 

975.  This  shows  the  wreath  usecl  around 
tlie  badges  of  the  colonial  possessions  when 
imposed  upon  the  union  jack,  at  the  intersec- 
tion of  the  crosses,  to  beti  ken  the  presence  of 
the  colonial  representative  en  the  ship  flying 
it.  There  are  a  few  notable  exceptions — the 
wreath  around  Canada's  badge  is  not  t!ie  regu- 
l.ition  laurel,  but  is  made  of  maple  leaves  (sec 
8f»)>  :  that  around  New  Zcal.ind's  badge  cr>n- 
sists  of  two  fern  leaves  (sec  ooi)  :  the  Union 
of  Soi!th  .\frica  has  a  wreath  of  mimosa  (see 
<)V»».  while  India's  star  is  circleil  bv  ihe  garter 
which  in  turn  is  surronided  by  the  bl.i/ing  r,iy< 
of  a  stin  I  see  047*.  When  the  badijes  arc  u*od 
on  the  blue  and  red  eiisii;n>.  they  arc  not  sur- 
rounded by  wre.itlis,  except  in  the  case  of  the 
bla/itig  si'n  of  India. 

976.  The  ba<lKC  of  militarv  olTicrrs  afloat. 
as.  for  ins|an.-e.  when  crossing  the  Enclish 
Channel,  or  when  B'>ing  to  the  S.iloniki  front, 
has  a  bine  t-.eld.  unon  which  .ire  in«cril)ed  in 
cold  the  initials  "G  R."  (Gcorce  Rex>,  «ur- 
n<.>unted  bv  the  cri-wn  of  the  Empire. 

077-986.  These  fl.igs  arc  used  by  the  various 
British  ofticials. 


385 


FLAGS    OF  AUSTRIA-HUNGARY,  BULGARIA, 
GERMANY,  AND    TURKEY 


987.  The  ensign  of  Austria-Hungary  has 
three  horizontal  stripes,  red  at  the  top  and 
bottom,  with  white  between.  Upon  the  white 
stripe  are  imposed  the  shield  of  Austria  next 
the  staff  and  of  Hungary  next  the  fly.  Above 
each  shield  is  the  crown  of  its  kingdom.  The 
Hungarian  crown  differs  from  the  Austrian, 
being  that  of  St.  Stephen.  The  Austrian  shield 
repeats  the  red,  white,  red-striped  design  of 
the  Hag,  and  was  the  device  of  the  ancient 
dukes  of  .\ustria,  dating  back  to  the  twelfth 
century. 

g88.  The  merchant  flag  of  Austria-Hungary 
was  introduced  in  1S69  by  a  commission  ap- 
pointed to  blend  the  (lags  of  the  two  countries. 
As  the  Hungarian  flag  is  red,  white,  and 
green,  the  blending  was  accomplished  by  mak- 
ing the  bottom  stripe  of  tlie  Austro-Hungarian 
ensign  one-half  green.  Thus  the  half  of  the 
merchant  flag  containing  the  Hungarian  shield 
preserves  the  distinctive  Hungarian  tricolor. 

989.  The  imperial  standard  of  Austria- 
Hungary  consists  of  a  yellow  field  bordered 
with  small  black,  red,  and  white  triangles  rep- 
resenting flames.  It  is  square  and  in  the  center 
are  placed  the  arms  of  the  Austrian  monarchy. 
These  consist  of  a  black  donblc-headed  eagle 
crowned,  the  double  head  indicating  the  former 
Holy  Roman  Empire.  Over  the  eagle  appears 
the  crown  of  Austria.  In  one  claw  the  eagle 
holds  a  sword  and  scepter  and  in  the  other  an 
orb.  On  its  breast  appears  a  shield  divided 
equally  into  three  vertical  portions.  The  red 
lion  rampant  on  a  golden  ground  in  the  first 
section  represents  the  House  of  Hapsburg; 
the  silver  section  on  a  red  ground  stands  for 
Austria ;  the  three  eaglets  in  silver  on  a  red 
band  upon  a  golden  ground  arc  reminiscent  of 
Lorraine.  The  shield  is  surroimded  by  the 
colors  of  the  Order  of  the  Golden  Fleece  and 
of  ]\Iaria  Theresa.  On  the  wings  of  the  eagle 
are  the  arms  of  the  eleven  provinces.  This 
flag  commands  a  different  salute  from  any 
other  in  the  world,  it  is  believed.  Under  Aus- 
trian naval  usage  the  Emperor  is  saluted  by 
twenty-one  guns  followed  by  fifteen  hurrahs. 
A  minister  of  state  or  field  marshal  gets  nine- 
teen guns  and  eleven  hurrahs;  a  general  thir- 
teen guns  and  seven  hurrahs;  a  commodore 
eleven  guns  and  three  hurrahs,  wdiile  ambassa- 
dors, archbishops,  consuls,  and  others  all  have 
their  definite  share  of  gunpowder  and  requi- 
site allotment  of  shouting. 

990.  The  royal  standard  of  Bulgaria  is  a 
square  red  flag  bordered  with  black  and  green 
triangles,  upon  w-hich  is  emblazoned  the  royal 
lion  of  the  coat-of-arms  of  the  country.  On 
the  body  of  the  lion  is  a  shield  having  a  blue 
field  bearing  a  series  of  diagonal  and  horizon- 
tal lines. 

991.  The  ensign  of  Bulgaria  is  white  at  the 
top,  red  at  the  bottom,  and  green  between.  In 
a  canton  appears  the  golden   lion   rampant  of 


the    Bulgarian   arms,   upon    red.      The    lion    is 

crowned. 

'  992.      Bulgaria's   merchant   flag   is   of   white, 

green,  and  red,  white  at  the  top  and  red  at  the 

bottom. 

993.  Germany's  imperial  standard  has  a 
cross,  black  with  white  border,  the  field  being 
yellow,  and  the  intersection  of  the  cross  bear- 
ing a  shield  containing  the  arms  of  Prussia 
surmounted  by  a  crown  and  surrounded  by  the 
collar  of  the  Order  of  the  Black  Eagle.  The 
yellow  field  of  the  flag  is  diapered  over  in 
each  corner  with  three  black  eagles  and  the 
crown.  The  arms  of  the  cross  reach  out  to 
the  four  edges  of  the  flag  and  bear  the  legend, 
"Gott  Wit  Uns,  1870,"  the  date  conmiemorating 
the  origin  of  this  standard. 

994.  The  standard  of  the  King  of  Prussia 
very  closely  resembles  tlie  imperial  standard, 
except  that  the  field  of  ihe  flag  is  red  instead 
of  yellow.  The  cross  which  this  flag  and  the 
preceding  one  bear  is  the  cross  of  the  Teu- 
tonic order  and  dates  from  the  close  of  the 
twelfth  century. 

995.  The  ensign  of  the  German  Empire  has 
a  white  field,  upon  which  is  imposed  a  large 
black  cross,  having  at  its  center  a  circle  in 
black  outlines  containing  the  black  Prussian 
eagle  crowned.  The  arms  of  the  cross  quarter 
the  flag.  In  the  canton  there  is  the  merchant 
flag  in  miniature,  upon  which  is  superimposed 
the  black  cross  of  the  Teutonic  order    (994). 

996.  The  merchant  flag  of  Germany,  con- 
sisting of  three  bars,  black  at  the  top,  white  in 
the  middle,  and  red  at  the  bottom,  dates  from 
1S67.  In  that  year  it  was  decreed  that  the  flag 
of  the  North  German  Confederacy  should  be 
black,  white,  and  red,  and  when  the  twelve 
southern  States  joined  the  federation  the  same 
flag  was  continued  as  the  merchant  symbol  of 
the  Empire.  Prior  to  1867  no  German  national 
flag  had  ever  flown  upon  the  ocean,  each  of 
the  various  States  and  free  cities  having  its 
own  special  colors  (see  also  1153,  1154,  1166, 
etc.).  In  a  speech  delivered  that  year  the 
Minister  of  the  Crown  stated  that  the  combi- 
nation of  colors  was  emblematic  of  a  junction 
of  the  black  and  white  Prussian  flag  with  the 
red  and  white  ensign  of  the  Ilanseatic  League. 

997.  The  standard  of  the  King  of  Bavaria 
has  a  field  of  blue  and  white  lozenges,  upon 
which  is  centered  the  coat-of-arms  of  the 
kingdom.  This  bears  a  quartered  shield  with 
a  golden  lion,  crowned,  on  a  field  of  black, 
representing  the  Rhine  Palatinate  in  the  first 
quarter;  the  second  quarter  is  red  and  silver 
for  the  Duchy  of  Franconia;  the  third  quarter 
has  eight  stripes  of  siher  and  red  crossed  by 
a  pale  of  gold,  for  the  IMargravatc  of  Burgau  ; 
the  fourth  quarter  has  a  blue  lion  rampant, 
crowned  with  .gold,  for  the  County  of  Vel- 
dentz.  LIpon  all  is  a  fusiform  of  striped  silver 
and  blue,  which  represents  Bavaria.    Above  this 


386 


device  is  the  royal  crown,  supported  by  two 
lions  regardant,  each  of  them  guUl  crowned. 
The  whole  is  upon  a  royal  mantle,  which,  in 
its  turn,  is  crowned. 

gg8.  The  standard  of  the  Kiua  of  Saxony 
reproduces  part  of  the  heraldic  device  found 
in  the  arms  of  the  ruling  faiinly.  namely,  a 
Rreen  crown  of  rue  cuttiii).;  diagonally  across 
ten  alternate  black  and  Rold  bars. 

999.  The  flags  of  the  maritime  States  of 
(".ermany  are  black,  white,  and  reil,  black  at 
the  top  and  red  at  the  bottom,  with  an  anchor 
and  cniwn  in  the  center,  where  the  wliite  stripe 
is  swelled  out  to  accommodate  them,  ami  with 
the  bailge  of  the  respective  States.  lOO.MooS, 
inclusive,  as  a  canton  in  the  upper  corner  ne.vt 
the  staff. 

1000.  The  imperial  marine  flag  is  like  those 
of  the  maritime  States,  except  that  the  badge 
is  omitted. 

looi.  The  standard  of  the  King  of  Wurtt- 
cmliurg  is  yellow  with  three  half  horns  of  a 
stag  in  black,  antlered.  In  each  of  the  four 
corners  of  the  staiiilard  is  a  crown. 

1002.  The  Grandduchy  of  Hesse  has  a 
standard  consisting  of  three  hori?i>ntal  stripes, 
red  at  the  top  ami  bottom  and  white  between, 
with  the  white  stripe  larger  than  the  others. 
Upon  the  white  stripe  is  a  blue  shield  charged 
with  a  lion  having  a  forked  tail  and  stripe<l 
with  red  and  white.  The  standard  has  a  crown 
in  each  of  its  four  corners. 

1003.  This  badge,  with  its  black  eagle,  placed 
as  a  canton  on  the  llag  of  the  German  mari- 
time States,  proclaims  that  the  ship  Hying  it 
belongs  to   Prussia. 

1004.  The  badge  of  the  free  city  of  Bremen 
is  red  and  bears  an  antique  key  of  silver.  It 
is  crowned  with  gold. 

1005.  Placed  in  the  canton  of  the  flag  of 
the  maritime  States  of  Germany,  this  badge 
proclaims  the  authority  of  Oldenburg.  On  i\ 
is  a  shield  the  first  quarter  of  which,  made  up 
of  red  and  yellow  stripes,  represent  Olden- 
burg; the  second  quarter,  a  gold  cross  on  blue, 
represents  Delmeiihorst :  the  tliird  quarter.  .1 
golden  cross  surmounted  bv  a  miter  on  blue, 
represents  Lubeck ;  the  fourth  qu,irter  is 
cheeky,  of  four  rows  of  red  and  white,  and 
proclaims  Birkenfeld.  In  the  point  of  the 
shield  is  a  golden  lion,  representing  Jever. 

1006.  The  badge  of  Hamburg  is  a  red 
square  upon  which  is  placed  a  castle  having 
three  silver  towers,  over  an  anchor. 

1007.  Mecklenburg's  badge  has  a  yellow 
field  upon  which  appears  the  head  of  a  black 
buffalo  with  red  mouth,  white  horns,  and 
golden  crown. 

1008.  The  badge  of  Lubeck  has  a  black 
double  eagle  displayed,  its  tongue,  beak,  and 
claws  red.  and  its  breast  chargcfl  with  an  es- 
cutcheon halved   in   white  and   red. 

1009.  When  the  flag  of  the  imperial  marine 
of  Germany  omits  the  golden  anchor  an<l 
crown  from  the  middle  stripe  of  white  .ind 
substitutes  the  crowned  black  eagle  of  the  I%m- 
pire.  it  proclaims  thit  the  building  or  vessel 
displaying  it  is  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
Foreign  Otlicc. 

loio.  When  the  flag  of  the  imperial  marine 
has  this  bailgc  substituted  for  the  anchor  and 
crown,  it  means  that  the  ship  or  building  dis- 


playing it  is  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  otlier 
departments  uf   the  German  (.iuvcriuiiciit. 

loil.  This  lutdce,  in  place  of  the  anchor 
and  crown  on  the  llag  of  the  imperial  marine 
of  Germany,  transforms  it  into  the  llag  of  the 
postal  service  of  the  Kinpirc. 

lOia.  Merchant  vessels  in  the  naval  r^^rrve 
of  Gerinany  l>ear  the  black,  white,  ami  red  llag 
of  ihe  German  nu-rchanl  iiiarme,  uith  the  black 
cross  on  the  end  ne.vt  the  ^lutf. 

1013.  The  laiidrs  llag  of  Prussia  consist*  of 
a  white  licld  liordcred  at  the  top  and  Ixiiioni 
with  black  and  bearing  on  ihr  iialf  nr\t  the 
statT  the  displayed  black  eagle  of  Prussia. 
_  1014.  _  The  llag  of  tlic  German  Govcrn'>r«  of 
I'.ast  .-\frica  ami  Kiao-Chau  was  the  nirrcliaiit 
flag  with  the  eagle  of  the  Rmiiire  on  the  cen- 
tral while  stripe.  The  iornier  ci'l..iiv  ha^  now 
been  jiractically  coii<|uered  by  ltritl^ll  (<KCei 
:md  the  Japanese  have  taken  charge  of  Kiao- 
Chau. 

1015.  The  flag  of  the  commandcr-in-chirf 
of  the  naval  forces  of  Germany  has  a  Mpiare 
wliite  held  (X-cnpied  by  the  black  kT"s\,  \\  itli 
guns  arranged  in  the  form  of  a  Villire  thrrcoii. 

1016.  The  flag  of  the  inspector  general  of 
the  German  navy  has  a  red-bordered  white 
held  with  the  black  cross  ipiartering  the  while. 

1017.  The  ensign  and  merchant  flag  of 
Turkey  consists  of  a  red  field  upon  which  is 
imposed  a  white  crescent  mo<in  and  a  five- 
pointed  star.  The  Turks  adopted  this  device 
when  they  captured  Constantinople  in  146.1.  It 
originally  was  the  symbol  of  niana.  who  was 
the  patroness  of  lly/antium.  When  the  Turks 
adopted  the  crescent  as  a  ba<!gc  of  triumph  it 
promptly  fell  into  disuse  in  ihe  western  world, 
and  they  secured  a  complete  niono(Kdy  ui>on 
It.  Though  originally  a  pagan  syinlMil.  it  re- 
mained throughout  the  ri-.e  and  development 
of  the  Greek  Church  a  special  mark  of  Con- 
stantinople. ICven  to  this  day  in  Moscow  and 
other  Russian  cities  the  crescent  and  the  cross 
may  be  seen  cinibined  on  the  churches,  the 
object  being  to  indicate  the  lly/antine  origin 
of  the  Orthodox  Church.  The  origin  of  this 
fluarter  nio»->ii  ilates  from  the  lime  of  I'jni>cror 
Philip,  the  father  of  .Mexander  the  Great 
While  he  was  trying  to  take  the  citv  he  set  his 
soldiers  to  work  on  a  dark  night  to  undermine 
the  walls,  but  the  crescent  moon  appeared  in 
lime  to  reveal  the  design  to  the  people  and 
Philip  was  thwarted.  In  acknowledgment  the 
I'.y/antines  erected  a  statue  to  Oiana  andniade 
the  crescent  moon  the  symbol  of  their  city. 

1018.  The  personal  flag  of  the  Sultan  of 
Turkey,  which  corresponds  to  the  roval  »|an<j- 
ards  of  otlier  monarchies,  or  the  President's 
flag  in  our  own  country,  is  scarlet  and  bears 
in  the  center  a  device  which  changes  with  each 
succession  to  the  throne.  This  dr\i>-e.  accord- 
iiiR  to  tradition,  originateil  in  the  fnurtrrnlh 
century,  when  Sultan  Miirail,  l>eing  unable  to 
write  his  name  on  a  treaty.  dipiK-d  his  oixn 
hand  in  ink  and  pressed  it  on  the  document. 
In  the  spaces  of  Ihe  figure  thus  made  the 
scribes  wrote  hi.s  name,  the  title  Khan,  and  the 
epithet  "Ever  Victorious."  Now.  the  name  of 
the  reigning  sovereign,  within  the  same  fignre. 
appears  on  the  flag,  surrounded  by  a  rayed 
halo  of  somewhat  starlike  form. 


3»- 


loig.  The  chief  of  tlie  staff  of  the  German 
navy  flics  a  flag  of  white  fully  quartered  by  a 
black  cross,  upon  whose  intersection  is  im- 
posed a  disk  of  white,  a  circle  of  gold  rope, 
and  a  sword. 

1020.  The  flotilla  flag  of  the  German  navy 
consists  of  a  swallow-tailed  pennant,  hung  free 
from  tlie  flagstaff  and  bearing  the  black  cross. 

1021.  The  Suhan  of  Turkey  flics  a  different 
flag  afloat  from  that  which  is  borne  for  him 
ashore.  As  commander-in-chief  of  the  Turk- 
ish_  iiav;i!  forces  he  has  a  red  banner  upon 
which  is  centered  a  wliite  anchor  w-ith  a  blaz- 
ing sun  in  the  center  of  each  quarter  of  the 
flag. 

1022.  The  religious  flag  of  Turkey  is  green 
instead  of  the  familiar  red  of  the  ensign  and 
merchant  banner.  It  bears  the  usual  crescent 
and    star   in    white   and    is    the    baimer    that    is 


borne  upon  all  religious  occasions.  It  has  been 
under  this  banner  that  untold  thousands  of 
Christians  in  the  Mohammedan  world  have 
suffered  at  tlic  hands  of  the  followers  of 
Islam. 

1023.  The  customs  banner  of  Turkey  is  of 
the  same  general  design  as  the  national  ensign, 
except  that  the  star  and  crescent  are  inclosed 
in  a  rectangle  made  of  a  thin  white  stripe  close 
to  and  parallel  with  the  border. 

1024.  The  flag  of  Crete  is  quartered  by  a 
white  cross.  The  first  quarter  is  red  and  bears 
a  five-pointed  star  in  white,  while  the  other 
three  quarters  are  blue.  This  was  the  flag  of 
the  high  commissioner  appointed  by  Great 
Britain.  Russia,  France,  and  Italy,  and  later 
proposed  by  Greece  with  the  permission  of  the 
Powers,  who  governed  the  island  before  its 
annexation  to  Greece. 


HEROIC  FLAGS  OF  THE  MIDDLE  AGES 

Tlic  Ceof/rapliy  of  the  Earth  as  Kiwzoit  in  Medieval  Times  Syiiilfoliced  in 

06  Historic  Standards 

(Ncs.  1025-1120) 


THE  earliest  repre.seiitation  of  the 
flags  of  all  nations  is  to  be  found 
in  an  illiuniiiated  manuscript  of  a 
Franciscan  friar,  a  native  of  Spain,  who 
was  born  in  1305  and  who,  according  to 
his  own  claim,  wrote  his  monumental 
"Book  of  the  Knowledge  of  All  the  King- 
doms, Countries,  and  Lordships  that 
there  are  in  the  World  and  of  the  En- 
signs and  Arms  of  Each  Country  and 
Lordship;  also  of  the  Kings  and  Lords 
Who  Govern  Them,"  after  having  visited 
all  the  places  which  he  describes. 

Geographers  and  historians  hesitate  to 
accept  the  friar's  claim  as  literally  true, 
but  it  is  evident  that  he  was  a  great  trav- 
eler and  a  close  observer,  and  though  he 
is  prone  to  weave  legend  and  hearsay  into 
his  narrative,  there  is,  nevertheless,  a  re- 
markable fund  of  information  in  this 
priceless  manuscript,  written  a  century 
and  a  half  before  Columbus  discovered 
America,  and  which  now  reposes  in  the 
Biblioteca  Nacional  at  jNLadrid. 

"In  the  name  of  God  the  Father  and  Son 
and  Holy  Ghost,  three  individual  persons  in 
one  essence.  I  was  born  in  the  Kingdom  of 
Castile,  in  the  reign  of  the  very  noble  King 
Don  Sanchri.  when  the  era  of  the  world,  ac- 
cording til  the  Hebrews,  was  5,065  years,  and 
the  era  of  the  deluge  4.407  years,  and  of  Nebu- 
chadnezzar of  Chaldea  2.502  years,  and  of 
.'Alexander  the  Great  of  Macedonia  1,617,  and 
of    C;esar,    Emperor   of    Rome,    1,343,    and    of 


ARTIST    AS    WliLL   .\S    TRAVELER 

The  manuscript  of  the  anonymous 
Franciscan  whose  travels  extended  as  far 
east  as  Java,  by  way  of  Mecca,  was  edited 
by  the  Spanish  scholar  iMarcos  Jimenez 
de  la  Espada,  40  years  ago,  with  the  aid 
of  Don  Francisco  Coello,  the  eminent 
geographer.  It  was  recently  published  in 
English,  together  with  the  flags  (see  page 
371 ),  by  the  Hakluyt  Society. 

The  devices  are  very  beautiful  and  rich, 
both  in  color  and  in  design,  the  Fran- 
ciscan evincing  great  skill  in  reproducing 
in  some  instances  the  banners  and  in  oth- 
ers the  coats-of-arms  of  the  kingdoms 
and  ])rincipalities  which  he  visited. 

The  story  of  these  flags  of  the  world 
570  years  ago  and  of  the  kings  and  coun- 
tries over  which  they  waved  is  best  told 
in  the  words  of  the  Franciscan  himself, 
who  makes  no  attempt  to  differentiate  be- 
tween what  he  actually  saw  and  what  he 
heard  (the  numbers  in  the  text  refer  to 
the  corresponding  flag  on  page  371). 

Christ   1.304  years,   and  of  the  Arabs  706,  on 
the  nth  day  of  the  month  of  September. 

"There  are  in  the  Kingdom  of  Castile  28 
cities  and  many  other  towns,  castles,  and  vil- 
lages. Know  that  this  Kingdom  of  Castile  and 
Leon  has  all  the  seacoast  of  the  west  as  far  as 
Bayona  the  greater,  and  borders  on  Navarre 
and  Aragon  and  Granada.  The  ensigns  of  the 
kings  of  this  kingdom  are  a  flag  with  two 
castles  and  two  lions  quarterly  (1025). 


388 


"I  departed  from  the  Kingdom  of  Castile 
and  went  to  the  Kingdom  ot  I'ortiigul.  where 
I  found  four  large  cities,  and  three  great  rivers 
flow  across  it.  This  kingdom  borders  on  the 
western  sea  and  the  Kingdom  of  Castile  and 
Leon.  The  arms  of  this  kingdom  are  castles 
all  round  and  (itiiitas  (shields  with  live  white 
circles,  representing  the  live  wounds  of  the 
Saviour)  in  the  middle  (ioa6). 

"I  went  to  Bayona  (Bayonne  the  greater, 
which  is  in  Gascony.  It  is  seated  on  the  west- 
ern sea,  near  the  I'yrenean  Mountains  (Pyre- 
nees). The  Lord  of  this  Bayona  has  for  his 
Hag  white  with  a  cross  red"  (1037). 

At  the  time  of  the  l'"ranciscan's  visit  Bayonne 
was  under  the  King  of  England,  and  the  flag 
was  therefore  the  St.  George's  cross  (830), 
adopted  by  Richard  Coeur  de  Lion  during  the 
Third  Crusade. 

"1  left  Bayona  and  entered  Navarre,  a  very 
rich  kingdom,  in  which  there  are  three  great 
cities.  Three  great  rivers  flow  through  it.  The 
king  of  it  has  for  a  sign  the  flag  as  follows" 
(loaS). 

At  the  battle  of  Las  Xavas  dc  Tolosa,  in 
1212,  Sancho,  King  of  Xavarre,  and  his  knights 
broke  the  chain  which  defended  the  approach 
to  the  tent  of  "En-Nasir,"  the  .Mmohade  Sul- 
tan. The  victory  which  followed  resulted  in 
laying  all  Mohammedan  Spain  at  the  feet  of 
the  Christians.  From  that  time  the  kings  of 
Navarre  bore  the  chain  on  their  coat-of-arms 
and  on  their  flag. 

"I  departed  from  Navarre  and  crossed  the 
Pyrenees.  On  the  left  side  of  these  mountains 
is  the  noble  city  of  Tolosa  (Toulouse),  where 
the  liberal  arts  are  studied,  and  the  lord  of 
this  Tolosa  has  for  his  sign  a  red  flag  with  a 
cross  of  gold  (1029). 

"I  left  Tolosa  and  turned  along  the  coast  of 
the  country  of  Burdeo  (Bordeaux),  and  then 
to  Rochela  (La  Rochellc).  a  rich  city  of 
France,  and  thence  I  went  to  the  point  of 
Sanmac,  which  is  in  the  province  of  Brctanca 
(Brittany)  :  thence  to  the  Gulf  of  Samalo  (St. 
Malo).  and  thence  to  the  province  of  Nor- 
mandia  (.Normandy).  .Ml  these  arc  in  the 
Kingdom  of  Francia  (France),  where  there 
arc  many  cities,  towns,  and  villages.  Know- 
that  the  Kingdom  of  France  borders  on  the 
Mediterranean,  where  there  is  a  city  called 
Narbonne.  and  on  the  .-Mps  of  .Msace  and  on 
the  coasts  of  Flanders,  and  all  the  coasts  of 
Gascuena  (Gascony)  to  the  Pyrenees.  The 
King  of  France  has  three  flcurs  de  lys  of  gold 
(1030). 

"I  left  Paris  and  went  to  Roan  and  Chalon. 
and  thence  to  a  city  on  the  coast  which  thcv 
call  Dicpa  (Dieppe),  and  I  left  it  and  reached 
a  rich  city  called  Calcs  (Calais),  which  is  in 
the  province  of  Picardy.  Know  that  from  this 
Cales  to  the  island  of  England  is  a  short  cross- 
ing of  eight  miles  (leagties  ?).  I  dep.irtcd 
from  Cales  and  went  to  the  country  of  Flan- 
dors,  to  a  noble  city.  Brxijas  (Bruges).  The 
lord  of  that  country  has  a  flag — gold  with  a 
black  lion  (1031). 

"Tlifvo  I  crossed  a  great  river  which  fhev 
rail  Rinits  (the  Rhine),  which  passes  bv  Co- 
lona  (Cologne),  a  great  city  of  Germany.  In 
this  city  they  say  that  the  three  Magian  kings 
are  interred  who  worshiped  Jesus  Christ  in 
Belcm   (Bethlehem).     But  when  I  traveled  in 


the  Empire  of  Cataya  (China)  I  was  in  a  dty 
called  Solin  (Saba?),  and  ihcy  slioweU  inc 
three  highly  revered  lnon«lllcIU^.  and  they  were 
in  honor  oi  the  three  .Magian  kings  who  adored 
Jesus  Christ,  and  they  said  that  ihcy  were  na- 
tives of  that  city.  In  this  (•crnuiiy  there  are 
some  very  high  mountains  which  they  call  the 
German  .Mps.  .  .  .  The  Emperor  of  Ger- 
many has  for  his  device  a  flag— yellow  with  a 
black  eagle  crowned  (103a). 

"I  departed  from  Colona  and  went  to  a  city 
called  Colanda  (  Holland),  in  the  Kingdom  of 
l'"risia.  I  then  passed  over  a  great  river.  .Ubia 
I  Elbe),  rising  111  the  mountaiiu  ..(  Boemia 
(  Bohemia).  Here  the  (ierinaii  Sr.i  forms  the 
gnat  Gulf  of  l-"ri>ia.  and  in  that  gulf  there  arc 
four  islands.  The  King  of  l"ri>ia\  device  is  a 
llag— gold  with  three  long  black  lions  (1033). 

"In  the  Kingdom  of  llneinia  there  .ire  jevcn 
great  cities,  the  largest  called  I'raga  1  Prague), 
where  they  crown  the  King  of  Bocitiia.  This 
Praga  is  all  surrounde<l  by  a  lofty  range  which 
they  call  the  Mountains  of  Boemia.  In  the 
middle  there  is  a  great  plateau  and  in  its  center 
is  the  city,  surrounded  by  a  great  river  called 
.\lbia.  The  King  of  Boemia  has  for  his  de- 
vice a  llag — white  with  a  red  lion  crowned 
(t034). 

"I  left  Boemia  and  went  to  the  province  of 
Sant  Nurio  (Sandomir).  and  to  another  the 
name  of  which  was  Curconia  (Cracow)  and 
Culinan  (Culm),  which  are  great  provinces 
between  Germany  and  the  greater  sea.  and 
though  it  may  be  that  they  are  inhabited  by 
Christians,  still  they  arc  schismatics;  and  I  ar- 
rived at  two  great  cities  between  the  greater 
sea  and  the  Sea  of  Germany,  called  Lilefama 
(Livonia)  and  Catalant  (Co<irland).  It  is  a 
very  populous  land  and  the  king  of  it  has  for 
a  device  a  white  flag  with  this  sign  (1035). 

THE    VANISHED    KINCUOM 

"I  entered  the  Kingdom  of  Polonia  (Po- 
land), where  there  are  live  great  cities,  the 
largest  being  Sania  .Maria  (  Mariempol).  where 
they  crown  the  kings.  The  King  of  Polonia 
has  for  his  design  a  green  flag  with  this  sign 
in  red  (1036). __ 

"I  left  the  Kingdom  of  Polonia  ami  went  to 
the  Kingdom  of  Leon,  which  the  Germans  call 
Lumbrec  (Lembcrg).  in  which  there  are  five 
great  cities.  It  must  be  known  that  this  King- 
dom of  Leon  (Galicia)  borders  on  the  prov- 
ince of  Rumcnia  (Livonia)  and  with  the  King- 
dom of  Suava  (Swabia).  The  king  has  a 
green  flag  with  a  red  cross  (1037). 

■'.■\ftcr  this  1  turned  to  the  other  coast  of 
the  German  Sea  (Baltic),  to  the  part  of  the 
Trasmoniana.  being  the  land  of  Europe  I  will 
mention    further   on.     I   entered  "     '    ■ -nv- 

incc  lliey  rail  Suevia   (Sweden)   ;  the 

city  of  Roderin  (Roggerwick ).  .  .  ..■■■  .ind 
populous,  though  the  land  is  very  mid.  It  has 
in  it  nine  cities.  The  King  of  this  Suevia  tun 
for  his  device  a  yellow  flag  with  two  red  |ion» 
facing  each  other"  (1038). 

.\  few  years  Wfore  the  visit  of  the  Fran- 
ciscan the  first  union  lietwren  Norway  and 
Sweden  had  taken  place  under  the  three-year- 
old  king.  Magniis.  who.  however.  lost  both 
kingdoms  l>cfore  his  death. 

"I   left   the  dty  of  Roderin  and,  going  on 


:fio 


board  a  ship,  I  passed  to  an  island  they  called 
Gotlandia,  which  is  in  the  German  Gulf,  and 
on  tins  island  there  is  a  great  city  called  Bisuy 
(Wishy),  in  which  there  are  go  parishes,  and 
the  island  is  well  peopled.  There  is  a  smaller 
island  called  Oxilia.  The  king  of  these  islands 
has  a  flag  of  gold  and  purple  bars"  (1039). 

It  was  in  the  century  preceding  the  Fran- 
ciscan's visit  that  the  wealth  of  the  city  of 
Wishy,  or  Bisuy.  as  he  called  it.  became  pro- 
verliial.  and  an  old  ballad  relates  that  "the  Got- 
landers  weigh  gold  with  20-pound  weights  and 
p'ay  with  the  choicest  gems.  The  pigs  eat  out 
of  silver  troughs  and  the  women  spin  with 
gold  distaffs.  A  few  years  after  the  friar's 
visit  Wishy  was  attacked  by  the  King  of  Den- 
mark, who  after  a  bloody  battle,  in  which  i.Soo 
peasants  fell  trying  to  defend  the  gates  of  the 
city,  took  possession  of  the  whole  island. 

'i  ascended  the  lofty  mountains  of  Noruega 
(Norway),  wdiich  is  a  very  strong  kingdom 
containing  three  great  cities.  They  call  the 
largest  Regis  (Bergen),  where  they  crown  the 
kings.  And  be  it  known  that  this  Noruega 
toward  the  north  is  uninhabited,  and  that  the 
year  makes  one  day  for  six  months  and  an- 
other SIX  months'  night,  and  there  are  men 
who  have  their  heads  fixed  on  their  breasts 
with  no  neck  whatever,  but  I  did  not  see  them. 
The  king  of  this  Noruega  has  for  his  device 
a  flag — gold  with  a  black  lion  (1040). 

"I  departed  from  Noruega  in  a  ship  of  the 
English,  and  we  shaped  a  course  west  and 
.  came  to  an  island,  very  large,  called  Salanda, 
which  is  at  the  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  Frisia. 
already  mentioned.  The  island  of  Salanda 
(Zeeland)  is  very  populous  and  has  four  great 
cities,  called  Salandi  (Copenhacen).  Risent 
(Riiigsted),  Escondin  (Stor  Hedding).  Alenda 
(I^ealand).  The  king  of  this  island  has  for 
his  device  a  flag — gold  with  a  black  lion,  as  in 
Noruega  (1040). 

"I  left  the  island  of  Salanda  (Zeeland)  and 
we  made  a  long  voyage,  arriving  at  another 
island  called  Tille  (Telemarken,  in  the  south 
of  Norway),  and  from  thence  we  came  to  the 
island  of  Escocia  (Scotland)  and  found  in  it 
three  great  cities — one  called  Donfres  (Dum- 
fries), another  Eneruic  (Edinburgh),  another 
Veruic  (Berwick).  The  king  of  this  Escocia 
has  for  his  device  a  red  flag  with  three  long 
lions  of  gold"  (1041). 

The  explanation  for  the  Franciscan's  con- 
fusion of  the  arms  of  England  wdth  those  of 
Scotland  is  quite  simple.  His  visit  took  place 
during  the  reign  of  David  Bruce,  who  married 
an  English  princess,  and  he  probably  saw^  her 
arms  on  a  flag  in  Scotland  and  assumed  it  to 
be  the  device  of  the  reigning  monarch. 

ENGLAND   COXT.MXED    "ELEVEN    GREAT    CITIES" 

"I  departed  from  the  land  of  Escocia  and 
came  to  the  Kingdom  of  Inglaterra  (England). 
Know-  that  it  is  a  very  well  populated  country 
and  that  it  contains  eleven  great  cities.  The 
largest,  wdiere  they  crown  their  king,  is  called 
Londres  (London).  The  king  of  those  lands 
has  for  his  arms,  on  a  flag  quarterly,  in  two 
quarters,  fleurs  de  lys,  gold  on  a  field  azure,  be- 
cause the  king  is  of  the  house  of  France,  and 
in  the  other  two  quarters,  in  each  one,  on  a  field 
gules   (red),  three  ounces  gold"   (1042). 


The  "ounces"  which  the  friar  depicts  in  his 
device  for  the  English  king,  it  will  be  olj- 
served,  are  almost  identical  with  the  "long 
lions"  which  he  erroneously  credited  to  Scot- 
land (1041). 

"I  left  Inglaterra  in  a  boat  and  reached  the 
island  of  Irlanda  (Ireland),  which  is  a  short 
crossing  of  a  mile  (  !).  They  say  that  for- 
merly it  was  called  Ibernia.  In  this  island 
there  is  a  great  lake,  and  they  say  that  the 
lake  brings  good  fortune,  because  many  en- 
chantments w'ere  made  on  its  bank  in  ancient 
times.  The  king  of  this  island  has  the  same 
arms  as  the  King  of  Inglaterra   (1042). 

"Being  in  Irlanda.  1  sailed  in  a  ship  bound 
for  Spain,  and  went  with  those  on  that  ship  on 
the  high  sea  for  so  long  that  we  arrived  at  the 
island  of  Eterns  (Faroe  Islands),  and  another 
called  Artania  (Orkneys),  and  another  called 
Citilant  (Shelhind  Islands),  and  another  called 
Ibernia  (Iceland).  .All  these  islands  are  in  a 
part  where  the  sun  (never?)  sets  in  the  month 
of  June  and  they  are  all  peopled.  In  Ibernia 
there  are  trees  and  the  fruit  that  they  bear  are 
very  fat  birds.  These  birds  are  very  good  eat- 
ing, whether  boiled  or  roasted.  The  men  in 
this  island  are  very  long  lived,  some  living  200 
years.  They  are  born  and  brought  up  in  a  way 
which  makes  them  unable  to  die  in  the  islands, 
so  that  when  they  become  very  weak  they  are 
taken  away  and  die  presently. 

"In  this  island  there  are  no  snakes  nor 
vipers,  nor  toads,  nor  flies,  nor  spiders,  nor 
any  other  venomous  things,  and  the  women 
are  very  beautiful,  though  very  simple.  It  is 
a  land  where  there  is  not  as  much  bread  as 
you  may  want,  but  a  great  abundance  of  meat 
and  milk.  The  king  of  this  island  has  for  his 
device  the  same  flag  as  the  King  of  Noruega 
(1040). 

"After  this  I  departed  from  the  island  of 
Iliernia  in  a  ship,  and  voyaged  so  far  over  the 
w-estern  sea  that  we  sighted  Cape  Finisterre 
and  arrived  at  Pontevedra.  in  the  province  of 
Galicia  (Spain).  Thence  I  went  to  a  town  in 
the  Kingdom  of  Castile,  as  I  mentioned  be- 
fore, which  they  call  Tarifa.  It  was  founded 
by  a  very  powerful  Arab  named  Tarif.  Near 
this  town  .Albuacen.  king  of  all  the  land  of 
the  west,  was  defeated  and  conquered  by  the 
very  noble  king.  Don  .Alfonso  of  Castile,  who 
pillaged  all  his  tents  and  took  his  treasures, 
his  women,  and  his  horses."  ( This  was  the 
battle  of  Salado,  in  wdiich  the  King  of  Castile. 
Alfonso  XI,  defeated  Abu-1-hasan  Ali,  King 
of  Morocco,  on  October  28,  1.140.) 

"I  departed  from  Tarifa  and  went  to  the 
city  of  Aljezira  (Algeciras),  where  is  the  rock 
of  Gibraltar,  being  places  in  the  dominions  of 
the  King  of  Castile. 

"I  went  to  Malaga,  a  very  luxurious  city  of 
the  Kingdom  of  Granada.  In  this  kingdom 
there  are  three  cities.  The  grandest,  where 
they  crown  the  kings,  is  Granada.  This  king- 
dorii  is  bounded  by  the  Mediterranean  and  the 
Kingdom  of  Castile.  The  device  of  this  king 
is  a  red  flag  with  Arabic  letters  of  gold,  such 
as  Mahomad,  their  prophet,  bore"   (1043). 

The  friar  made  an  altogether  excusable  er- 
ror in  copying  the  Arabic  inscription,  which 
should  read,  "No  conqueror  but  God." 

"I  departed  from  the  Kingdom  of  Granada 


390 


and  went  to  the  Kingilom  of  Aragon,  a  very 
rich  anil  well  supplied  kingdom.  I  tnuiid  live 
great  cities  in  it.  The  eliiel  one,  wlicrc  the 
kinys  are  crowned,  is  Zaragosa  (Sarayossa). 
It  is  bounded  by  Navarre.  Castile,  France,  and 
the  Pyrenees.  The  kinj;  has  (or  his  device 
nine  pales  gules  and  or"  (1044).  (Nine  strokes 
red  and  gold.) 

There  is  a  picturesque  legend  concerning 
the  adoption  of  this  device.  Far  back  in  his- 
tory an  heiress  of  .-Vragon  married  the  Count 
of  liarcelona,  and  the  gold  shield  of  the  latter 
was  adopted  by  the  kingdom,  .\lter  a  battle, 
however,  Kavnionil  liereiiger.  Count  of  liarce- 
lona, wiped  his  bloody  lingers  down  the  shielil 
and  thereafter  it  became  "or  with  live  pales 
gules" — gold  with  live  red  strokes. 

"1  left  Barcelona  and  went  along  the  coast 
to  the  country  of  .Xmpuria,  and  thence  to  the 
city  of  N'arbona  (Narbonne).  whidi  is  by  the 
shore  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  The  b)rd  of 
it  has  a  white  tlag  with  a  red  cross  like  that  of 
Tolosa  (1029),  and  in  each  quarter  a  sign  like 
this  (104^),  for  this  city  belonged  to  Ray- 
mondo  Conde  de  Tolosa.     .     .     . 

"I  ascended  the  mountains  and  down  to 
Genoua  (Genoa),  a  very  rich  city  on  the  shores 
of  the  Mcililerranean  Sea.  The  lord  of  it  has 
for  his  device  a  white  flag  witli  a  red  cross,  and 
with  the  word  'Justicia'  "  (1046). 

It  was  about  the  time  of  the  F'ranciscan's 
visit  that  Genoa  elected  its  first  doge,  Simone 
Boccanera.  15  years  after  whose  death,  in  ij6j, 
the  republic  city  engaged  in  one  of  its  many 
disastrous  wars  with  \  enicc,  durini^  w  hich  the 
Genoese  galleys  reached  the  very  ihreshold  of 
their  rival  in  the  .Adriatic  and  could  have  dic- 
tated a  most  advantageous  peace  bad  they  not 
boasted  that  they  would  "bit  and  bridle  the 
horses  of  Saint  Mark." 

"I  departed  from  Genoua  and  entered  Lom- 
bardy.  where  there  arc  many  great  and  rich 
cities.  I  left  Lombardy  an<I  came  to  F'isa,  a 
land  very  fertile  with  a  temperate  climate.  It 
has  a  flag  gulcs  (red)"  (1047). 

I'isa  had  re.nched  the  zenith  of  its_  power 
during  the  century  preceding  the  friar's  vi.sit. 
Its  red  flag  had  iieen  banished  from  Corsica 
by  the  Genoese  in  1300,  and  23  years  later  the 
kings  of  .Aragon  supplanted  it  with  their  own 
over  Sardinia. 

"Leaving  Pisa,  I  came  to  Tuscany,  in  which 
there  is  a  city  called  Florence.  The  lord  f)f  it 
has  for  his  device  a  white  flag  with  a  red  cross. 
I  went  from  Tuscany  to  the  noble  city  of 
Rome,  which  is  the  head  of  the  empire  of  the 
Romans.  The  devices  of  Rome  arc  a  red  flag 
with  a  cold  bar.  on  which  arc  letters"  (1048). 
(S.  P.  Q.  R.— Senatus  Populusque  Romanus— 
the  Roman  Senate  and  People.) 

THAXSPLANTKD    LILIES    OF    FRAXCE 

"I  left  Rome  and  arrived  at  Naples,  a  very 
luxurious,  well  supplied,  and  pleasant  land,  in 
which  are  the  provinces  of  Pulla  (.\pulia»  and 
Calabria.  There  arc  many  ricli  citic*.  The 
King  of  Naples  has  for  his  device  a  purple  flag 
with  gi>ld  fleurs  de  lys,  for  he  is  of  the  house 
of  France,  \bovc  is  a  red  slip  which  they  call 
a  label  (1049). 

"I  departed  from  Naples  and  went  over  to 
the  island  of  Sicily,  a  short  passage.  It  is  yerv 
luxurious  and  well  supplied.     There  arc  in  it 


eight  large  cities.  This  Sicily  hat  a  flag  iiaried 
per  salurc  (the  licld  divided  into  lour  part*  by 
two  lines),  two  ijuaricrs  argent  (silver  or 
white),  with  eagles  sable,  the  other  two  ban 
gules  and  or,  for  the  kill);  is  of  the  House  of 
.■\ragon  (lojo).    .     .     . 

"I  went  to  the  city  of  IVin-ria,  which  i»  a( 
the  head  of  the  gulf  on  the  sea.  The  lord  of 
this  I'fiilic  has  for  his  flag — argent,  a  winged 
lion  gules  like  the  lion  of  St.  .Mark'  (lojl). 

The  friar  omits  the  wor<li  "I'ax  tibi,  .Marcc, 
l\vangeli>ta  nieus"  ("T'eacc  be  with  lliec,  Mar- 
cus, my  evangelist"),  which  are  supiHiseil  |i>  l>c 
inscribed  on  the  open  book  or  scroll  held  by 
the  lion. 

"I  departed  from  Venecia  in  the  same  galley 
and  coasted  along  the  side  of  Msclavonia 
(Croatia-Slavonia),  passing  by  a  city  called 
.•\quylca  (.Aquilea),  anil  another  called  Tric»a 
(Trieste).  'I'lie  king  of  this  Fsclavonia  hai 
lor  his  device  a  yellow  Hag  in  halves;  the  red 
half  near  ihe  hoist  has  a  white  star  ami  the 
other  half  is  yellow  (loja). 

"In  the  Kingdom  of  Fsclavonia  there  is  a 
very  high  mountain  called  Ito.vina  (llusnia), 
where  lour  rivers  rise.  .Ml  these  rivers  cnicr 
the  Kingdom  of  Ungria  (Hungary)  ami  unile 
with  the  great  river  Danube,  which  rises  in  the 
.Mps  of  Cicrmany.  Now  this  land  of  Itoxina 
(Bosnia)  marches  with  Germany  and  Ungria. 
and  the  mountains  are  in  ils  cen;cr,  anil  they 
are  mountains  well  peopled,  wiih  a  well  sup- 
plied land:  but  they  arc  not  Catholic  Chris- 
tians, and  the  king  of  these  mounlains  has  ihc 
same  arms  as  those  of  the  King  of  Fsclavonia 

(1053)- 

"1  departed  from  Boxina  and  went  along  the 

const    to   the    city   of   Jara    (Zara).    thence   to 

Sinbochon  (Sebenico  in  Dalmaiia),  and  thence 

to  Narent  (in  Dalmatia,  at  the  mouth  of  the 

Narcnta)   (1054). 

"With  tliis  Narent  there  marches  a  city 
called  Dulcecno  (Dulcigno),  which,  with  the 
adjacent  mountainous  country,  is  very  pleasant 
and  well  supplied.  In  these  mountains  two 
very  great  rivers  rise — one  called  Dranoya  (the 
Drave),  the  other  Pirns  ( Fpirus  r>r  Drinal  — 
which  flow  into  the  Kingdom  of  L'ngria.  fall- 
ing into  the  great  river  Danube  and  forming 
in  L'ngria  ten  islands.  They  c.nll  Ihc  first 
L'ngria  La  Mayor,  whence  tlie  Kingdom  of 
L'ngria  look  its  name. 

"Know  that  in  this  L'ngria  there  arc  many 
rich  cities.  The  Kingdom  of  L'ngri.i  (Hun- 
gary) marches  with  (ireecc  ami  (•crmany, 
Fsclavonia,  Bolonia  (Bidogna).  and  Burgaria 
(  Bulgaria).  The  flag  of  this  kingd  .m  is  part- 
ed per  fess  (that  is,  in  two  equal  parts),  upper 
half  with  fleurs  de  lys  of  Fran,  c,  t«^ause  the 
king  is  of  the  Ilfuise  of  F'ranre  ( I.,ouis  I  of 
Hungary,  ij4J-i3Sj.  came,  in  the  male  line. 
Ironi  Charles  of  ,\njou,  brother  of  St.  Loui»), 
the  lower  half  bars  gules  anil  argent  (1055). 

"I  departed  from  the  Kingdom  n(  lluiiij.try 
and  went  along  the  c.>ast  to  a  cily  called 
Durazo  (Diira/fo).  There  I  took  ship  and 
proceeded  to  the  islaml  of  the  Morca  (the 
Pelr>ponnesii».  the  peninsula  portion  of  the 
mainland  of  Greccet.  In  it  there  arc  »even 
great  cities  (ios6  and  1057). 

"!  left  the  isl.ind  of  ibr  Nforca  and  went  to 
the  island  of  RihI.is  rRh.Klr«>.  This  i<1and 
liclongs  t.i  the  order  of   St.  John"  (1058). 


J9« 


The  Kniglits  of  the  Order  of  the  Hospital 
of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  afterward  known  as 
the  Kniglits  of  Rhodes  and  the  Sovereign  Or- 
der of  tlie  Knights  of  Maka,  came  into  exist- 
ence in  Jerusalem  durmg  the  First  Crusade. 
After  its  expulsion  from  the  Holy  Land  at  the 
fall  of  the  Latin  Kingdom,  the  order  was  estab- 
lished in  Rhodes  in  1309,  where  it  was  holding 
sway  at  the  time  of  the  friar's  visit  and  wlicre 
it  remained  imtfl  1522. 

"I  left  the  island  of  Rhodes  and  went  to  the 
island  of  Candia  (Crete),  and  thence  to  an- 
other island  they  call  Negropont  (Eubcea), 
which  the  \'enetians  conquered.  I  left  the  en- 
trance to  the  greater  sea  and  Constantinople, 
which  I  will  describe  further  on.  to  my  left, 
and  went  to  the  city  they  call  Satalia  (Adalia), 
of  Greek  Christians.  This  Satalia  is  part  of 
the  province  of  Naturi  (Anatolia).  The  King 
of  this  Satalia  has  for  his  device  a  flag  with 
bars  wavy  argent  and  purpure  and  over  all  the 
sign  of  Solomon's  seal"  (1059). 

Adalia,  known  in  ancient  times  as  Attaha. 
played  a  conspicuous  part  in  the  history  of  the 
eastern  Mediterranean  during  the  Middle  Ages. 
It  was  from  this  port  that  Louis  VH  sailed 
for  Syria  in  114S,  and  it  was  the  assembling 
point  for  Richard  Cfeur  de  Lion'*:  descent  upon 
Cyprus  during  the  Third  Crusade. 

THE  KICH    LAND   OF   TURKEY 

"The  city  of  Satalia  and  others  as  far  as  the 
lesser  Armenia  are  all  in  the  province  of 
Turquia  (Turkey),  which  was  called,  in  an- 
cient times.  Asia  Minor.  In  it  there  are  many 
lordships  and  provinces  which  it  would  be  hard 
to  enumerate,  for  this  Turquia  extends  to  the 
greater  sea,  and  be  it  known  that  it  is  a  very 
rich  land,  well  supplied  with  all  goods.  The 
king  of  this  province  has  this  flag  for  his  de- 
vice (1060). 

"I  went  along  the  coast  of  this  Turquia  to  a 
city 'called  Corincho  (Kongos).  The  king  of 
this  land  has  a  Mack  flag  with  five  white 
crosses  (1061). 

"I  departed  from  Corincho  and  went  to  the 
city  they  call  Feradelha,  or  Feradelfin  (Phila- 
delphia), which  marches  on  that  of  Troy, 
which  in  ancient  times  King  Menelaus  of 
Greece  destroyed.  Troy  was  the  head  of  all 
that  Asia  Minor  which  they  now  call  Turquia, 
and  its  device  is  a  fla.g  half  white,  with  a  red 
cross,  the  other  half  vellow.  with  a  red  square 
(1063). 

"In  this  Turquia  there  is  another  province 
they  call  Cunio  (Iconium,  modern  Konia),  in 
which  there  is  a  rich  city  called  Cunyo,  with 
much  territory,  and  the  king  has  a  flag  with 
bars  wavy  argent  and  gules"  (1064)  (silver 
and  red). 

Following  its  conquest  by  the  Seljuk  Turks 
in  the  eleventh  century.  Konia  became  one 
of  the  most  brilliant  cities  of  the  medieval 
world.  Many  splendid  mosques,  palaces,  and 
tombs  adorned  the  place,  which  was  sur- 
rounded by  a  wall  two  miles  in  circumference. 
Beyond  the  city  proper  spread  the  gardens  and 
villas  of  a  numerous  suburban  population. 
From  the  splendor  of  the  city  sprang  the 
Turkish  proverb,  "See  all  the  world,  but  see 
Konia." 


"There  is  also  another  province  called  Sau- 
asto  (Sebastia,  or  Siwas),  anciently  Sausco, 
from  a  city  of  that  name  which  was  the  head 
of  all  the  cities.  This  city  of  Sauasco  was  the 
ancient  Samaria,  though  now  it  is  Sauasco, 
head  of  the  kingdom,  with  a  white  flag  having 
i'we  red  crosses  (1064). 

In  the  time  of  the  Franciscan  Siwas,  known 
in  ancient  times  as  Megalopolis-Sebastia,  was 
enjoying  its  second  period  of  prosperity,  hav- 
ing been  rebuilt  by  the  great  Sultan  Ala-ed- 
din  Kaikobad  I.  Fifty  years  after  the  friar 
wrote  his  "Knowledge  of  the  World,"  Siwas' 
flag  was  trampled  in  the  dust  by  the  impla- 
cably cruel  Tamerlane,  who  buried  alive  4,000 
of  its  inhabitants. 

"I  entered  Armenia  the  Less,  which  is  all 
surrounded  by  very  high  mountains,  and  within 
the  mountains  there  is  a  plain  country  in  which 
there  are  ,560  towns  and  villages  and  castles." 

This  reference  should  not  be  confused  with 
the  Armenia  of  today.  The  Franciscan  is  re- 
ferring to  a  small  principality  founded  in  1080, 
which  gradually  grew  until  it  became  the  in- 
dependent kingdom  of  Lesser  Armenia.  It 
was  a  Christian  State  set  in  the  midst  of  Mos- 
lem princiiialities  and  gave  valuable  assistance 
to  the  Crusaders,  although  it  was  hostile  to 
the  Byzantine  rulers.  It  had  a  tempestuous 
existence  extending  over  a  period  of  about 
three  centuries. 

"On  the  shores  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  in 
the  place  where  it  ends,  you  must  know  that 
anciently  this  Armenia  was  called  the  island  of 
Colcos ;  for  in  this  Armenia  an  arm  of  the  sea 
enters  in  which  there  is  a  small  island  called 
Porto  Bonel  (in  the  Gulf  of  .\lexandretta,  or 
Iskanderun),  and  here  was  the  temple  to  the 
enchanted  golden  sheep  which  bewitched  Jason 
the  Greek. 

"After  tliis  Armenia  is  the  island  of  Chipre 
(Cyprus),  and  in  this  Chipre  there  are  four 
great  cities.  The  King  of  Chipre  has  for  his 
design  a  flag  parted  per  pale  argent  five  crosses 
gules  and  purpure  (purple),  two  fleurs  de  lys 
palewise,  because  he  is  of  the  House  of  France" 
(Armenia  the  Less.  1065,  and  Cyprus.  1066). 

.'\t  the  close  of  the  twelfth  century  the 
reigning  prince  of  Cyprus  provoked  the  wrath 
of  Richard  Coeur  de  Lion  by  ill-treating  the 
Crusaders.  The  English  monarch  thereupon 
captured  the  island  and  sold  it  to  the  Knights 
Templar,  wdio  in  turn  sold  it  to  the  French 
crusader.  Guy  de  Lusignan,  titular  King  of 
Jerusalem.  It  was  Hu.gh  IV,  one  of  the  ablest 
of  the  Lusignan  dynasty,  wdio  was  governing 
Cyprus  at  the  time  of  the  friar's  visit.  This 
was  the  sovereign  to  whom  Boccaccio  dedi- 
cated one  of  his  works  and  who  brought  about 
an  alliance  with  the  Pope,  with  Venice,  and 
the  Hospitallers,  which  resulted  in  the  capture 
of  Smyrna,  in  13-14. 

After  visiting  many  of  the  cities  of  Syria 
and  Palestine,  including  Jaffa,  Acre,  Cassarea, 
and  Ascalon,  the  friar  says  of  Jerusalem : 

"Know  that  in  this  Suria  (Syria)  is  the  city 
of  Iherusalem,  which  was  sanctilied  by  the  holy 
temple  of  Salamon  ( Solomon),  built  there,  and 
was  consecrated  by  the  blood  of  Ihesu  Christo. 
This  land  was  anciently  called  Cananea  after 
Canaan,  son  of  Noe  (Noah).  Afterward  it  had 
the   name    of   Judea   after   Juda,    son    of   Jaco 


392 


(Jacob)._  Know  that  this  province  was  taken 
by  the  French  when  thty  made  the  CMn<|ucst> 
beyond  •-eas.  The  device  of  this  province  is  a 
white  tUiK  with  red  crosses,   like  this"   (1067). 

Sir  Clements  Markliam,  vice-president  oi 
the  Hakhiyt  Society  and  translator  oi  the 
l"ranciscan'&  Book  of  Knowledi-e,  notes  that 
there  was  no  authority  for  these  five  crosses 
gules  in  the  arms  of  Jerusalem.  The  correct 
arms  were  metal  on  metal;  ardent  a  cross  po- 
tent or  (Kold)  between  four  lesser,  crosses  or. 

"Suria  marches  with  the  land  of  Jafet 
(Japhet).  and  this  Jafet  borders  the  very  rich 
city  of  Damasco  (Damascus),  well  supplied 
with  all  things.  Near  this  Damasco  llows  the 
river  Kiif rates.  The  kins  has  a  yellow  flaK 
with  a  white  moon   (1068). 

"Egipto  (  Egypt )  borders  on  Suria.  I  came 
along  the  coast  to  a  port  called  La  Risa  (the 
Port  of  Risa).  .-\nd  1  took  the  road  to  the 
w;est  an<l  came  to  Hamiata  (  Damietta).  a  noble 
city  surroun<led  by  the  river  Nilus  (.Vile). 
Know  that  here  the  King  of  France  was  de- 
feated and  a  prisoner  when  he  went  t«)  make 
conquest  beyond  Sea  (Louis  IX,  defeated  at 
M.issura,  near  Damietta.  in  i.'5o).  On  the 
banks  of  this  river  Xilus  is  situated  tile  great 
city  Alcaira  (Cairo),  where  the  kings  of 
Egipto  are  crowned.  The  device  of  this  king- 
dom is  a  white  flag  with  a  blue  moon  (io6g). 

THK    HIIIINC.    PL.VCK   OF   THK   ROSKTT.V    SToNK 

"I  left  Alcaira  and  went  to  the  coast  where 
is  the  city  of  .Alexandria,  which  is  noble  and 
rich.  From  this  .Me.xandria  to  the  isle  of 
Roxeta  the  distance  is  ten  leagues,  all  peopled 
with  villages.  (Rosetta  is  the  Egyptian  town 
made  famous  for  all  time  by  the  discovery 
near  here  of  the  "Kosetta  Stone"  in  I7<)9.  the 
inscribed  block  of  basaltic  rock  which  unlocked 
the  secrets  of  hieroglyphic  writing.)  The  king 
of  this  .-Mex.indria  has  for  his  device  a  yellow 
flag  and  in  the  middle  a  black  wheel  in  which 
is  a  gray  lit>n  (1070). 

"I  departed  from  .Alexandria  and  went  by 
the  coast  to  a  city  called  Luchon  (Luclia), 
where  the  king  has  a  yellow  flag  with  a  white 
moon   (1071). 

"Leaving  Luchon  T  came  to  Mon  dc  Barcas 
(Barca)  and  Bona  .Andrea  (.\polonial,  which 
is  in  Bcrberia  (Barbary),  and  thence  to  Tolo- 
mcta  (Ptolcmais),  on  the  seashore.  The  king 
has  for  a  device  a  white  flag  with  a  yellow 
sash  on  a  lance  (107a). 

"From  Tolomcta  1  came  to  Puerto  Magro 
(the  mouth  of  the  river  Magra.  ancient  Cyni- 
phus),  and  thence  to  Trijml  (Tripoli),  of  Ber- 
bcria.  It  is  calleil  Tri|iul  because  it  is  bounde<l 
by  the  Triplicana  Mountains.  This  Tripul  is 
a  rich  city  and  the  king  of  it  has  for  his  de- 
vice a  white  flag  with  a  green  palm  tree  and 
two  red  keys   (t073  ■'"d   1074). 

"I  went  from  Tripul  to  Rahasa  (Rns  Maja- 
bes),  Capiz  (Gabcsl.  and  Faquiz  ( Mfaqucs), 
and  thence  to  .Africa  (  Mahdia.  in  Tunisia),  a 
rich  city.  Know  that  j6  miles  from  this  .Africa 
is  a  groat  tower  called  Ligem,  and  from  thi.s 
tower  to  .Alcairahuan  (Kairowan)  there  arc  40 
miles.  .At  this  .Alcairahuan  the  king  of  all 
.Africa  toward  the  west,  named  Alt»ohaconi 
fAbu-1-hasan  .\li).  was  defeated  and  all  his 
tents  were  pillaged.     The  King  of  .Africa  has 


for  his  device  a  white  flag  with  a  purple  moon" 
('075)-  . 

The  Franciscan's  mention  of  the  buttle  be- 
tween .Abu  1-hasan  .Ali  and  Ahmed,  near  Kairo- 
wan, which  .Kcurrcd  in  i.mS,  is  of  tpccial  in- 
terest, as  It  is  the  latest  date  mentioned  bj  the 
clironicUr.  The  friar  probably  did  nut  viiii 
Kairowan,  fcir  with  the  exception  of  Mecca 
and  Medina  it  is  the  iii..st  saerrd  of  cities  in 
the  eyes  of  Mohaniined,iiis.  and  up  t<i  the  liiiic 
of  the  French  ixcui>aii<iii,  Im  i.sSi.  u,i  Chriiilian 
was  permitted  to  pass  throuKh  its  gate*  with- 
out a  special  permit   iroin  the  hey.) 

"1  went  thence  to  Cucia  (  Sus.i.  in  Tunisia 
liUI  t  on  the  »lte  ..f  the  K.im.ill  lla.lruilletuin) 
and  thence  to  Tuncz  (Tunis),  which  is  a  great 
and  rich  city,  well  supplied  with  all  things,  and 
IS  the  head  of  all  Bcrberia  (Barbary)  The 
Hag  of  the  king  is  white  with  a  black  moon 
(1076). 

"I  went  to  Bona  told  name.  Hip|>.>),  where 
•~,  -^HK"*''"^"  ^*3s  bishop.  It  is  a  rich  city 
The  kniK  of  it  has  a  white  flag  with  a  black 
ino'in  (like  Tunis— 1076).  1  departed  from 
Bona  and  went  to  the  city  .if  Constantina 
(Coiist.intine),  which  is  all  surrounded  by  a 
river.  The  king  has  a  flag  parted  per  less 
white  and  yellow  (1078). 

"I  left  Constantina  anil  arrived  at  Bugia 
I  Bougie).  It  is  a  very  strong  and  ancient  city. 
The  king  has  for  his  device  a  red  flag  with  a 
yellow  cross-bow"  (1080), 

.\X     K.\K1.V    SlG.VAt.l.\>;    UKVICK 

Long  before  the  Franciscan's  visit  to  Bou- 
«ie  it  had  become  the  greatest  commercial 
center  on  the  .Vorth  .African  coast  ami  had 
.attained  a  high  degree  of  civilization.  There 
is  evidence  th.it  the  heliograph  uas  used  here 
for  signaling  from  special  towers  as  early  as 
the  middle  of  tb-  eleventh  centiirv.  During 
the  century  following  the  visit  of  the  friar  it 
became  the  stronghold  of  the  Barbary  pirates 

"I  went  from  Bugia  to  .Arguer  (.Algiers), 
thence  to  Brischan  (Bresia),  a  city  on  the  sea- 
coast.  The  king  of  it  has  a  white  flag  with  a 
sign  like  this  (108a). 

"I  departed  from  Brischan  and  went  to  the 
island  of  .\Liyi>rcas  (Majorca),  in  which  there 
is  a  noble,  rich,  ami  well  su|iplied  city.  The 
king  has  for  his  device  a  flag  with  bar*  vert 
(green)  and  .sable"  (J077). 

The  colors  which  the  F'ranciscan  ascril»cs 
to  the  Kingiloin  of  Majorca  constitute  internal 
l>riMif  that  he  visited  the  Ci>iintry  prior  to  1.175, 
for  in  that  year  the  island  was  amiexe<l  by  the 
King  of  .Aragon  and  its  flag,  of  course,  as- 
sumed a  redand-gold  hue  (see  1044). 

"I  entered  .Viimc'lia  as  far  as  the  river  of 
Muluya  until  F  arrived  at  the  strong  city  of 
Cepta  (Ceiita).  Know  that  Cepta  i«  opp<i»itc 
to  .\lge/ira  ( .Algrciras)  anil  Oibraltar,  places 
of  the  King  of  Spain.  The  gulf  of  the  sea, 
called  the  strait  of  A/ocaquc  (Strait  of  rtihral- 
tar),  passes  between  Cepta  and  r.ibraltar.  The 
king  of  this  city  has  for  his  design  a  red  flag 
with  two  white  keys  (1079.) 

"1  departol  from  Cepta  and  went  to  the 
noble  citv  of  Fez.  where  the  kings  of  the  Bena 
Marin  (kings  of  the  lineage  of  Bcni  Mcrin) 
alwavs  reside.    .At  Fez.  their  kinn*  arc  crowned 


.1W 


and  reside  and  they  have  a  flag  all  wb.ite 
(1081). 

"Thence  I  went  to  Nife  (Anafi?)  and  Aza- 
nior.  Know  that  in  this  pi-Dvince  is  the  very 
noble  city  of  Marriiecos.  whicli  nsed  to  be 
called  Cartagu  the  Great  (Carthage,  a  mistake 
in  which  the  traveler  confuses  Morocco  with 
Tunis).  A  consul  of  Rome  named  Scipio 
Africanus  conquered  it  in  the  time  of  the  sov- 
ereignty of  the  Romans.  .Afterwards  the  Goths, 
who  were  the  lords  of  Spain,  were  the  sover- 
eigns here.  The  King  of  Marruecos  has  for 
his  device  a  red  flag  with  a  chess-board  black 
and  wliite  (1083). 

"I  climbed  the  mountains  of  Cucia  La-.\lta 
(western  Atlas),  wliich  is  a  country  well  sup- 
plied witli  everything.  These  mountains  are 
very  high  and  it  is  a  most  dangerous  land,  for 
there  are  not  more  than  two  very  perilous 
passes.  The  king  has  for  his  device  a  flag — 
white  with  a  black  lion"  (1084). 

The  friar's  next  objectives  were  various 
points  along  the  West  African  coast  as  far  as 
tlie  Sene.gal  River,  traveling  always  in  a  "pan- 
filo" — a  galley  used  in  the  Mediterranean  dur- 
ing the  Middle  Ages,  equipped  with  two  masts 
for  sails  and  one  row  of  onrs.  He  next  visited 
many  of  the  islands  in  the  Canary  and  Madeira 
groups.  Returning  to  the  mainland,  he  joined 
a  party  of  Moors  who  were  crossing  the  Sa- 
hara with  gold  for  the  King  of  Guinea,  He 
continues  : 

"We  came  to  some  very  great  and  high 
mountains  in  the  middle  of  the  Zahara  (Sa- 
hara), and  afterward  we  traveled  a  very  great 
distance  over  the  desert  until  we  came  to  an- 
other mountain  (oasis?)  called  Infurent  ( Ze- 
fran).  Here  I  parted  from  these  Moors  and 
joined  some  otliers.  1  then  went  to  Sulgu- 
menca  (the  ancient  town  of  Se.gelmessa,  now 
Tafilet),  a  rich  city  in  the  Zahara,  near  a  river 
wliich  comes  from  the  clear  mountains.  The 
king  of  it  has  for  his  device  a  white  flag  with 
the  root  of  a  green  palm  tree,  in  fliis  manner 
(108s). 

"I  went  with  some  Moors  over  the  Zahara 
until  we  arrived  at  Tocoron  (Tamagrut,  on 
the  river  Dra),  which  is  a  city  among  some 
mountains.  Tlie  inhabitants  are  ne.groes,  and 
tlie  King  of  Tocoron  has  for  his  device  a  white 
flag  with  a  black  mountain  in  the  middle,  like 
that  of  the  King  of  Gnynoa   (Guinea)    (1086). 

"Thence  I  went  to  Tibalbert  ( Tibelbelt.  south 
of  the  Atlas),  a  city  on  some  very  high  moun- 
tains ;  thence  to  another  mountain,  which  is 
under  the  King  of  Guynoa  (Guinea),  and 
thence  to  Euda,  a  well-supplied  city,  also  on 
the  top  of  a  mountain.  Know  that  the  city 
was  peopled  by  a  kin.g  of  Tremecen ;  for  he 
was  bad  and  did  evil  things  and  the  people 
wanted  to  kill  him.  So  he  fled,  with  his  treas- 
ure, to  this  place  and  founded  this  city  of 
Buda  (an  oasis  south  of  .'\tlas).  Its  flag  is 
white  with  a  red  moon  (1087). 

".■\fter wards  I  departed  from  Buda  and  went 
by  the  Zahara  to  another  mountain  called  Ga- 
nahe  (Ghana"),  in  which  there  is  a  rich,  well- 
supplied  city  of  the  same  name.  It  is  the  head 
of  the  kingdom,  where  they  crown  the  kings. 
And  the  King  of  Guynoa  (Guinea)  has  a  gold 
flag  with  a  black  mountain  in  the  middle 
(1088). 


COLD-MIXIXG   AXTS    AS    EIG   AS    CATS 

"Of  Guynoa  there  is  much  to  say.  It  con 
tains  seven  mountains  well  peopled  and  land 
yielding  abundantly  as  long  as  there  are  moun- 
tains ;  elsewliere  it  is  all  Zahara.  Two  ranges 
of  mountains  extend  to  the  Rio  Del  Ore 
(Senegal  River),  and  there  they  collect  the 
ivory  teeth  and  the  gold  in  tlie  ant-hills  which 
the  ants  make  on  the  river  banks.  The  ants  are 
as  big  as  cats  and  dig  out  much  earth.  This 
kingdoin  marches  with  the  Kingdom  of  Or- 
gana  (a  kingdom  on  the  upper  Senegal),  in 
which  also  there  is  mucli  desert.  Organa  is 
the  head  of  the  kingdom,  where  the  kmg  is 
crowned.  The  King  of  Organa  has  for"  his 
device  a  white  flag  with  a  green  palm  tree  and 
two  keys  (1089). 

"I  traveled  for  a  very  long  distance  on 
camels,  until  I  arrived  at  the  "kin.gdom  they 
call  Tremecen  (Tremizen,  or  Telensin,  which 
extended  along  the  Barbary  coast  between  Me- 
lilla  and  the  present  seaport  of  Bougie),  which 
borders  on  the  river  Nilus  (Nile).  They  live 
always  at  war  with  the  Christians  of  Xubia 
and  Etiopia  (Ethiopia).  There  are  in  this 
kingdom  five  large  places  inhabited  by  negroes 
Know  that  these  inhabitants  of  this  kingdom 
of  Tremecen  peopled  it  from  Berberia  (Bar 
bary).  The  king  has  for  liis  device  a  purple 
flag  with  a  white  moon   (logo). 

"Thence  I  went  to  anotlier  kingdom  called 
Dongola  (west  of  Nubia),  marching  with  the 
deserts  of  Egipto  (Egypt)  and  the  river  Nilus 
It  is  a^  country  well  peopled  with  Christians 
from  Nubia,  but  they  are  negroes.  It  is  a  rich 
land  and  very  well  supplied  and  with  many 
fruit  trees.  The  land  has  a  very  Iiot  climate 
Tlie  King  of  Don.gola  lias  for  his  device  a 
white  flag  with  a  cross  like  this"  (icgi). 

After  revisiting  Cairo  in  company  with  some 
Genoese  merchants  whom  he  met  in  Dnngola 
the  Franciscan  journeyed  to  Damieta  (Dami 
etta),  where  he  embarked  for  Ceuta.  He  dis 
embarked  and  journeyed  throu.gh  Morocco 
crossed  the  Atlas  Mountains,  wliere  he  met 
some  Moorish  t'aders  and  embarked  with  them 
on  a  galley  for  another  cruise  down  the  west 
shore  of  .A-frica.  After  leaving  the  mouth  of 
the  Senegal  River  "we  went  on  for  a  very  long 
distance,"  continues  the  friar,  "always  keeping 
in  sight  of  the  coast,  leaving  behind  us  the 
Islas  Perdidas  (the  .Atlantic  Islands),  and 
came  to  an  island  inhaliited  I)y  many  people, 

"They  call  this  island  Gropis  (Gajpis,  of  the 
Bissagos  group,  off  the  coast  of  Portuguese 
Guinea).  It  is  a  well-supplied  island,  but  the 
people  are  idolaters.  Tliey  took  us  all  before 
their  king,  and  wondered  much  at  us  and  our 
language  and  customs.  The  merchants  who 
armed  the  galley  made  much  profit.  The 
king's  device  is  a  wliite  flag  with  tlie  ligure  of 
his  idol"  (1092  and  1093). 

Tlie  Franciscan  now  left  the  Moors  and 
journeyed  to  towns  in  the  Soudan  and  Sene- 
gambia.  He  marvels  at  tlie  gold,  the  amber- 
gris, and  the  ivorv  which  come  from  this  torrid 
region,  and  declares  that  tlie  IMountains  of  the 
Moon,  also  called  tlie  Mountains  of  Gold,  are 
supposed  to  be  the  highest  in  the  world,  and 
that  the  five  largest  rivers  in  the  world  have 
their  sources  in  these  lofty  regions.     He  gives 


394 


no  picture  of  the  (lag  of  this  kiiiKiloin.  which 
he  calls  Gotonie,  anj  designates  as  "one  ..i"  the 
largest  in  the  world,"  bi:t  describes  the  device 
as  "some  yellow  sashes  on  a  >pear."  Mis  nar- 
rative cimlinues : 

"I  departed  from  this  Kincdoni  of  Gotonie 
(Soiulan  and  SeneKainbia)  and  arrived  at  a 
gulf  connected  will)  the  sea,  and  in  the  gulf 
there  are  three  islands.  I  crossed  this  gulf 
until  1  came  to  a  great  rity  called  Ameniian 
(Miniana  and  Aminn,  regions  north  of  the 
Kong  Mountains).  Ir  ^s  a  very  great  and 
populous  kingdom,  with  a  land  supplying  all 
that  is  good,  but  the  people  are  heathens  and 
believe  in  idols.  Tlie-kingdoni  contains  eight 
great  cities,  one  of  whicli  is  .\menuan.  in  which 
the  king  always  resides  and  is  crowned.  The 
king  has  a  white  Hag  with  an  idol   (1094). 

"In  this  Kingdom  of  F-'menunn  there  enters 
a  branch  of  the  river  Kufrates  (  .N'iger — the 
friar  does  not  confcse  this  with  the  Mesopo- 
tamian  Euphrates,  but  assumes  two  rivers  with 
the  same  name).  This  river  forms  three 
branches,  one  entering  the  middle  of  the  King- 
dom of  .Amcniian  and  the  other  branches  flow- 
ing round  the  whole  kingdom,  the  width  in 
some  places  being  two  days'  jonrnev.  When  I 
crossed  lliis  gre.it  river  I  first  made  a  long 
journey  along  its  b.Tiiks.  which  are  very  popu- 
lous (referring  evidently  to  the  river  Bcnue, 
a  tributary  of  the  Niger). 

.\    MYTHICAL    M0.V.\RCII 

"I  came  to  a  great  city  called  Graciona, 
which  is  the  head  of  the  Empire  of  .Vrdeselib, 
a  word  meaning  "Servant  of  the  Cross."  The 
.-\rdeselib  is  defender  of  the  Church  of  Nubia 
and  Ktliiopia.  and  he  defends  Prcste  Juan 
(  Prester  John),  who  is  Patriarch  of  Nubia  and 
.Abyssinia." 

Prester  John,  to  whom  the  Franciscan  re- 
fers, was  a  mythical  Christian  potentate,  whose 
name  appears  many  times  in  the  chronicles  of 
the  Middle  .Ages,  and  he  is  endowed  with  many 
attributes  of  greatness,  wisdom,  and  magic. 
Originally  he  was  supposed  to  be  a  monarch 
of  .Asia,  his  capital  being  somewhere  in  India. 
During  the  fourteenth  century,  however,  the 
mythical  Prester  John"s  domain  was  trans- 
ferred to  .Africa,  and  he  then  became  the  Chris- 
tian king  of  .Abyssinia. 

"Prcste  Juan  rules  over  very  great  lands  and 
many  cities  of  Christians.  But  they  arc  ne- 
groes as  to  their  skins  and  burn  the  sign  of 
the  cross  with  fire  in  recognition  of  baptism. 
But  although  these  men  are  negroes  they  arc 
still  men  of  intelligence,  with  good  brains,  and 
they  have  understanding  and  knowledge.  Their 
land  is  well  supplied  with  all  good  things,  and 
excellent  water  of  that  which  comes  from  the 
.Antarctic  Poic,  where,  it  is  said,  is  the  earthly 
p.ira.lisc.  They  told  me  that  the  Genoese 
wi;  i  galley  was  wrecked  at  .Amennan  and 
whii  were  saved  were  brought  here.  If  was 
never  known  what  became  of  the  other  gallev 
which  escaped.  The  Emperor  of  .Abdcsclih 
has  for  his  device  a  white  flag  with  a  black 
cross  like  this"  (1095). 

The  friar's  reference  to  the  Genoese  galley 
rel.itos  to  the  vovage  of  Vadino  and  Giiido  dc 
VI.    1  '  :     '   rs  who  set  sail  in  iSjt  in  an 

.Tf  •  ■    India.    One  of  them  reached 


a  city  in  Ethiopia  called  Mcnam,  where  tlic 
crew  was  niiprit.jned  and  none  c»cr  rrluriird. 
"1  de|>artcd  from  Cruciuna  and  iravclid  over 
many  lands  and  ihrough  nuny  ciiir*.  arriving 
at  the  city  of  Malsa  (Melee,  or  .\lelli?(.  where 
the  Prcste  Johan  (Prester  John)  always  re- 
sides. 

"This  is  a  wcll-peoplc<l  ami  well-supplied 
land.  Front  the  time  I  came  to  Malv;i  I  heard 
and  saw  marvelous  things  every  day.  I  in- 
<iu!red  what  the  terrestrial  paradise  w»  like. 
and  wise  men  told  nic  iliat  it  consi»tcil  of 
mountains  so  high  ihat  they  came  near  to  the 
circuit  of  the  moon.  No  man  ba>  Ikcii  able  to 
See  it  all,  for  of  twenty  men  who  went  not 
more  than  three  ever  saw  it,  and  that  Ihrv  had 
never  heard  tell  of  any  man  who  had  auriidcd 
the  mountains. 

"They  further  told  ine  that  these  niountaini 
were  surrounded  by  very  deep  seas,  and  llut 
from  tlie  water  of  those  seas  come  four  river* 
which  are  the  largest  in  the  world." 

Perhaps  this  is  a  vague  reference,  based  on 
hearsay,  to  those  noble  lakes  which  constitute 
the  reservoirs  of  the  Nile  and  Congo  Uisiiis— 
Albert  Edward,  Tanganyika,  .N'yassa,  and  Vic- 
toria Nyan/a.  It  was  not  uniil  centuries  later 
th.it  these  lakes  were  definitely  heated  In 
fact,  Victoria  .Vyan/a,  which,  next  to  Uike  .*^u- 
perior,  is  the  largest  fresh-water  lake  in  the 
world,  was  not  discovered  until  1858,  by  J.  II. 
Speke,  while  seeking  the  source  of  the  Nile 

"The  waters  which  desceml  by  these  river* 
rnakc  so  great  a  noise  th.ii  it  can  bo  heard  at  a 
distance  of  two  days"  journey.  .All  the  men 
who  live  near  it  arc  deaf  and  cannot  hear  each 
other,  owing  to  the  great  naise  of  the  waters. 

"In  all  lime  the  sun  in  those  mountains  it 
there  day  and  night,  either  on  one  side  or  the 
other.  This  is  because  half  those  mountains 
are  over  the  horizon  and  the  other  half  are 
over  the  horizon,  so  thai  on  the  top  of  the 
mountains  it  is  never  cither  cold  nor  d.irk,  nor 
hot  nor  dry,  nor  moist,  but  an  equable  tem- 
perature. .All  things,  whether  animal  or  veg- 
etable, can  never  decay  nor  die. 

"They  told  mc  many  other  secrets  of  the 
stars  both  as  regards  judgments  and  magical 
virtues :  also  concerning  herbs,  plants,  and 
minerals,  and  I  saw  several  marvelous  tiling*. 
The  Greeks  call  this  place  Ort'xloxis.  and  the 
Jews  Ganheden.  and  the  Latins  F'arai^o  Ter- 
renal,  because  tln'rc  is  always  a  gix'd  tempera- 
ture. The  device  of  Prestc  Jf^han  is  a  while 
flag  with  a  black  cross  (1096).  I  departed 
from  Malsa  and  took  an  eastern  route." 

The  I'ranciscan  was  the  first  writer  to  locale 
the  mysterious  Prester  John  in  .\b\ssini.i 

"I    went    for   a   very   long   dist.mrr.   niecling 
with  people  of  many  beliefs  at 
manners  and  customs  which  it 
to  describe,  until   I  catne  to  a  ►.> 
of  India  which  enters  into  the  land 
journey.      In    this    gulf    there    are    t 
large    islamls.    called    Zannbar     ( proKibiy   _an 
error  of  the  cop\ist  for  Acib.irK  .Alctibd  ( Ku- 
ria   Muria),   and   .Aden    (peninsula),  which _H 
the    largest    and    the    most    pnnnbMH       T«    1!«^ 
against  .Arabia,  and  here  the  Rerl  S 
and  penetrates  the  land  westward  _" 
jonrnev.    On  its  shores  arc  many  dtic?,  v   '    •. 
and  villages. 


.195 


A    RED    RED    SEA 

"When  the  ships  come  from  India  they  ar- 
rive at  Aden  and  pay  a  tithe  of  their  merchan- 
dise, because  between  the  island  Aden  and  the 
point  of  Aden  there  is  a  rich  city.  Then  there 
is  a  very  narrow  place  to  pass,  and  a  ship  then 
enters  the  Red  Sea  and  discharges  its  cargo  at 
a  city  the)'  call  Sacam  (Suakin),  belonging  to 
the  King  of  Caldea. 

"This  Red  Sea  is  so  called  because  the  bot- 
tom consists  of  red  ochre  which  makes  the 
water  red.  By  this  sea  the  Jews  passed  when 
they  went  forth  from  the  Egyptian  captivity 
of  Faraon  the  King  (Pharaoh).  Presently  I 
entered  Caldea,  which  is  all  surrounded  by  two 
very  great  rivers,  rising  in  the  mountains  of 
Toro  (Taurus).  One  is  called  Cur  (a  mistake 
for  Tigris)  and  the  other  called  Euf rates,  but 
not  the  one  of  Xubia.  Both  these  rivers  reach 
the  Indian  Sea  in  the  gulf  they  call  the  Black 
Sea  (Persian  Gulf).  This  Caldea  is  a  rich, 
populous,  and  well-supplied  land. 

"Know  that  in  this  province  is  the  Tower  of 
Babel,  which  the  giants  liuilt  in  the  center  of  a 
great  plain,  the  Agra  de  Sonabar  (Shinar), 
and  here  was  the  great  city  of  Bauilonia  (  Baby- 
lon), which  is  now  destroyed,  of  which  the 
lord  was  Nabucodonusor   (Nebuchadnezzar). 

"I  crossed  an  arm  of  the  Eufrates  and  en- 
tered the  province  of  Baldaque  (Bagdad),  in 
which  there  is  a  great  city  which  they  call 
Bandacho  (Bagdad),  and  Nabucodonusor 
(Nebuchadnezzar)  was  king  of  these  prov- 
inces. I  departed  from  Bandacho  and  went  to 
Mesopotamia.  I  left  Mesopotamia  and  went 
to  a  city  where  the  river  Cur  (Tigris)  forms 
a  great  island  called  Ansera,  in  which  island 
there  is  a  great  city.  Beyond  this  river  is  the 
site  of  the  city  of  Niniue  (Nineveh),  which 
was  destroyed  for  its  sins.  Know  that  this  re- 
gion contains  very  extensive  lands,  many  cities 
and  villages,  and"  is  all  encircled  by  the  two 
great  rivers  called  Eufrates  and  Cur  (Tigris). 
From  the  borders  of  the  Red  Sea  to  the  shores 
of  tlie  Persian  Gulf  as  far  as  Aquysio  (Kishm) 
we  cannot  give  different  devices  because  Cal- 
dea and  Baldaque  are  all  in  one  lordship  and 
it  is  all  one  region. 

'T  crossed  the  river  Cur  (Tigris)  and  made 
a  very  long  journey  until  I  came  to  Arabia, 
traversing  a  great  extent  of  land  and  arriving 
at  the  city  of  A!  Medina  (Medina),  where 
Mahomat  was  born.  Thence  I  went  to  Me- 
chan  (Mecca),  where  is  the  law  and  testament 
of  Mahomat  in  an  iron  chest  and  in  a  house 
of  calamita  stone.  For  this  reason  it  is  in  the 
air,  neitlier  ascending  nor  descending.  Know 
that  this  Median  is  tlie  head  of  the  empire  of 
the  .A.rabs.  Its  device  is  a  red  flag  and  on  it 
Arabic  letters  in  gold  (1097). 

"I  departed  from  Mecha  and  traveled  over 
the  Kingdom  of  .\rabia  onwards  until  I  arrived 
at  a  very  large  city  they  called  Fadal  (Fartak), 
on  the  shores  of  the  Sea  of  India.  I  remained 
there  sometime  and  then  went  on  board  a  ship 
and  passed  a  very  large  and  well-peopled 
island  called  Sicocra  (Socotra).  There  is  in 
it  a  very  large  city  also  called  Sicocra.  under 
the  rule  of  the  King  of  Arabia.  This  same 
island  the  ships  touch  coming  from  India  laden 


with  spices.     It  has  a  red  flag  with  Arabic  let- 
ters (logS). 

THE    \VE.\LTH   OF   IXUI,\ 

"I  then  traveled  with  some  merchants  for  a 
very  great  distance  and  arrived  at  a  kingdom 
of  Delini  (Delhi),  belonging  to  the  kings  of 
India.  It  contains  extensive  lands,  very  rich 
and  populous.  The  cities  I  came  to  were  nine. 
Know  that  in  this  Kingdom  of  Lini  (Delhi) 
the  pepper  and  ginger  and  aloe  ripen,  and  many 
other  spices,  of  which  there  are  great  harvests, 
which  are  taken  over  all  the  world.  They  call 
this  province  India  the  sandy  (Sind  and  Raj- 
putana).  and  the  color  of  the  people  is  black. 
Tliey  use  Turkish  bows.  They  are  a  wise 
people,  with  good  memories,  and  learned  in  all 
kinds  of  knowledge.  The  device  of  the  king 
is  a  white  flag  with  a  gold  pale   (1099). 

'T  departed  from  the  Kingdom  of  Dilini  and 
entered  that  of  Viguy  (Bijaya-nagar),  which 
is  on  the  other  coast  of  the  Indian  Sea.  Be- 
yond this  kingdom  there  is  an  island  in  the 
Indian  Sea  called  Sagela  (Ceylon),  in  which 
tliere  is  a  great  and  rich  city.  In  this  island 
there  are  workings  whence  gold,  silver,  and 
other  metals  and  very  large  rubies  come; 
others  smaller.  This  kingdom  marches  with 
the  Empire  of  Armalec  (Bengal),  with  the 
Kingdom  of  Linj  and  with  the  Indian  Sea. 

"Know  that  this  Indian  Sea  is  a  branch 
which  joins  to  the  great  eastern  sea.  Some 
say  that  it  covers  all  the  world  up  to  the  west- 
ern sea.  Wise  men  say  that  as  far  as  the  Ant- 
arctic Pole  there  is  a  great  land  forming  a 
tenth  part  of  the  whole  earth.  The  learned 
call  this  land  Trapouana  (Sumatra),  marching 
with  the  island  of  Java  and  extending  to  the 
westward  along  an  arm  of  the  great  sea  which 
surrounds  the  whole  earth  and  of  which  the 
Indian  Sea  is  part. 

"Know  that  in  tlie  islands  of  Java  and  Tra- 
pouana there  are  45  extensive  regions,  the 
greater  part  desolate,  owing  to  the  great  heal 
of  the  sun.  But  in  the  inhabited  parts  they 
aatlier  much  pepper  and  many  other  spices. 
Here  are  the  great  griffins  and  the  great  cock- 
atrices. The  king  lias  for  his  device  a  white 
flag  with  a  gold  wand. 

"-\fterwards  I  departed  from  the  Kingdom 
of  Viguy  and  passed  over  a  gulf  of  the  Indian 
Sea,  which  they  call  the  Gulf  of  Bengala  (Ben- 
gal), because  on  its  shore  is  a  great  city  called 
Bengala,  of  the  Empire  of  Armelec,  and  it  is 
the  capital  of  the  kingdom.  I  passed  thence 
to  the  Kingdom  of  Oxanap  (Burma?),  which 
is  on  the  shore  of  the  Indian  Sea.  Along  the 
sliores  of  Oxanap  the  sea  is  green :  it  is  an  arm 
of  the  Indian  Sea  between  tliis  Oxanap  and 
the  island  of  Java.  The  King  of  Oxanap  has 
for  his  device  a  wdiite  flag  with  a  pale  of  gold 
(similar  to  Delhi — logq). 

"I  departed  from  Oxanap,  went  on  board  a 
ship  with  some  merchants,  and  sailed  over  the 
green  sea  until  we  came  to  tlie  island  of  Java, 
a  very  great  island  in  the  Indian  Sea  about  40 
days'  journey  in  length.  The  island  is  very 
populous,  but  there  are  no  cities,  because  all 
the  people  live  in  the  country  and  gather  spices, 
pepper,  and  odoriferous  gums.  It  is  a  very 
hot  land.     The  people  are  black  and  they  adore 


396 


the  Emperor  of  Cathay  (China),  whose  image 
they  have  on  their  tlags   (iioo). 

"On  leaving  Java  1  returned  to  Oxanap  and 
took  tlie  way  to  the  Kingdom  of  Armalec.  who>c 
device  is  a  white  (lag  witl\  a  pale  of  gold  (simi- 
lar til  Delhi— 1099).  1  departed  from  the  Em- 
pire of  Arnialee  and  traveled  hy  land  for  a 
great  distance  over  a  well-peopled  country, 
with  flocks,  but  no  cities  nor  towns,  because 
all  the  inhabitants  live  in  the  country. 

TO   THK    KNU  OF   THK    KARTH 

"At  last  I  arrived  in  the  Empire  of  Catayo 
(China),  where  all  the  cities  are  on  the  shores 
of  the  eastern  sea,  which  joins  with  the  Sea  of 
India.  This  sea  of  the  east  is  full  of  reefs 
and  islands,  and  to  the  eastward  there  is  no 
news  of  any  lands,  only  waters,  as  in  the  west- 
ern sea. 

"Know  that  Catayo  t^China)  is  the  end  of 
the  earth  in  the  line  of  Spain.  This  empire  is 
irrigated  by  three  great  rivers,  which  rise  in 
the  Monies  Caspios  (Himalaya  Mountains) 
and  are  led  off  into  many  parts.  They  call  the 
largest  of  these  rivers  Magot  (Moang-llo). 
for  it  rises  near  the  castle  of  Magot  ( the  Great 
Wall),  which  is  one  of  the  gates  of  encircled 
Tartaria  (Tartary).  They  call  this  emperor 
Gosman  Imperator  Morroy,  and  Grand  Can, 
Lord  of  the  h'ast.  His  device  is  a  gold  flag 
and  in  the  middle  an  emperor  seated,  in  white 
cloths,  with  an  imperial  crown  on  his  head,  in 
one  hand  a  Turkish  bow,  in  the  other  a  golden 
apple  (iioi). 

"I  departed  from  the  Empire  of  Catayo  to- 
ward the  north,  up  the  course  of  the  river 
Magot  ( IIoang-Ho),  and  traveled  for  65  days. 
I  did  not  tind  town  nor  city.  The  land  is  en- 
tirely inhabited  by  tribes  with  flocks.  It  is  all 
a  plain  coimtry  and  has  no  stones  nor  trees 
nor  people  who  eat  bread,  but  only  meat  and 
milk.  Thence  I  reached  the  Monies  Caspios 
(Himalayas)  of  Magot. 

"Know  that  these  mountains  are  of  immeas- 
urably height  and  surround  Tartaria  from  sea 
to  sea,  and  there  is  only  one  very  narrow  pass. 
Here  there  is  a  castle  built  of  magnet  iron 
throughout,  for  nature  made  it  in  this  manner 
and  it  reaches  to  the  clouds.  .\t  its  foot  rises 
the  river  Magot.  On  the  other  side  there  is 
another  castle  which  is  as  high  and  built  of  the 
same  stone,  called  Got  (Gog  and  Magog,  men- 
tioned in  Ezekiel  xxxviii).  The  castles  are 
very  high  on  the  top.  so  that  ten  thousand  men 
can  reside  in  each  of  them.  Between  the  two 
are  the  Iron  Gates  which  shut  the  entrance  to 
Tartaria. 

"Within  this  Tartaria  there  arc  countless 
tribes  who  <lo  not  observe  any  of  the  com- 
mandments of  Goil.  except  that  they  do  no  evil 
one  to  another.  They  are  very  conlident  and 
great  fighters,  both  on  fcx^t  and  on  horseback, 
insomuch  that  .Mexander  was  unable  t"  con- 
quer them  or  to  enter  their  country  by  the 
mountains,  for  they  shut  and  fastened  those 
iron  gates  by  placing  great  rocks  against  them, 
and  they  were  closed  for  a  long  time.  Even- 
tually they  removed  the  obstruction,  coming 
out  and  conquering  a  great  r>art  of  the  world 
themselves.  From  that  lineage  came  all  those 
of  the  Empire  of  Catayo. 


"From  that  lineage  also  came  those  of  the 
einpires  of  Armalev.  MesopoUnna.  all  the  Per. 
siaiis,  those  of  the  Empire  of  Sara  (Caspian), 
as  well  Turks  and  Tartar^,  Saracen%  and  lW>ihs 
Some  of  them  turned  to  the  law  uf  .\brabam 
ami  others  turnol  .Moors.  The  wi»c  men  of 
Tartaria  say  that  when  7.<xm  years  of  the  era 
of  .Adam  are  completed  they  wdl  be  lord*  of 
the  whole  face  of  the  cartli  and  will  nuke  all 
peoples  conform  to  their  law  and  tlnir  freedom 
This  encloycd  Tartaria  forms  u  fourth  pan 
of   the    whole   earth. 

"In  the  Empire  of  Catayo  there  is  a  king 
ilom  called  Scim  ( |>erhaps  a  kingdom  of  hear 
say),  which  borders  on  the  Kingdom  of  Sar- 
magant  (Samarkand).  Bocarin  (  Bokhara),  and 
Trimic  (Tibet).  The  flag  of  its  king  is  while, 
with  a  figure  of  the  sun  in  the  center  (lioa). 

Kt'ROPE'S    FIRST    ACCOU.NT    OF    Timrf 

"The  Kingdom  of  Trimic  (Tibet)  is  all  fur 
rounded  by  mountains,  which  give  rise  to  man> 
fountains  and  rivers.  Th(.se  who  are  Itorn  here 
have  very  long  lives.  They  are  men  of  cleai 
understandings  and  good  memories,  learned  in 
the  sciences  and  live  according  to  the  law 
They  say  that  the  men  who  first  heard  of  sci- 
ence and  learning  were  these,  and  that  the  Per 
sians  heard  of  tho.se  things  from  them.  For 
this  reason  they  deserve  honour  above  all  other 
men ;  for  others  do  not  equal  these  in  learmnu 
or  science." 

This  is  the  earliest  European  account  of  the 
people  of  Tilict. 

"I  departed  from  Magot,  where  I  had  re- 
sided for  sometime,  anil  traveled  with  some 
companions,  25  days'  journey  to  the  westward. 
to  the  city  of  Bix-arin  (Bokhara),  where  the 
king  always  resides.  Here  I  met  with  mer- 
chants who  came  from  Catayo  ami  traveled 
with  us.  35  days'  journey,  to  aiiotlur  city,  called 
Cato,  the  head  of  a  kingdom  with  very  exten- 
sive territory  (probably  a  region  Ixirilering  on 
Siberia).  But  all  the  people  live  in  the  coun- 
ti^y,  except  the  people  of  one  city  where  the 
king  lives.  These  two  kingdoms  have  for  a 
device  a  yellow  flag  with  manv  white  stars 
(1 103). 

"We  departed  from  the  Kingdom  of  Calo 
and  travele<l  a  great  distance  without  finding 
town  nor  city,  yet  the  country  was  inhabited 
and  with  many  flocks.  We  came  to  .1  moun- 
tain which  is  a  spur  from  the  Monies  Ospioi 
and  extends  to  the  Sea  of  Sara  (Caspian). 
This  mountain  is  IJ5  days'  journey  long. 

"We  crossed  it  by  a  very  high  pass  and  again 
traveled  a  long  distance  over  a  country  with- 
out cities  or  towns  until  we  came  to  a  great 
city  called  N'organeio  (Khiva),  in  the  Empire 
of  IFxbeco  ( Shah  I'.sbek.  who  reigned  during 
the  first  half  of  the  fourteenth  century  over  a 
vast  region  stretching  from  the  Dnieper  to  the 
Ural  Mountains).  "The  King  of  the  N'organ- 
eio has  for  his  device  a  while  flag  with  the 
sign  of  L'xbeco  F{mpenir  of  Sara  (on  Uic  Cas- 
pian)   red"  (1104). 

Journeying  westward  by  way  of  the  Caspian 
Sea,  which  he  crosse<l  in  a  ship  l>elonging  to 
Christians,  the  friar  visited  .-Vrmenia.  liis  re- 
cital continues: 

"Then  I  went  lo  sec  the  mountains  of  Ar- 
menia   the    Greater,    where    the   ark   of    Noc 


397 


(Noah)  arrived  wlien  it  escaped  the  universal 
deUige.  This  mountain  is  of  salt  stone  as  wliite 
as  crystal.  Know  that  it  is  one  of  the  highest 
mountains  in  the  world.  No  man  lias  been 
able  to  ascend  it,  though  attempts  have  been 
made  many  times.  These  mountains  are  in  the 
Empire  of  Persia.  All  round  the  country  is 
inhabited  by  Armenian  Christians,  who  are  the 
guards  of  the  emperor,  and  he  places  much 
trust  in  them. 

"I  departed  from  .Xrmenia  and  came  to  the 
great  city  of  Toris  (Taljri?.),  which  is  the  capi- 
tal of  the  Empire  of  the  Persians.  It  is  one  of 
the  grandest  cities  in  the  world,  well  supplied, 
rich,  and  in  a  good  climate.  For  this  reason 
the  Persians  are  wise  and  very  well  versed  in 
all  the  sciences.  Tliey  have  learned  men  with 
a  profound  knowledge  of  the  stars.  The  Em- 
peror of  Persia  has  for  his  device  a  yellow 
flag  with  a  red  square  in  tlie  middle  (1105). 

'T  went  over  a  great  part  of  Persia,  going 
thence  to  the  Kingdom  of  Saldania  and  its  rich 
and  noble  city  (Sultanieh?).  Its  king  has  for 
a  device  a  yellow  flag  with  a  red  square  (sim- 
ilar to  Persia's — iio"). 

"I  departed  from  Saldania  and  went  with 
some  merchants  a  long  distance  until  I  came 
to  tlie  city  of  Ayras  (Sliiraz),  called  by  tlie 
Tartars  Sarax,  where  the  Empire  of  Persia 
ends.  It  is  a  well  supplied  ciiy,  rich  and  very 
ancient.  Tliey  say  that  in  this  city  was  tirst 
discovered  the  astronomy  or  law  of  the  stars, 
for  this  city  is  in  the  line  of  the  center  of 
Persia.  The  cities  I  have  visited  in  Persia  are 
Casar  (Kazan),  Serrans,  Thesi,  Spaor  (Ispa- 
han), Jorjaman  (('■eorgia').  Spalonero  (Raze- 
lain'),  Saldania  (Sultanieh),  and  Toris  (Ta- 
briz). 

"In  this  last  town  is  where  Besnacayt,  the 
Emperur  of  Persia,  was  crowned.  His  empire 
extends  from  the  Sea  of  Sara  (Caspian)  to 
tlie  Persian  Gulf,  where  is  the  city  of  Hor- 
mixio  (Ormuz),  and  from  the  Mare  Mayor 
(Black  Sea)  to  Aquisio,  also  on  the  Persian 
Gulf.  lis  length  is  i_'5  days'  journey  and  its 
width  from  the  river  Cur  to  the  city  of  Siras 
(Sari?)  TOO  days'  journey.  Benascayt,  Em- 
peror of  Persia,  assembled  a  very  great  host 
and  went  to  fight  with  Uxbeco,  Emperor  of 
Sara   (tlie  Caspian). 

"There  arrived  more  tlian  a  million  and  a 
half  of  cavalry.  Then  Benascayt  promised 
some  Armenian  monks,  whom  he  consulted, 
that  if  he  won  the  battle  he  would  become  a 
Cliristian.  The  Armenian  Christians  who  came 
with  him  marched  with  a  cross  before  them, 
and,  God  helping,  he  conquered.  Uxlieco  was 
defeated  and  his  cavalry  pillaged  and  their 
women  captured.  The  conqueror  advanced  far 
into  the  enemy's  country. 

"After  this  I  left  Persia  with  some  mer- 
chants who  came  from  Catavo  (China). 
Thence  we  traveled  for  a  great  distance  with- 
out coming  to  any  city,  for  all  the  inhabitants 
lived  in  the  country. 

"I  came  to  a  city  called  Tripul  of  Suria 
(Syria),  which  is  on  the  shore  of  the  Medi- 
terranean (not  the  Tripoli  of  North  .\frica, 
previously  mentioned).  There  I  embarked  in 
a  ship  of  Christians  and  went  to  Chipre  (Cy- 
prus), thence  to  tl'e  Morea.  and  thence  to 
Creta.  Negropont  (Eubcea),  and  a  kingdom  of 


Greeks  which  they  call  Salonica,  bordering  on 
Macedonia,  where  the  great  .-Mexander  reigned. 
The  King  of  Salonica  has  for  his  device  a  red 
flag  with  a  yellow  cross  and  four  chain  links 
(1106). 

GAI.LIPOLI    IN    AN    EARLY    CAMPAIGN 

"Thence  I  went  to  a  city  called  Galipoli, 
which  is  on  the  shore  of  tlie  gulf  between  the 
Mediterranean  and  the  greater  sea.  By  this 
way. the  French  passed  when  they  conquered 
Suria.  Thence  I  went  along  the  seacoast  to  a 
city  they  call  Recrea  (Heraclea),  and  tlience  to 
the  city  of  Constantinople,  a  rich  city,  the  cap- 
ital of  the  empire,  wliere  they  crown  the  kings. 
Here  there  is  a  church  of  God  called  Santa 
Sofia,  wdiich  is  very  wide,  lofty,  and  beautiful. 

"Before  it  there  is  a  tower  of  stone  which 
has  not  been  ascended.  On  tlie  summit  of  this 
tower  there  is  placed  a  knight  with  his  horse 
of  metal.  It  is  very  large,  and  he  has  on  his 
head  an  episcopal  cap  (probably  a  nimbus  or 
crown),  it  is  in  honor  of  the  Emperor  Con- 
stantine.  His  right  hand  is  extended  toward 
Turquia,  which  was  formerly  called  Asia 
Minor,  on  the  other  side  of  this  gulf  of  the 
sea.  The  Emperor  of  Constantinople  has  for 
his  device  a  flag  quarterly,  tirst  and  fourth 
argent  a  cross  gules,  second  and  third  gules  a 
cross,  or  (gold)  between  four  chain  links  or 
(1107  and  1108). 

"1  left  Constantinople  and  entered  the  Mare 
Mayor  (Clack  Sea),  proceeding  along  the 
coast  on  the  left  hand  to  a  great  city  called 
\'ecina  (\'idin).  Here  nine  rivers  unite  and 
fall  into  the  Mare  Mayor.  These  nine  rivers 
make  a  great  commotion  before  this  city  of 
^'ecina,  which  is  the  capital  of  the  kingdom. 
It  has  a  white  flag  with  four  red  squares 
(1109).     .     .     . 

"1  proceeded  along  the  shores  of  the  eastern 
side  of  the  Mare  ^layor  (I'.lack  Sea)  for  a 
very  long  distance  and  arrived  in  the  Kingdom 
of  Sant  Estropoli  (Sebastopol),  which  is  in- 
habited by  Comanes  Christians.  Here  there 
are  many  people  who  have  Jewish  descent,  but 
all  perform  the  works  of  Christians  in  the  sac- 
rifices, more  after  the  Greek  than  the  Latin 
Cliurch.  Tlie  king  has  for  his  flag — gules  a 
hand  argent  (mo). 

"I  left  Sant  Estropoli  and  went  to  Gorgania 
(Georgia),  whicli  is  be-ween  the  Mare  Mayor 
(Clack  Sea)  and  the  Mar  de  Sara  (Casnian), 
a  very  extensive  land  of  the  Empire  of  Uxlcto 
(Uzbeg).  I  then  went  along  the  shore  to  the 
city  of  Trapesonda  (Trehizond),  where  I  re- 
mained for  some  time.  This  empire  borders 
on  Turquia,  but  the  people  are  Greek  Chris- 
tians. The  Emperor  of  Trapesonda  has  for 
his  device  a  red  flag  with  a  golden  two-headed 
eagle. 

"I  departed  from  Trapesonda  and  arrived  at 
the  Kingdom  of  Semiso  (Sanisun),  a  large 
and  populous  territory  bordering  on  Turquia 
and  the  Mare  Mayor.  The  king  has  for  his 
device  a  white  flag  with  a  sign  like  this  (1112). 

"I  came  to  Feradelfia  (Philadelphia)  and 
found  a  rich  and  well  supplied  city.  It  is  in 
Turquia,  anciently  called  Asia  Minor.  Tlie 
king  has  for  his  device  a  flag  parted  per  pale, 
argent  and  azure  and  on  a  field  argent  a  cross 
gules  (1113)- 


398 


"I  departed  from  the  KiiiKdoni  of  Feradelfui 
and  went  to  annthtT  kinmli.m,  called  Stol.>i;u 
(Hypsili.  in  Asia  Minor),  which  contains  ex- 
tensive territory  near  the  sea.  The  kinj;  has 
for  his  (Uvice  a  red  llag  charged  with  a  black 
wheel  (1114). 

"I  left  Stolo^o.  traveling  hy  land  with  some 
merchants;  went  across  all  Tnrqiiia  and  came 
to  the  city  of  Saiiasco  (Siwas?).  Leaving  that 
place  I  crossed  a  river,  traveled  over  Jorgania 
(GeorKia)  until  I  arrived  at  the  Si-a  of  Sara, 
at  a  city  called  Dement  (Dcrhent).  I  went 
along  tile  shores  of  the  Sea  of  Sara  (Caspian). 

"I  entered  a  great  province  called  Koxia 
(Russia),  in  which  there  is  a  city  called  Xor- 
man(  ?).  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  (1115  and 
1 1 16).  It  is  hounded  by  the  great  lake  01 
T.anay,  which  is  three  days'  journey  in  length 
and  two  broad  (an  imaginary  body  of  water 
in  which  most  medieval  geographers  believed). 
Thrv  •  very  great  rivers  t'ow  from  it.  One  of 
these.  ;hc  Nu  (Dwina),  bounds  a  great  prov- 
ince called  Siccia  (Scythia).  a  very  cold  coun- 
try. In  this  Siccia  there  is  a  great  city,  the 
ca|iital  •'(  the  kingdom,  called  N'ogorado  (  N'ov- 
goroilK  The  kiu'^  h.is  for  his  device  a  red  flag 
with  a  white  caslle   ('117). 

"I  came  to  Maxar,  a  kingdom  in  which  there 
are  three  great  cities — Casama  (  Kazan),  Lasac 
(Lcchcl.  in  the  province  of  Ka/an),  .iiid  Nfons- 
caor  I  Moscow).  This  King  of  Maxar  (Oren- 
burg) has  for  his  device  a  purple  flag  with 
white  stars  (1118). 

"From  Maxar  I  went  to  the  Kingdom  of 
Siluana.  which  they  call  Scpten  Castra.  and  the 
Greeks  call  it  Horgiml  (Transylvania).  It  is 
encircled    by    two    great    rivers  —  the    Turbo 


(Dniester)  and  the  I.usim  (Dnicinrr).  The 
king  has  for  his  device  a  green  llag  with  a  rc«l 
sciniitar  (1119).  The  people  arc  richtimaiic 
(.'lirisiians. 

Tilt    .Min.N'ICIIT    Sl'.S 

•■.\sccnding  the  river  Tir  (Dniester)  toward 
the  north,  there  arc  two  very  large  province* 
called  Yrcania  and  Gotia  (northern  Kussia), 
whence  the  Gothi  came  forth  who  cntrrcd 
Spain.  It  is  called  the  land  .if  N'oKulaus  The 
people  arc  strong  and  warlike,  but  ihrjr  coun- 
try is  very  cold.  This  Goiia  ami  Vrcania 
march  with  the  lofty  mountains  .>(  Trasni<jn- 
tana    (mountains  of    Norway). 

"In  these  mountains  the  north  star  is  seen  in 
the  middle  of  the  heavens,  and  throughout  the 
year  there  is  daylight  for  six  months  and 
night  for  six  months.  It  is  uninhabited,  vet 
they  say  that  men  arc  met  with  whose  heads 
come  or.t  i>f  their  shoulders,  having  no  nc\-k» 
whatever.  Their  beards  are  on  tluir  brr-nt* 
and  their  ears  reach  to  the  shoulders.  There 
are  also  found  in  this  land  very  great  Iiearj 
.and  wild  bi-asts,  as  I  have  already  related. 
These  two  provinces  of  Vrcania  ami  ('.otia 
were  pci'plcd  by  the  Codos.  who  came  from 
the  closed  Tartaria.  from  the  castle  of  Got  and 
.Magot  (Gog  and  .Magog),  when  thev  delilicr- 
ated  on  the  siege  of  .Mexandre  and  the  con- 
quest of  the  greater  part  of  the  world  (device 
of   N'rcania — ii2o). 

"I  went  to  I'landcrs.  and  from  there  to  Se- 
ville, the  city   from  which  I   first  startnl," 

Thus  ends  the  recital  of  the  I'rancis- 
can's  wanderings. 


!M  .WANTS   01     PAIRIOI  I.SM   JOO  M-ARS  .\(,C) 


(Nos.  1123-1197) 


PRnR.VBLY  John  Beaumont,  an 
I'.njjlish  author  wlio  lived  (hiring 
tlie  last  hall  of  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury. Iiatl  never  heard  of  the  anonymous 
Franciscan  friar  who  wrote  his  "Book  of 
Knowledgc"(scc  page  35'8)about  the  year 
1350:  and  yet  Beaumont  has  left  to  pos- 
terity a  work  on  nations  and  their  flags 
which  strangely  parallels  the  book  of  the 
Spanish  churchman,  save  that  whereas 
the  latter's  volume  is  b'jauti fully  han<l 
illuiriincil  with  the  colored  coats-of-arms 
of  the  nations  of  earth  in  his  day.  the 
Knglishman  relies  ui>on  somewhat  entile 
black  ;ind  white  copper  plates,  with  the 
letters  R  (red).  W  (white).  Y  (yellow), 
etc.,  chiseled  out  to  indicate  the  colors. 

The  flags  reproduce<l  on  page  371  of 
this  issue  of  the  <  fi:oGR.\riiic  have  been 
preparecl  in  colors,  in  large  measure 
from  the  black  atirl  wliite  drawings  which 
Beaumont  iiicludcl  in  the  third  edition  of 


his  hook,  published  by  John  Motte  in 
London  in  the  year  1701.  The  full  title 
of  the  work  is : 

"The  I 'resent  State  of  the  Universe,  or 
an  .Account  of  the  Rise,  Birth,  Names, 
Matches,  Children,  an<I  near  .Mlies  of  all 
the  jiresent  Chief  I'rinces  of  the  WorM. 
Their  Coats  of  Arms,  Mottos.  Devices, 
IJveries.  Religions,  and  Languai;es.  The 
Names  of  their  Chief  Towns,  with  some 
Com|)Utation  c>f  the  Houses  and  Inhabit- 
ants. Tlieir  Chief  Seats  of  I'leastirc,  and 
other  Remarkable  things  in  their  Do- 
minions. Their  Hevetiiies,  Power,  and 
Strength.  Their  res|KVtive  Styles  and 
Titles,  or  .\piKllalii>iis.  .Msn  .\n  Account 
of  Common-\\'c:dihs,  relating  to  the  simc 
Heads.  The  Third  edition  continu'd  and 
cnlargVI,  with  the  KfTigics  of  all  the 
Crown 'd  Meads  of  KurojK' :  as  also  the 
various  Bearings  of  their  several  Ships 
at  Sea." 


J99 


There  are  three  British  ensigns — the  white, 
bkie,  and  red. 

To  understand  the  use  of  tlie  red,  the  white, 
and  tile  blue  ensign  in  the  British  navy,  it  is 
necessary  to  know  the  organization  of  the  huge 
fleets  of  that  day.  In  a  fleet  there  were  the 
center,  the  van,  and  the  rear. 

The  admiral  of  the  fleet,  with  the  union  flag 
at  tlie  mainmast  of  his  flagship,  commanded 
the  vessels  of  the  "center,"  and  they  were  re- 
quired to  display  red  ensigns  (1123),  referred 
to  countless  times  in  history  as  the  famous 
"meteor  flag  of  Old  England"  on  account  of 
its  red  field  and  the  red  cross  of  St.  George. 
The  vice-admiral  of  the  white,  with  his  white 
flag  (1121)  at  the  fore  of  his  flagship,  com- 
manded the  vessels  of  the  van  (fore),  and  tliey 
displayed  the  white  ensign  (1124).  The  rear- 
admiral  of  the  blue,  with  his  blue  flag  (1122) 
at  the  mizzen  of  his  flagship,  commanded  the 
vessels  of  the  rear  (mizzen),  and  they  wore 
the  blue  ensign  (1125).  So  that  the  ensigns 
indicated  the  squadrons,  and  the  colors  and  the 
positions  (main,  fore,  and  mizzen)  of  the  ad- 
mirals' flags  the  ranlvs  of  the  commanding 
adinirals.  This  practice  was  of  long  standing, 
and  of  course  came  from  the  English  navy, 
there  being  practically  no  Scottish  navy.  This 
is  all  made  clear  by  examination  of  the  ad- 
mirals' flags,  1121  and  1122,  and  the  ensigns 
1123,  1124,  and  1125  of  the  year  1705  (two 
years  before  the  union  of  the  crosses  of  St 
George  and  St.  Andrew). 

At  the  time  of  our  Revolution  the  same  flags 
of  rank  and  the  same  ensigns  were  in  use,  but 
with  the  union  flag  of  England  and  Scotland 
in  their  cantons.  These  ensigns  continued  to 
have  this  significance  imtil  1864,  when  the  red 
ensign  disappeared  from  the  place  of  honor  in 
the  British  navy,  the  white  ensign  (834)  be- 
coming the  exclusive  ensign  of  the  navy,  the 
blue  ensign  (835)  for  public  vessels  (with  a 
badge  in  its  fly)  and  naval  reserve  vessels. 
and  the  red  ensign  (836)  became  the  exclusive 
property  of  the  merchant  marine. 

The  red  flag  of  defiance  (1126)  has  for  cen- 
turies been  the  symbol  of  revolution  and  of 
mutiny. 

Queen  Elizabeth  chartered  the  East  India 
Company  in  1600.  Its  flag  (1129)  has  peculiar 
interest  for  America,  as  some  historians  de- 
clare that  it  was  the  parent  banner  of  our 
Stars  and  Stripes.  Benjamin  Franklin  is  re- 
puted to  have  urged  its  adoption  at  a  dinner 
which  he  and  Washington  attended  on  De- 
cember 13,  1773,  and  at  which  he  is  said  to  have 
declared  r  "While  the  field  of  your  flag  must 
be  new  in  the  details  of  its  design,  it  need  not 
be  entirely  new  in  its  eleinents.  It  is  fortun.ate 
for  us  that  there  is  already  in  use  a  flag  with 
which  the  English  Government  is  familiar,  and 
which  it  has  not  only  recognized  but  protected. 
I  refer  to  the  flag  of  the  East  India  Company." 

The  East  India  Company's  banner  at  that 
time  was  slightly  different,  however,  from  the 
colors  shown  here  (1:29),  for  in  1707  the  union 
between  England  and  Scotland  took  place  and 
the  St.  George's  cross  was  combined  with  that 
of  St.  .Andrew.  The  East  India  Company  flag 
vanished  from  the  seas  in  1858,  wdien  the 
British  Government  took  over  its  functions. 

The  Guinea  Company  (also  a  chartered  trad- 


ing organization  of  England)  carried  its  check- 
ered red  and  white  ensign  (1130)  up  and  down 
the  West  African  coast  for  many  years.  In 
1663  its  vessels  brought  from  Guinea  the  gold 
from  which  the  first  English  "guineas"  were 
coined. 

The  Scottish  ensign  (1131)  and  Scottish  Un 
ion  flag  (1132)  recall  an  interesting  bit  of  con- 
troversy between  the  subjects  of  "South  Britain 
and  North  Britain,"  as  the  English  and  Scotch 
were  then  designated.  With  the  union  of  the 
two  countries  under  James  I,  it  became  neces- 
sary to  devise  a  new  flag.  A  royal  ordinance 
of  April  12,  1605,  recites  the  following: 

"Whereas  some  difference  hath  arisen  be 
tween  our  subjects  of  South  and  North  Britain 
traveling  by  seas,  about  the  bearing  of  theii 
flags. — for  the  avoiding  of  all  such  contention.' 
hereafter,  we  have,  with  the  advice  of  our 
council,  ordered  that  from  henceforth  all  om 
subjects  of  this  isle  and  kingdom  of  Greatei 
Britain,  and  the  members  thereof,  shall  beai 
in  their  maintop  the  Red  Cross,  commonlj 
called  St.  George's  Cross  (1127),  and  the  White 
Cross,  commonly  called  St.  Andrew's  Crose 
(831),  joined  together,  according  to  a  form 
made  by  our  heralds,  and  sent  by  us  to  oui 
admiral  to  be  published  to  our  said  subjects 
and  in  their  foretop  our  subjects  of  South 
Britain  shall  wear  the  Red  Cross  only,  as  the) 
were  wont,  and  our  subjects  of  North  Britain 
in  their  foretop  the  White  Cross  only,  as  the> 
were  accustomed"   (see  also  8.29). 

The  Scottish  Union  flag  (1132)  carries  the 
quarrel  a  step  farther.  The  Scottish  superim 
posed  the  white  cross  on  the  English  red ;  the 
English,  on  their  side,  superimposed  the  red 
cross  on  the  white. 

The  Irish  ensign  at  the  beginning  of  the 
eighteenth  century  (1133)  bore  the  cross  oi 
St.  George  in  the  canton  and  a  gold  harp  on 
a  green  field,  thoroughly  appropriate  for  the 
"Emerald  Isle." 

Holland's  five  flags 

In  his  "Book  of  the  Universe,"  Beaumont 
ascribes  five  flags  to  Holland  at  the  dawn  oi 
the  eighteenth  century  (1134,  1135,  1136,  1139, 
1 140).  Holland  became  an  independent  State 
in  1579,  and  in  1599  its  flag  was  officially 
designated  as  orange,  white,  and  blue,  in  three 
horizontal  stripes,  these  being  the  colors  of  the 
great  leader,  William,  Prince  of  Orange.  In 
some  manner  never  satisfactorily  explained 
(see  377  and  775),  the  orange  became  red  early 
in  the  seventeenth  century,  and  it  was  under 
the  tricolor  (red,  white,  and  blue)  that  the 
naval  heroes  Tromp  and  De  Ruyter  fought 
their  many  brilliant  sea  engagements  with  the 
English   between   1632  and   1(^54. 

(Toncerning  the  city  of  Amsterdam  (1137) 
two  centuries  ago,  Beaumont  furnishes  the 
following  unique  description :  "Anioterdani  is 
the  most  considerable  city  of  all  Holland ;  the 
houses  are  generally  built  of  brick,  and  it's 
built  on  piles  like  Venice.  As  to  what  propor- 
tion of  bigness  this  city  bears  to  London  1 
have  no  exact  account.  Amsterdam  for  riches 
trading,  shipping,  fair  streets,  and  pleasant 
habitations  scarce  yields  to  any  other  city  of 
the  world.     The  whole  town  being   in  a  low 


400 


marshy  ground,  Hie  water  is  let  in  through  all 
the  consiilerahle  streets,  and  it's  all  built  U|K)n 
piles,  or  high  lir  trees,  driven  down  perpen- 
dicularly so  close  together  that  nothing  can 
be  forced  betwixt  them." 

With  the  exception  ol  Amsterdam,  perhaps 
no  other  town  in  Holland  had  more  right  to 
a  tlag  of  its  own  than  I'lushing  (1138).  ior  it 
was  in  this  seaport  that  the  standaril  of  liberty 
was  first  raised  after  the  "Water  Beggars"  had 
taken  Briel  in  157J,  the  first  overt  act  of  the 
Dutch  in  their  war  against  Spanish  supremacy. 

Concerning  Oeiioa,  whose  red  tlag  (1141) 
was  identical  with  that  of  the  scarlet  emblems 
of  Venice  and  Spain,  Beaumont  gives  this 
picturesipie  description  at  the  close  of  the 
seventeenth  century : 

"The  State  of  L'.enoa  is,  like  that  of  Venice, 
govern'd  by  a  Doge  or  Duke,  with  this  Kx- 
ception,  that  the  OtVice  of  the  Duke  of  C.cnoa 
lasts  but  for  three  years,  whereas  the  other  is 
for  life.  Me  has  for  his  Ordinary  Guard  live 
hundred  Germans.  Controversies  between 
Citizens  are  adjudg'd  by  a  Court  called  the 
Uota.  consisting  of  Lawyers,  not  Natives  of 
Genoa.  They  are  under  the  Protection  of  the 
King  of  Spain  (hence  the  identity  of  the 
Spanish  and  Genoese  red  flag).  Genoa  was 
under  the  Government  of  several  Princes  till 
the  year  l.^-'S,  when  .\ndrcw  Doria  est.iblished 
there  the  I'orin  of  Government  observ'd  to  this 
day,  which  is  .'\ristocraticaI.  There  is  seen  in 
the  Town  the  statue  of  .\ndrew  Doria,  mounted 
on  a  Horse  of  Cast  Copper,  with  this  Inscrip- 
tion on  the  pedestal.  Liberator  Populi."  (It 
was  after  this  liberator  that  the  brig  .hidrcw 
Doria,  the  lirst  vessel  to  obtain  a  salute  for 
the  .American  flag,  was  named — see  page  205.) 

Tradition  says  that  Russia  derived  its  blue, 
white,  and  red  fla.g  (1142)  in  the  following 
manner :  Peter  the  tircat,  wliile  learning  sliip- 
buiUIing  in  Holland,  adopted  the  Dutch  ensign 
(1136).  merely  reversing  the  colors.  But  the 
Russians  were  not  flattered  by  this,  for  it  made 
them  appear  like  "Dutchmen  in  distress"  (the 
sign  of  distress  being  an  inverted  flag).  Sub- 
se<iuently  the  order  was  changed  to  white,  blue, 
and  red  ( the  present  Russian  merchant  flag — 
800),  but  in  i/Ot  the  Czar  of  Muscovy  (  Peter) 
had  only  added  the  blue  cross  in  the  white 
stripe  to  distinguish  his  flag  from  the  Dutch 
distress  sigtial. 

oste.vd's  bra\t:  banner 

Ostcnd.  the  last  stronghold  of  the  Dutch  in 
South  Netherlands  against  the  Spaniards,  well 
deserved  the  distinction  of  a  tight  standard 
(1144)  as  well  as  an  ensign  (1143).  This  little 
lishing  village,  of  scarcely  three  thousand  souls 
at  the  beginning  of  the  seventeenth  century, 
withstood  one  of  the  most  remarkable  sieges 
of  history,  the  chroniclers  of  that  time  being 
amply  justilicd  in  comparing  it  to  the  siege  i>f 
Troy. 

It  resisted  the  Spaniards  for  three  years  and 
seventy-seven  days  (July  5,  f6or,  to  September 
JO.  l(io4'>.  and  it  is  computed  that  one  hundred 
tlioit^aii  !  liv!  i  anil  f,->nr  million  dollars  were 
'■.iirirrc'!  in  it~  n-chiction.  .Ml  the  engineering 
skill  and  resources  of  the  age  were  employed. 
Targonc,  a   famous   Italian  engineer,  invented 


a  great  floating  battery  to  close  the  harbor,  and 
a  fortress  on  whceli  uith  a  draw-bridge  tu 
•-pan  water  gap>  (forerunner  of  the  twentieth 
century  tank  cars). 

The  defenders  u^cd  great  lMlnlire^  and  IXMnpi 
of  flaming  pilch  to  ligiit  the  lialtlegrouiid  dur- 
ing night  alt.icks.  I'^irthtvorks  were  mined  and 
Countermined  Red-hot  >hot  were  tired  into 
the  city.  To  prevent  cuiiflagraliiiiiN.  the  garri- 
son covered  all  the  houses  wnli  s.ul.  When 
there  was  no  more  earth  suitabU-  l.ir  the  con- 
struction of  furtilications,  the  besieged  turned 
to  the  graveyards,  exhuming  their  heroic  dead 
and  using  their  l>o<lies  as  ramparts  for  the 
living. 

When  the  town  liiially  hauled  d-iwii  its  flag 
it  wa'-  with  the  lioiior>  of  w.ir,  granted  by 
Spiiiola,  the  chivalrous  Gfiioi->e  oiiiun.iiider  of 
the  Spaiii>li  forci>.  who  gave  a  vpleiidid  ban- 
<iuet  to  the  re|iuli|ican  otVicers  in  In-,  pavilion. 

The  Spanish  llag  (1145)  is  nf  spt-cial  interest 
at  this  period  of  history,  for  it  recalU  the  War 
of  the  Spanish  Succession,  which  followed  the 
death  i>f  Charles  H.  in  1700,  the  l.ist  of  the 
.Austrian  (llap>burg)  dynasty  to  sit  on  the 
throne  of  Castile  and  Leon.  Beaumont  rec- 
ords : 

"On  the  first  of  Novemlier,  1700  N.  S.  (New 
Style),  died  Charles  II  of  Spain,  alter  a  long 
illness,  or  rather  after  a  disi-asid  life-  of  almost 
40  years.  In  his  pretended  last  will,  he  is 
said  to  have  left  the  Duke  of  .\njou,  second 
son  of  tire  Dauphin  of  l"rance,  his  heir  and 
successor  to  all  his  dominions,  who  immediately 
took  U|K>ii  the  title  of  Philip  \'.  King  of  Spain, 
etc. 

"But  the  German  Emperor  is  far  from 
acknowledging  him  as  such."     .     .     . 

The  coat  oi-arms  which  Beaumont  places  on 
the  Spanish  banner  (1145)  is  far  from  com- 
plete, for  the  King  of  S|>.'iin  at  the  beginning 
of  the  eighteenth  century  bore  the  insignia  of 
Castile,  of  Leon,  .Vragim,  Sicily.  (>ranada, 
Portugal,  .Mgarvc.  .-\ustria,  .\iicieiit  Burgundy 
and  ^lodern  Burgundy,  Brabant,  l-"landers.  and 
of  .Antwerp,  capital  city  <  f  the  Holy  Kmpire. 
Surrounding  the  large  shield  may  be  seen  the 
collar  of  the  Order  of  the   GoUUn   Fleece 

The  King  of  Spain,  as  one  of  his  min-^r  titles, 
was  known  as  the  Lord  of  Biscay.  Tiie  Bis 
cay  ensign  (1146)  w,is  a  while  cross  "raguled" 
on  a  red  field.  The  r.-)guled  cross  in  heraldry 
is  described  as  "trunked"  or  having  many  cuts, 
resembling  two  ragged  staffs  in  the  shape  of  a 
cross.  The  Spanish  Bourbons  used  it  as  their 
insignia:  hence  it  appeared  on  the  flag  of 
Ostend   (1143).  a  Spanish  possession. 

The  New  Mnirland  ensign  (1147),  with  the 
pine  tree  in  the  first  (|uarter  of  tlic  St.  George's 
cross,  was  the  first  ilistinctivcly  .Vnicrican  fl.iK 
of  the  .-Xmerican  colonics.  It  should  l>c  re- 
membered that  this  is  an  ensign  and  was  ««c<l 
bv  vessels  only  (sec  also  }fi2-S(\\,  .l79-3^). 
The  national  flag  of  the  colonies  was  that  of 
the  mother  rounlrv,  the  union  flag  (361). 

The  French  galley  standard  (1148)  was  of 
red  with  numerous  fleurs  dc  \\i  in  gold.  In 
the  center  were  the  arms  of  France  Beau- 
mont recites  that  "the  arms  of  France  in  the 
days  of  Pharamond  and  his  three  successors 
were  giilcs  (red)  three  crowns  or  (gold). 
CIo«s  the  Great  altcrctJ  them  to  anirc  (blue) 


strewn  with  flowcr-de-lnces  or,  nnd  Charles  VI, 
who  came  to  tlie  crown  in  13S0,  reduced  tlic 
lilies  in  his  coat-of-arms  to  three." 

White  became  the  national  color  of  France 
durmg  the  Hundred  Years  War.  Later  the 
Huguenot  party  adopted  the  white  tiag,  and 
when  Henry  HI,  himself  a  Protestant,  came 
to  the  throne,  in  1574,  it  became  the  royal  eri- 
sign.  In  the  loilovvmg  reign  (Henry  IVj  it 
became  the  symbol  of  the  French  Bourbons. 
Thus  the  French  ensign  (114c,'),  a  simple  white 
banner,  came  to  be  tne  basis  of  many  of  the 
French  hags  (see  1150,  1151,  1157,  1158,  II59, 
1160,  and  1161).  The  ensign  (1149)  was  the 
flag  under  which  Cartier  sailed  on  his  voyage 
of  exploration  to  Canada,  and  the  emblem 
which  floated  from  the  tlagship  of  Admiral  Ue 
Grasse,  whose  victory  off  \'orktown  was  a 
most  important  factor  contributing  to  the  suc- 
cess of  the  American  Revolutionary  War  (see 
422).  Joan  of  Arc  bore  a  white  flag  with  gold 
embellisliments  at  the  Battle  of  Orleans. 

The  French  cornet  (1159)  is  distinctive  only 
in  its  swallow-tail  shape;  in  modern  signaling 
it  is  usually  called  a  burgee. 

The  blue  crosses  in  the  banners  of  Province 
(Provence)  (1150),  of  Bretagny  (Brittany) 
(1151),  and  Normandy  (1158),  and  the  blue 
stripes  of  Picardy  (1161)  recall  the  fact  that 
from  earliest  recorded  times  until  the  seat  of 
French  Government  was  removed  to  Paris 
(wdien  the  red  of  that  city's  patron,  St.  Denis, 
was  adopted)  blue  was  a  favorite  color  of  the 
Franks.  It  was  under  the  plain  blue  flag 
known  as  "Chape  de  St.  Martin"  that  Clovis 
■won  his  great  victory  over  Alaric  in  507,  and 
Charlemagne  bore  it  at  Narbonne.  This  was 
supposed  to  be  the  original  cloak  which  St. 
Martin,  while  stationed  at  Amiens,  divided 
■with  a  beggar;  the  following  night  he  had  a 
vision  of  Christ  making  known  to  his  angels 
this  act  of  charity   (see  also  743). 

Marseilles  had  a  white  ensign  of  its  own, 
with  a  white  cross  on  a  blue  square  in  the  first 
quarter  (1160). 

The  Zealand  colors  (1152)  arc,  naturally, 
those  of  Holland.  On  the  white  bar  is  the 
distinctive  feature,  the  red  lion  of  the  Zealand 
(Zeeland)  coat-of-arms.  In  the  same  manner 
the  fla.g  of  Middleburgh  (1156),  the  capital  of 
Zeeland,  had  the  colors  of  Holland,  with  its 
own  gold  tower  in  the  white  band. 

The  Hanseatic  League,  the  famous  federa- 
tion of  North  German  towns  wdiich  controlled 
the  commerce  of  northern  Europe  during  the 
Middle  ages,  had  for  its  colors  red  and  white, 
two  of  the  three  colors  which  survive  in  the 
flag  of  modern  Germany  (996).  The  chief  city 
of  the  federation  was  Lubeck  (1153).  Ham- 
burg, also  an  important  city  of  the  league, 
bore  a  red  flag  with  a  white  tower  (1154), 
while  Bremen's  emblem  (1166)  was  a  red  and 
wdiite  chess-board.  Rostock,  not  content  with 
the  league's  red  and  white,  added  blue  (1167), 
thereby  giving  her  citizens  the  same  occasion 
as  the  Russians  for  complaining  that  they  ap- 
peared like  "Dutchmen  in  distress"  (see  note 
on  the   flag  of  the  Tsar   of   Moscovy — 1142^. 

Dantzick  (Dantzic)  employed  the  league's 
red,  but  placed  upon  that  field  three  gold 
crowns,  arranged  vertically  (1165). 


The  Munich  flag  (1164)  had  an  unfortunate 
color  combination,  the  \ellow  frequently  fad- 
ing out,  leaving  the  banner  a  French  wdiite 
(1149)- 

Luncnburgh  (Luneburg)  was  one  of  the 
most  important  towns  of  the  Hanseatic  League. 
Its  flag  (1174)  included  tlie  red  field  common 
to  Hamburg  and  Dantzic,  but  with  a  winged 
Pegasus  in  gold  as  the  distinctive  feature. 

The  flag  of  Heyligeland  (Heligoland)  (1155) 
is  of  especial  interest  at  this  time  on  account 
of  the  tremendously  important  role  which  the 
scraps  of  land  (it  was  one  island  up  to  1720, 
wdien  a  violent  eruption  of  the  sea  severed  a 
neck  of  sand  and  made  two  islets  of  it)  are 
playing  in  the  present  war  as  an  impregnable 
naval  and  submarine  base  for  Germany.  Heli- 
goland was  a  fief  of  the  dukes  of  Schlesw'ig- 
Holstein  in  1705,  but  the  free  city  of  Hamburg 
frequently  held  it  in  pawn  for  loans  advanced 
to  the  dukes.  In  1807  England  obtained  it 
from  Denmark,  and  27  years  ago  made  the 
great  mistake  of  ceding  it   to  Germany. 

The  Swedish  man-of-war  ensign  (1162)  and 
Swedish  merchant  flag  (1163)  200  years  ago 
were  virtually  the  same  as  today  (826  and 
827),  with  the  e.xception  that  the  blue  in  the 
modern  standards  is  of  a  much  lighter  shade- 

The  Genoa  ensign  (1168)  is  identical  with 
the  St.  George's  jack  (1127). 

THE    MALTESE   CROSS 

Few  flags  of  history  can  rival  in  romantic 
interest  the  red  lianner  with  its  eight-pointed 
white  cross  (:i69),  emblem  of  the  island  of 
Malta.  The  eight  points  of  this  famous  Mal- 
tese cross  are  supposed  to  represent  the  eight 
Beatitudes.  In  their  monasteries  the  Knights 
of  Malta  wore  black  habits  with  Maltese 
crosses  over  their  hearts.  In  war  their  coat- 
of-arms  was  crimson  with  the  white  Maltese 
cross,  like  the  flag. 

The  flag  of  Jerusalem  (1170)  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  eighteenth  century  contained  the 
same  five  crosses  ndiich  the  Franciscan  monk 
pictured  in  1350  (see  1067),  save  that  the  cen- 
tral cross  at  the  later  period  quartered  the 
flag,  and  the  "Croisettes,"  as  they  are  called  in 
French,  occupied  the  four  quarters. 

Tuhen  (Thuin,  Belgium)  was  one  of  several 
cities  of  the  low  countries  whose  device  at  the 
beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century  was  a 
wdiite  swan  (1171). 

The  Dani-^h  man-of-war  (1172)  and  mer- 
chant flags  (1173)  are  the  oldest  national  em- 
blems now  in  use,  their  history  dating  back  to 
the  year  I2ig,  when  Waldemar  is  supposed  to 
have  seen  a  cross  in  the  sky  while  leading  his 
troops  against  the  Livonian  pagans.  The  flag 
is  known  as  the  Dannebrog  ( Strength  of  Den- 
mark). On  the  time-stained  walls  of  the  medi- 
eval church  on  the  island  of  Heligoland  there 
is  still  to  be  seen  a  painted  Dannebrog. 

The  city  and  district  of  Sural,  the  green  flag 
of  whose  Grand  Mogul  (1175)  was  distin- 
guished by  two  gold  scimitars,  was  the  site  of 
the  first  factory  (trading  post)  established  by 
England  in  India,  a  seed  which  has  developed 
into  a  great  Eastern  Empire. 

Bengal's  Grand  Mogul  bore  a  white  flag  with 
a   red   scimitar   (11 76)   two   centuries  ago.      It 


was  at  this  time  that  the  East  India  Company 
purchased  from  the  great  grandson  of  Sliali 
Jahan  (Imihler  of  tlie  Taj  Mahal)  the  group 
of  Bengal  villages  which  grew  into  the  city  of 
Calcutta. 

Now  an  unimportant  fishers'  town,  Enchysen 
(Enkhuizen)  once  well  deserved  the  right  tii 
have  a  flag  of  its  own  (1177).  Long  ago  it 
harbored  the  fleets  of  Charles  \'  and  I'hilip  11 
of  Spain,  when  their  word  was  law  in  all  the 
low  countries.  Its  banner  preserved  the  yellow 
and  red  of  .-\ragon. 

The  flag  of  Legorne  (Leghorn)  (1178)  con- 
tains the  five  red  roundels  (little  circles)  pe- 
culiar to  the  arms  of  the  Great  Duke  of  Tus- 
cany, who  derived  a  large  share  of  his  reve- 
nues from  this  seaport. 

The  winged  lion  of  St.  ^^ark  (1179)  is  as 
familiar  to  students  of  flags  as  the  eagles  of 
the  Roman  Empire  and  the  dragon  of  St. 
George  in  IJrilish  heraldry.  It  is  placed  on  the 
Venetian  red  Hag  (1141)  in  honor  of  the 
patron  saint  of  the  republic.  St.  Mark,  while 
on  a  missionary  journe>  to  Italy,  according  to 
a  very  ancient  legend,  was  stranded  on  the 
Rialto  when  it  was  still  an  uninhabited  island. 
Here  the  future  greatness  of  \'enicc  was  re- 
vealed to  him  in  a  vision.  The  lion  was  the 
commonly  accepted  symbol  of  the  saint  in  all 
early  Christian  art. 

The  Pope's  colours  (1180)  include  the  red 
field  (red  being  the  color  of  the  livery  of  the 
Holy  Father  also)  with  the  white  cross  of  Cal- 
vary and  the  white  lamb,  the  significance  of 
which  arc  apparent. 

THE   BANXKR   OF   S.WOY 

The  white  cross  on  the  red  field,  device  of 
the  House  of  Savoy  (1181),  has  played  an  im- 
portant role  in  the  history  of  Europe.  Beau- 
mont gives  this  account  of  its  adoption  by  the 
dukes  of  Savoy :  "This  coat  was  given  to 
.-\madeus  the  Great  by  the  Knights  of  Rhodes 
in  I.?I5,  with  these  letters  in  lieu  of  a  motto. 
"F.  E.  R.  T.'— that  is,  'Fortitude  Ejus  Rhodum 
Tenuit'  (His  valor  has  saved  Rhodes).  The 
occasion  was  that  .-Vmadeus  V,  surnamcd  the 
Great,  forced  Mahomet  II,  Emperor  of  the 
Turks,-  to  raise  his  siege  at  that  time  from 
before  the  city  of  Rhodes.  The  said  cross  is 
the  cross  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  whose 
knights  at  that  time  were  owners  of  Rhodes." 

The  Portugal  man-of-war  (1183)  and  mer- 
chant flags  (1183  and  1184)  bore  the  same  dis- 
tinguishing features — five  shields  with  the  five 
circles  representing  the  five  wounds  of  Christ, 
the  cnstles  surrounding  the  inner  shields  and 
the  armillary  sphere,  remini.sccnt  of  that  na- 
tion's maritime  prowess  in  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tury, 200  years  ago,  as  they  do  now  (sec  mod- 
ern flags  701.  7Q2.  and  79.1). 

The  broad,  deeply  notched  border,  diflfcring 
in  color  from  the  field  of  the  flag,  is  one  of 
the  peculiar  characteristics  of  many  Chinese 
banners  (see  iiS;;  and  1186),  Tunquin  (Tong- 
king  or  Tonqum)  was  a  place  of  great  interest 


to  geographers  joo  years  ago.  It  was  de- 
scribed as  coniainmg  .■0,000  cities  and  towns, 
"and  many  more  there  would  be,  but  ili.tt  many 
of  the  people  cIumjsc  to  live  on  the  water  than 
on  the  land;  so  that  the  greatest  part  of  their 
rivers  arc  covered  with  l»o.its  wliicii  serve  them 
instead  of  houses."  Silks,  according  10  lh» 
eighteenth  century  report,  were  worn  in  Ton- 
quin  by  rich  and  poor  alike. 

.Vnchonia's  (.\ncona)  red  and  white  stripes 
(1187)  indicate  its  reliance  upon  the  I'upc. 
The  jirovincc,  with  its  cai>ital  of  the  same 
name  lH>astiiig  the  hnot  harbor  on  the  south- 
west coast  of  the  .-Xdrialic,  was  a  semi-inde- 
pendent  republic  during  the   Middle   .'Vgcs. 

Campbell  (Kainpen)  was  one  of  the  iiii|K>r- 
tant  memliers  of  the  llanseatic  League.  Its 
ensign  (1188)  was  the  simple  red  lield  seen  in 
the  llainliiirg,  Lunebiirg,  and  Uant/ic  (lags, 
but  wilhout  any  coat-of-arnis  or  s\mbol  such 
as  distinguished  the  devices  of  its  sister  cities. 
Today  Kampen  is  a  thriving  liitle  town  in  Hol- 
land, with  a  populaiion  of  about  jo.ooo.  Its 
days  of  glory  were  in  the  fifleenlh  cenlur\. 

its  red  lield  charged  with  a  golden  crescent, 
the  flag  of  Tunis  (1189)  was  for  centuries  one 
of  the  most  important  banners  of  the  .Moham- 
medan world.  Tunis  rose  in  importance  as 
Carthage  declined.  It  is  still  the  largest  city 
in  North  .Africa,  outside  of  Egypt.  It  began 
to  blossom  following  the  .-Xrab  conquest,  and 
became  the  chief  port  for  pilgrims  from  Spain 
on  their  way  to  the  sacred  city  of   Kairowan. 

Between  1350  and  1705  the  flag  of  Tripoly 
(Tripoli)  underwent  a  complete  change.  .-Xl 
the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century  its 
banner  of  while  and  green  bands  (itgo)  was 
floating  over  the  marine  nest  of  the  notorious 
Tripolitan  pirates,  the  scourge  and  tcrn^r  of 
the  Me<literrancan.  .-V  century  later  .Xmerica 
was  to  fight  its  first  foreign  war  against  these 
sea  robbers. 

.Mgier  (.-Mgiers)  (iiQi  and  119a)  was  also 
a  haunt  of  Barbary  pirates  during  the  six- 
teenth, seventeenth,  and  eighteenth  centuries. 
The  outlaws  of  this  port  were  not  suppressed 
completely  until  18.10,  when  on  the  jtli  of  July 
of  that  year  a  French  army  under  General  de 
Bourmont  effected  the  city's  capture. 

In  the  very  year  that  Columbus  discovered 
.■\mcrica  a  band  of  .Xndalusian  .M^iors  built  the 
walls  of  the  town  of  Tituan  (Tetuan)  (1193), 
the  only  open  port  of  Morocco  on  the  Medi- 
terrane.in  Sea.  Sallec  (Salli).  whose  red  flag 
(1194)  is  almost  identical  with  that  of  Tetuan, 
was  once  the  haunt  of  the  Salli  Rovrrs.  It 
also  had  another  flag  of  unique  ilesign  (1195), 

The  flag  of  Moco  .Vraba  (Morha,  .Vrabia) 
(1196)  was  of  great  importance  two  centuries 
ago,  for  at  that  time  Mocha  was  one  of  the 
greatest  coffee  ports  of  the  worlil 

The  Christian  crosses  which  adorned  Con- 
stantinople's flags  (1107  and  1108)  at  the  lime 
of  the  visit  of  the  Franciscan  friar  in  1.150 
were  long  since  replaced  by  the  crescent  of  the 
Mohammedan  Turk,  aa  shown  in  ihc  flag  of 
•705  (1197)- 


403 


THF,    CORRECT    DISPLAY"    OF 

AND  STKlPhS 


THE    STARS 


^  'X   ^     ILE  there  is  no  federal  law 

\  \  ,  .;;  force  pertaining  to  the  man- 
T  T  ner  of  displaying,  hanging,  or 
i>.jit:r^  the  United  States  flag,  or  pre- 
scribing any  ceremonies  that  should  be 
ob5er\-ed.  there  are  many  regulations  and 
usages  of  national  force  heir;:.'/  on  the 
subject. 

In  raising  the  flag  it  il.  ^u!  j  never  be 
rolled  up  and  hoisted  to  the  top  of  the 
staff  before  unfurling.  Instead,  the  fly 
should  be  free  during  the  act  of  hoist- 
ing, which  should  be  done  quickly.  It 
should  be  taken  in  slowly  and  with  dig- 
nit}-.  It  should  not  be  allowed  to  touch 
the  ground  on  shore,  or  the  deck  of  a 
ship,  nor  should  it  be  permitted  to  trail 
in  •'-  *  r  or  in  the  dust.     It  should 

no*  4-  where  it  can  be  contami- 

nated or  ioiled  easily,  or  draped  over 
chairs  or  benches  for  seating  purposes, 
and  no  object  or  emblem  of  any  kind 
should  1j€  placed  upon  it  or  above  it. 

A  common  but  regrettable  practice  at 
public  meetings  is  to  drape  the  flag  like  a 
tablecloth  over  the  .speaker's  table  and 
then  to  place  on  the  flag  a  pitcher  of  ice 
water,  flo^vers,  books,  etc.  -Another 
equally  careless  practice,  and,  unfortu- 
nately, quite  common,  is  to  tie  small 
United  States  flags  to  the  bottom  of  a 
stage  cuitain ;  when  the  curtain  is  raised 
the  flags  are  lifted  aloft  and  are  effect- 
ively displayed,  but  when  the  curtain  is 
lowered,  so  that  the  stage  scenes  may  be 
shifted,  the  flags  trail  in  the  dust  of  the 
stage  floor. 

The  flag  should  not  be  festooned  over 
doorv.ays  or  arches.  Always  let  the  flag 
hang  .straight.  Do  not  tie  it  in  a  bow 
knot.  Where  colors  are  desired  for  dec- 
orative purposes,  use  red,  white,  and  blue 
butttitif/. 

The  flag  should  not  be  hoisted  upside 
down,  other  than  as  a  signal  of  distress 
at  sea,  when  it  may,  if  necessary  to  ac- 
centuate the  distress  and  make  it  easily 
recognized  at  a  distance,  be  knotted  in 
the  mi'idle  of  its  length,  forming  what 
is  called  a  "weft."  ■- 


International  usage  forbids  the  display 
of  the  flag  of  one  nation  above  that  of 
any  other  with  which  it  is  at  peace.  Such 
an  act  is  considered  an  insult  in  times  of 
peace,  and  is  always  followed  by  a  de- 
mand for  an  explanation  and  apology. 
\\'h'rn  the  flags  of  two  or  more  nations 
;  laved,  they  should  be  on  separate 
.1.^,.;.  or  on  separate  halyards  of  equal 
size  and  on  the  same  level. 

The  flag  should  never  be  raised  or  low- 
ered by  any  mechanical  appliance. 

When  the  national  colors  are  passing 
on  parade,  or  in  review,  the  spectator 
should,  if  walking,  halt,  and  if  sitting, 
arise  and  stand  at  attention  and  uncover. 

When  flags  are  used  in  unveiling  a 
statue  or  monument  they  should  not  be 
allowed  to  fall  to  the  ground,  but  should 
be  carried  aloft  to  wave  out,  forming  a 
distinctive  feature  during  the  remainder 
of  the  ceremony. 

Where  the  national  flag  is  displayed 
with  State  or  other  flags,  it  should  be 
given  the  place  of  honor  on  the  right. 
Its  use  should  be  confined  as  much  as 
possible  to  its  display  upon  the  staff. 
Where  used  as  a  banner,  the  union  should 
fly  to  the  north  in  streets  running  east 
and  west,  and  to  the  east  in  streets 
running  north  and  south. 

Old,  faded,  or  ivorn-otit  flags  should 
not  be  used  for  banners  or  other  second- 
ary purposes. 

When  no  longer  fit  for  display,  the  flag 
should  be  destroyed  privately,  preferably 
by  burning  or  other  methods  lacking  the 
suggestion  of  irreverence  or  disrespect. 

Over  only  three  buildings  in  America 
does  the  national  flag  fly  officially  night 
and  day  continuously — over  the  east  and 
west  fronts  of  the  National  Capitol 
and  over  the  adjacent  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives and  Senate  C)ffice  Buildings. 
The  two  emblems  over  the  Capitol 
C  storm-flag  size  J  are  rejilaced  every  six 
weeks,  the  wear  and  tear,  due  to  wind 
and  rain,  being  excessive. 

Over  the  Senate  and  House  of  Repre- 
sentative wings  of  the  Capitol  th'-  flags 


4rj4 


SENDING   AND  RECEIVING   SKMAI'IIOKE    MESSAGES   UN    THE   SIGNAL    IIKIIK^i: 

niucjackcts  are  never  grarliialcd  in  tlic  "two  R's"  of  warsliip  cdiicatinn — "readin"  and 
'ritin'  "  witli  lla^s.  The  radio  and  the  wireless  telephone  has'C  accumplished  marvels  in  facili- 
tatin-;  coniiniinication  lietwccn  the  units  of  a  fleet,  but  the  seniapliorc  and  tlic  wiKwa^  flag 
still  have  their  place  in  the  service. 


fly  only  while  those  bodies  arc  in  session 
and  during  a  recess.  .\t  adjournment, 
either  at  the  end  of  a  day's  work  or  for 
a  session,  tliey  are  lowered. 

When  the  Stars  and  Stripes  float  from 
the  flagstatY  of  the  White  I  louse,  from 
sunrise  to  sunset,  it  is  indicative  of  the 
presence  in  Washington  of  the  IVesident. 

An  act  of  Congress  passed  in  1905 
provides  that  a  trade-mark  cannot  be  reg- 
istered which  consists  of  or  comprises 
"the  flag,  the  coat-of-arms,  or  other  in- 
signia of  the  United  States,  or  any  simu- 
lation thereof."  An  act  passed  in  1017 
provides  penalties  for  the  clesecration, 
mutilation,  or  imiiropcr  use  of  the  flag 
within  the  District  of  Columbia.  The 
Department  of  Justice  has  held  that  any 
alien  enemy  tearing  down,  mutilating, 
abusing,  or  desecrating  the  I'nitcfl  States 
flag  will  be  regartled  as  a  danger  to  the 
public  jKacc  or  .safety  withiti  the  mean- 
ing of  the  President's  proclamation  of 


.\pril  6,  1917.  and  will  be  subject  to  sum- 
mary arrest  and  piniishment. 

.\t  every  military  jwst  or  station  it  is 
the  i)ractice  in  the  army,  each  day  in 
the  year,  to  hoist  the  flag  briskly  at  sun- 
rise, irresiH.'ctive  of  the  con<lition  of  the 
weather,  and  to  lower  it  slowly  and  cere- 
moniously at  sunset,  indicatir.g  the  com- 
mencement ami  cessation  of  the  ;iciivities 
of  the  day.  While  the  flag  is  In-ing  low- 
ered the  band  plays  the  national  anilu-in, 
which  for  the  army  ami  navy  is  the  "Star 
Spangled  liaiuier."  If  tlure  is  no  Iviml 
I>resent  the  field  nuisic  sounds  "To  the 
colr.rs."  ( )fficers  and  enlisted  men  out  of 
rank  f.ace  toward  the  flag,  stand  at  atten- 
tion, an<l  salute.  (  For  a  •lescrij)tion  of 
army  flags  see  jwge  ,^07  and  onwanl.) 

A  niiiit.iry  force  is  sai<l  to  In.-  accordefl 
"the  honors  of  war"  when,  after  a  s|k'- 
cially  honorable  defense,  it  has  surren- 
rlered  its  jwst,  and  is  |K'rmitte<l  by  the 
tiTin-  r>f  rapitubtioil  to  niir.-li  i.iit   with 


.105 


Photograph  by  Erown  Brothers 
INSURING  ACCURACY  IN  A  FACTORY  WIIERg  GOVERNMICNT  FLAGS  ARE   MADE 

Tlie  United  States  Government  uses  tliousands  of  flags  annual!) ,  not  only  tlie  .Stars  and 
Stripes  and  the  various  flags  and  pennants  of  its  own  anny  and  navy  oflflcers  and  civilian 
officials,  but  the  flags  of  other  countries  as  well.  Every  warship  of  our  navy  carries  43 
foreign  flags,  for  ceremonial  purposes.  The  flag-maker  in  a  government  ensign  factory  must 
test  all  buntings.  Sample  lots  are  soaked  and  washed  with  soap  in  fresh  water  one  day  and 
the  next  in  salt  water.  They  are  then  exposed  to  weather  for  ten  days,  30  hours  of  which 
must  be  sunlight.  The  colors  must  not  fade  or  "run."  The  material  is  also  tested  for  its 
strength.     The  flag  shown  aliove  is  the  Portugal  ensign   f/pi). 


colors  fl}ing,  bands  jilayiny;,  and  bavoncts 
fixed.  It  retains  possession  of  the  field 
artilleiy,  horses,  arms,  and  baggage.  The 
French,  Rtissian.  and  other  governments 
require  that  in  every  case  tlie  commander 
of  the  place  must  not  surrender  until  he 
has  destroyed  all  flags :  but  this  must  be 
done  before  signing  the  caiiitulation. 
General  Stoessel  destroyed  all  Russian 
flags  at  Port  Arthur. 

The  Hague  rules  of  land  warfare  for- 
bid the  improper  use  of  the  flag  of  truce, 
of  a  national  flag,  or  of  the  military  in- 
signia and  tmiform  of  the  enemy,  as  well 
as  the  distinctive  badges  of  the  Geneva 
Convention.  In  practice  it  has  been  au- 
thorized to  make  use  of  the  enemy's  flag 
and  uniform  as  a  ruse,  but  not  during  a 
combat.  Before  opening  fire  these  must 
be  discarded.  Whether  the  enemy's  flag 
cat!  be  displayed  and  his  uniform  worn 


to  effect  an   advance  or   to   withdraw  is 
not  settled. 

N.WV     CEREMONIES    OF    RAISING    AND 
LOWERING  THE  COLORS 

Shore  stations  under  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  Navy  Dei)artment  display  the  na- 
tional ensign  from  eight  o'clock  in  the 
morning  to  sunset.  The  same  is  true  of 
ships  at  anchor.  Ships  coming  to  anchor 
or  getting  under  way  before  or  after  the 
regular  hours  hoist  their  colors  if  there 
be  sufficient  light  for  them  to  be  seen. 
Unless  there  are  good  reasons  to  the  con- 
trary, ships  display  their  colors  when  fall- 
ing in  with  other  men-of-war  or  when 
near  land,  particularly  when  passing  or 
approaching  forts,  lighthouses,  or  towns. 

The  ceremonies  aboard  a  ship  in  com- 
mission when  the  ensign  is  raised  and 
lowered  are  most  impressive.     At  morn- 


406 


Pllotoi^raph  by  Kruvtlt  llruthcrt 

CUTTING  ILAG  STARS  BV   MACHINERY 

Five-pointed  stars  are  used  exclusively  on  mir  natiniial  flaKS  toijay.  Init  in  the  early  days 
of  the  KcptiMic  the  six-pointed  star  frequently  appeared.  I'niil  1S4J  tlie  >tarN  •<(  llie  tirrat 
Seal  of  the  L'nitc<l  States  were  six-pointed,  and  they  are  still  to  be  found  on  the  "Liberty" 
side  of  many  of  our  silver  coins. 


inp  "colors,"  the  band  plays  the  national 
aiitlicni.  at  the  hegimiiiijj  of  which  the 
ensign  is  started  ti])  an<l  Imisted  sniartiy 
to  the  }Kak.  All  officers  then  face  the 
cnsi};n  and  salute,  and  the  fjiiard  of  the 
ilay  and  the  sentries  come  to  present.  If 
there  he  no  band,  the  field  music  sounds 
"to  the  colors."  If  the  ship  hap|H"ns  to 
he  in  a  foreiijn  port  the  national  anthem 
of  that  country  is  played  foilowinij  tiie 
raisinj;:  of  the  ensign.  Then  follow  the 
national  antiiems  of  the  ships  of  war 
]iresfnt.  in  the  order  of  rank. 

At  sunset  "colors"  the  ensign  is  started 


from  the  peak  at  the  Spinning  of  the 
national  anthem  and  is  lowered  slowly 
and  with  dignity.  All  otVicers  and  en- 
listed men  face  toward  the  colors.  If 
in  uniform,  covered  or  iincovereil,  or  in 
civilian  clothes,  iiticovered.  they  salute  at 
the  first  tiotc  of  the  anthem,  retaining  the 
|>osition  of  salute  until  the  last  note  of 
the  anthem.  If  not  in  uniform  and  cov- 
ered, they  uncover  at  the  first  note  of 
the  anthem,  holding  the  headdress  opixv 
sile  the  left  shoulder,  and  remain  in  tJiat 
|>nsition  until  the  last  note  of  the  anthem. 

fX-.rlil      in      in.  Iflllilll      WCalllCf,     WIlCU     tllC 


•io- 


Pliijtuyiaph  liy  I'aul  Thumps 

THE  i.ivixG  i:mi!i.i:m  of  our  national  union 

On  many  occasions  and  in  many  places  thrnughnut  the  United  States  the  effective  climax 
of  a  civic  pageant  is  the  formation  of  a  mammoth  living  flag  by  school  children  wearing  the 
red,  white,  and  blue.  The  great  emhlcm  of  liberty  shown  above  was  formed  by  the  school 
children  of  Salt  Lake  Citv. 


headdress  may  be  slightly  raised.  The 
same  marks  of  respect  are  shown  to  the 
national  anthems  of  other  countries.  At 
"colors,"  pulling  boats  passing  near  a 
man-of-war,  of  any  nationality,  lie  on 
their  oars,  and  steamers  stop  their  en- 
gines, the  coxswains  saluting  and  mem- 
bers of  the  crew  outside  the  canopy  stand- 
ing facing  the  colors  and  saluting. 

'I'lit:  usAGi'.s  i\  ruAr,  salutes 

On  board  ships  of  the  navv  it  is  cus- 
tomary   for    officers    ami    men    whenever 


reaching  the  quarter-tleck,  from  aboartl 
boat,  from  a  gangway,  or  from  the  shore, 
to  salute  the  national  ensign.  They  stop 
at  the  top  of  the  gangway,  or  upon  arriv- 
ing at  the  quarter-deck,  face  the  colors 
and  salute.  On  leaving  the  f|uarter-deck 
the  same  salute  is  given.  This  is  distinct 
from  the  salute  to  the  officer  of  the  deck. 
When  warships  enter  a  port  where 
there  is  a  fort  or  battery  displaying  the 
national  flag,  or  a  commissioned  ship  of 
war,  they  display  at  the  main  the  flag 
of  the  country  in  whose  waters  thev  are, 


408 


rii..l>.gra|.l:  liy  Tjii.   1  h 
SCHOOL  CniLPRKX  OF   XEW  YORK  OBSF.RVIXG  AMKRtC.WIZATIOX   DAY   IX 

CITY  HALL  TAKK 

In  this  wonderful  nsscmMngc,  truly  roiircscniativc  of  patriotic  Young  America,  there  are, 
perhaps,  children  whose  forebears  have  cunie  to  our  shores  from  all  of  the  nations  <if  the 
earth;  and  it  is  these  children  of  alien  races  wlm  arc  uniting  and  cementing  a  hetcr';Tnr  \;< 
people  into  an  indivisible  and  invincible  force  which,  under  the  Stars  and  Siripr- 
battling  for  the  liberty  of  the  world. 


and  saliitc  it  witli  a  national  salute  of 
twenty-one  guns.  The  ships  of  the 
United  States  Xavy  do  not  salute  forts 
and  cities  of  tiie  United  States,  and  «lo 
not  tire  salutes  in  lumor  of  any  natinn, 
or  of  any  official  of  any  nation,  not  form- 
ally recognized  by  tliis  country.  It  is 
customary  to  tire  salutes  only  l)et\veen  8 
a.  m.  and  sunset.  They  arc  never  rtrcd 
between  sunset  atid  sunrise.     During  the 


present  war  salutes  have  been  dispensed 
with  as  between  allied  countries. 

The  United  States  twiay  rer|uires  that 
no  ship  of  tlie  navy  shall  lower  her  sails 
or  <lip  her  ensign  unless  in  return  lor  such 
compliment.  .\  «lip  is  made  by  <|uickly 
lowering  the  ensign  and  without  pau*c 
(juickly  rettirning  it  to  the  [*cak. 

.\  flag  or  an  ensign  at  h.ilf-niast  is  the 
universal  sign  of  moumif'      "'-.re  bc- 


•»iV 


410 


STs^"? 


J 


.s~  =  ■ 

■Sis  '': 
7  £-r 


-•  -"a 

3     - 


ae    •£  =  s"^ 


v£    w   3 
>    —    O 


t- 


V. 


■ill 


•^'      e:  -i  — 


O 


^  5- 


=  2  v-^ 

3  -*•   «    60 

i-^S.*  3. 

—  j:  *  5 

-  -  -  tf 

5  en's 

t^       b«      «  *M 

.c  _  o 

^  ^  -3   tft 

-2   r  -  S 

«  5  t;  O 

:  ?;-^'= 

'  S  5  •'•  8. 

1  —  >  ^  o 

'"--^ 

•    '-z    C    y.   w 

■  =  c-  o 

U    C    3 
-    ^.    So 


*  0:  c 


=  ^ 


3  n  »  5 


e 

=  5  «  « 

-3 


C 
c  ^ 


i  i?  <-  5-H 


ill 


'  -    b  —   u 

S  c  »  =  j:  t-  ^ 
-  fa  1  c--'  u 
?  i  —  3 


^;/.^^  iiU: 


4" 


412 


IXSUIXIA  OF  UXIFnUMKh  i.  .k^.i-.>  ui-   lMiiuj  MAlh.v 


li:i 


ing  iilaccil  at  hall-ina.>t  tin-  Haj,'  must  al- 
ways be  raised  to  the  tO])  of  the  start',  ami 
before  it  is  lowered  from  half-nuist  it 
must  likewise  be  hoisted  to  the  lop. 

WIIK.V    A    ri.KKT    lARKS    IDKTII    Tn    It  \TTl,i: 

At  tlu-  commaiul  "Clear  the  ship  for  ac- 
tion," the  battle  ensigns  are  mastheaded 
and  fmal  preparations  are  made  for  bat- 
tle, and  uiiiler  no  circumstances  is  an  ac- 
tion to  be  conimenced  or  a  battle  fought 
without  tile  display  of  the  national  en- 
sign. When  an  enemy's  siii|i  strikes  lier 
colors  in  battle,  the  commanding  nfficer 
of  the  man-of-war  to  whom  she  struck 


is  re<|uireil  to  continue  tlu-  action  with 
other  ships  of  the  enemy,  but  takes  jmjs- 
session  of  the  surrendered  >lnp  as  soon 
as  jxjssdile. 

Striking  the  flag  is  an  indication  of 
surrender,  'riie  articles  for  the  govern- 
ment of  the  Navy  of  the  I'niteij  States 
require  the  punishment  by  ile.iih,  or  such 
other  |>enalties  as  a  court-martial  may 
adjudge,  of  any  jK-rson  in  the  n.ival  sc-rv- 
ice  who  strikes,  or  attempt-  t..  strike,  the 
flag  to  .m  enemy  or  reliel  without  pro|KT 
antlioriiy,  or  when  eng.iged  in  battle 
ire.uherously  yiehis  or  pu>illanimously 
cries  for  (|uarter. 


Tin-    IVSIGXl  \    ()| 

oi'    nil 


111'  rNii-()k\ii;n  I'Orcis 

\irri)  .^1  \ii'.s 


I'rcscnicd  in  the  si.\  siiccccdiiit;  pages  ;irf  the 
insiKiii.i  of  the  various  hr.inches  of  the  United 
Slates  .\rniy  and  Navy  and  of  the  organizations 
cooperating  with  them.  By  means  of  these  il- 
lustrations one  may  identity  the  rank  and  arm 
of  tlie  service  of  the  wearer  of  practically  any 
.\merican  uniform  seen  duriiii:  tlie  period  of 
the  war — information  which  is  of  especial  value 
at  this  time,  when  the  young  men  of  .\merica 
are  rt'icking  to  the  colors  and  donning  the  uni- 
form of  our  country  to  help  in  the  titanic  strug- 
gle to  make  the  "World  Safe  for  Democracy." 

Ry  direction  of  the  Secretaries  of  War  and 
Navy,  officers  and  men  wear  only  the  servic-- 
uniform  for  the  duration  of  the  war.  dispensing 
with  the  handsome  dress  imi  forms  which  give 
color  to  elahorate  peace-time  sivial  functions 
in  all  ■'  •    '        '  the  world.     P.rass  luittons 

have  discarded,    and    in    their 


>i  . 


'   ^firine  Corps  the  more 
~  in  keepinii  witli  the 
M  imi forms,  reduc- 
ing li                                                 to  a  minimum 
In  li                                             lie  \vc  have  been 
at   war    :.ner.il    iiii|H>rt.<iit    clianges    have   been 
m.idi*   .Tnd    new    lirani-hts    .ind    offiriTs   created. 
.1 

the   Xavy   has   been 
late    \dmiral   D-"' 
(":il'(  rion.  and   K 


u  i ;  h  ■ 
thev    , 


!.>     .lit    ol 
may  rank 

\l!itil   I  ..rcc.-,  with  whom 


-  a<  a  {>art 

'  <hip.    On 

land  t  .-irmy  and 

wear  i  iJifTcrcnce. 

Iii'wever.  tli.ti   iIk>    w\>4r   no  col.. red  cord.  l>Ht 


have  their  metal  corps  device  f.Tslcncd  to  the 
crown.  .\t  the  front  they,  as  well  as  the  men 
of  the  arm>.  are  wearing  the  shrapnel  helmet, 

Puring  times  of  peace  the  L'.  S.  Coast  (iuard, 
acting  under  the  Treasury  Department,  polices 
the  .\tlantic  aiul  I'acilic  sca)H>ards.  am'  its  cut- 
ters arc  the  foes  of  smugglers  au<l  ■■ilur  law- 
breakers. It  also  performs  life-saving  "tervke 
on  these  sliores,  enforces  the  sealing  laws  in 
northern  waters,  ami  patrols  the  sea  lanes  of 
commerce  for  icebergs  and  derelicts.  In  time 
of  war  the  Coast  C^iuard  automatically  liceomcs 
a  branch  of  the  navy. 

The  l*.  S.  Public  Health  Scr\ice  is  an  es- 
pecially important  organization  in  " ::'  linirs, 
and  its  men  in  uniform  are  perform  '■.- 

able  service  in  safeguarding  the  b'  '- 

<liers  at  home  by  creating  the  best  s.i,ii:.ir_  ...n- 
ditions  in  the  territory  surrounrling  the  great 
encampments. 

Many  patriotic  societies  are  cooperating  with 
the  military  forces  to  lessen  the  soblier's  hard- 
ships, and  chief  among  these  is  the  .\meric3n 
Kcd  Cross,  which  is  facing  an  enornniu\  t.nk 
in  caring  for  the  sick  and  wminiled,  iH-sidcs  fur- 
nishing numerous  comforts  for  the  mm  in  the 
field.  This  great  organi7atii>n  is  vastly  in- 
creased in  personnel,  and  a  field  imiforni.  with 
appropriate  insignia,  has  been  rcccntlx  adoiitcd 
for  its  officials  abroad,  the  essentials  of  which 
:irc  shown  on  page  4 10. 

With   the    ii>rccs   in   the   lirbl.   l>oih  'in   ihij 

■untry  and  abroa<l.  an-  Tmrulreds  of  men  who 

.ire  dispensing  the  h  •'  the  Y.  M.  C  .\ 

and  the  Knights  of  i  md  nre  t.».l{ing 

out    for   the   welfare   ,.:    ■  v 

manner  their  ingenuily  c.  •  i 

"      'istingtiishcd   by   insii;iiM    %%    r-    •  n    >.  thi- 

-v  uniforms   fscc  pagr  jtoV 


N'nTi:. — The  Italian  airplane  insignia,  painted 
on  wings  of  machines,  arc  like  the  French.  No. 
.jjo.  on  page  no.  except  thai  the  centers  are 
green 


414 


THE   NATIONAL   GEOGRAPHIC   MAGAZINE 


SERVICE  HAT 

Worn  by  Officers  m  field  and  all  Enlislcd  Mcn- 

CENERAL  OFFICERS COLD  CORD 

ALL  OTHER  OFFICERS  GOLD  AND  BLACK  CORD 

RESERVE  OFFICERS  TRAINING  CAMP  ,      RED,  WHITE  AND  BLUE  CORD 


INFANTRY 
CAVALRY  . 
ARTILLERY 
MLDAL  OF  HONOR        medical 


ENLISTED  MEN 


LIGHT  BLUE  CORD 
.  YELLOW  CORD 
, SCARLET  CORD 

MAROON  AND  WHITE  CORD 


ENGINEERS      .    . 

ORDNANCE 
SIGNAL  CORPS 
FIELD  CLERKS 


QUARTERMASTER  CORP5  bUFF  CORD 


.  SCARLET  AND  WHITE  COftD 
BLACK  AND  SCARLET  CORD 
ORANGE  AND  WHITE  CORD 
BLACK  AND  SILVER  CORD 


CAP   DEVICE 
ALL  COMMISSIONED  OFFICERS 


COLONEL 


CAPTAIN 


COLONLL  'GOLC 

iSUAER' 

INSIGNIA  OF  RANK  ON  SHOULDER  LOOPS  COMMISSIONED  OFFICERS  OF  THE  U    S-  ARM^ 


LIEUT 
GENERAL 


MAJOR 
GENERAL 


BRIG 

GENERAL 


FIRST  SECOND 

LIELT  LIELT 


(A)  REGULARS 


USR 


(B)  RESERVES 


Itefli 


(D)  NATIONAL 
GUARD 


GENERAL   STAFF 


JUDGE  ADVOCATE 
...ENLSDEPT. 

m 

MEDICAL 
DEPT. 


(C)  NATIONAL 
ARM'I 

□ 

ADJl-TANT 
GEN  I  'S  DEPT, 


^^ 


QUARIERMASTERS 
DEPT, 


i 


OVERCOAT  SLEEVES 


DENTAL  CORPS 

SANITAHV  CORPS  lE  .  . 
VETERINARY  CORPS  Y  &. 
AMBULANCE  CORPS  (K  li. 
NURSES  CORPS  '    tSf 


COLLAR  DEVICES  COMMISSIONED  OFFICERS 

A.  B   C  or  D  .>  wo.n  .n  (on|un<:hon  w,ih  <hf  ikppropiialc  c(»p>  dc.cc 
The  U   S    .1  woiD  on  each  >.de  oi  calta>  oxd  the  carpi  device  b.ck  dI  .t 


GENERALS  HAVE   STARb  OF  RANK 
COLONEL  .      FI\E  STRIPS  OF  BRAID 

LT    COLONEt      .      FOLR 
MAJOR  .   .      THREE 

CAPTAIN  .        .  V*0 

FIRST  LIEUT    .         ONE  STRIP 


m 


WEST  POINT  INTERPRETERS 


COLLAR  DEVICES  COMMISSIONED  OFFICERS 


SLEEVE  INSIGNIA  RESERV  E  OFFICERS 
TRAINING  CAMPS 


DISCI  PUNARY 
BARRACKS 

JGUARDl 


RECRUIITNC 
SERVICE 


WEST  POINT  MILITARY  ACADEMY  DEI  ACUMEN  IS 
CAVALRY  ENGINEERS  ARTILLERY 


malhiinl  gun 
battalion 


INILRPRLIEK 


INTFLLIGENCE 
POUCE 


COLLAR  INSIGNIA  ENLISTED  MEN.U,  S.  ARMY 


THE  XATION'AL  C.ROGRAPHIC   MAGAZINE 


■iir. 


VIASItH  l-.l  N.Vf « 


CUN  CCUUlANDUi  OCBI  NV I  R  I  NUT  CIJUS 


1. 1  111  f    ([ASTfR 
COA5T  AJVriLLUT 


o  ®  o  o  o 


IUK:u^i^iU< 


IN  TAMCJTT  l-HACnCL 


CHEVRONS  AND  SLEEVE  INSIGNIA  OF  NONCOMMISSIONF.ri 

Canforaunc  m  celo*  le  ami  ot  •«r«xr     S*«  Kj' 


\\D  ENLISTED  MEN.U.  S.  ARN(Y 


MtUlAMl    A\l/\U'K 
'  '  |p(«r»    '\>>«ta«  and  R***!**  Mi.''»*»t  A»' 


ENUSTLD  MtN 


Now    Mtlitanr  A*i«f 


t-NLoriX)  aviatl* 


LSUSIIO  WHHV*  1V> 


OF  AMA. 


06 


THE  XAT30XAL  GEOGRAPHIC  MAGAZTNi. 


^^ititit 


♦^•** 


*^  ^  • 


I'lZl  -^OViF.-v- 


uz::-  11 -.:..:-.  .c^s 


•<*^*** 


»    -H^^-ir 


^llll 


□ 


CCI>ETrn.CKR5 


■     <S1J 


I  TT^.  "T^.N-A-'^  ^     jumt-T  j^iae 


COLLAR,  SIEEVB  AND  ajOUlBER  INSIGNIA  OF  CO:- 


_  ,  UNE  OmCERS  OF  THE  U.  S.  NAVY 


SI-   -ji?  asK-s   k>r?<" 


Bis      lifi^l 


-vA  .  AJL    RE=£?.''X 


TIIK   WTION'AI.  C.F.OORAPHIC   MXCAZINK 


-I  '• 


WARRANr  ul>K.LMbCAP  CAP  UE\  ICE- VI  ARRANT  Of nCIM  CAP  DtVia.-(tnY  OfriCEIU  Pt.Trv  onKoo .  »c 


-.rri  3  iTVTtJ  SAW 


V  s  r.w  \i   Ki^iHM  lon.-r 


I 


I 


I 


I 


<S3I     <«aj     ^KH 

CHIEF  SAllMAM  K  lHIEF  PHAHSHLIM  OUSF  V W   LU.Hk 

SMOULDER  MARKS-CHIEF  WARRANT  OFHCERS.  U.  S   NAVY  ■Ko.W.ir. 


I  !.>    HVkMI.NCSr 


L>(If  f    SAILMAkCH 
t.tU>    niKRUAlUT 


■OAT!k«  AIN  (X-V^n 


niAJiUAi  ni  r  «t  <  I  ij  < 


INSIGNIA  OF  RANK  ON  SLEEVES  OF  WARRANT  OFFICERS.  U    S    NAVY 


.'li^.'cl^rjlikll^ll'^iitcruk^^^^  collar  devices  of  WARRANT  OFFICERS.U.  S.  NAVYck-«c-,—  w«u.  JClI!  HI 


— ...  V--.1.    rv. 


»nri-    <■    \P'.l  *        iv  ■  .  AKTFJIMA^TFR       MAO«>a3I^«Ml  Hi     IH 


H 


OCTINCUISHINC  MARKS  ON  SLttVti  Of  Ptill   OfFKERS    U.S.SAVV 
TV    -  M.,»..1X  A!.,  »  -"  kT  r-'^-'-l  M-  ■.-  H^,  ■  •^■^ 


;  '-VV^C  MAM^  L«<jmD  ■■A  MAVJI&  NUlU 


418 


THE   NATIONAL  GEOGRAPHIC   :MAGAZINE 


liiljsl 


ADJUTANT  AND 


PAYMASTERS  QUARTEHM  ASTERS     MAnirvit  ri  ikj«co 

DEPARTMENT  ncDAO-r^c^  MARINE  GUNNER 


U   S    MARINE  CORPS 
FIELD  SERVICE  HAT 

Wotn  or.  Shot*  w„h  F.cid  Se.>i«  Un.lo. 

lOH'cri,  wc.f  Cold  -.od  Scd.lri  Hat  Can 

Enli.-ed  Mtn  «ra.  no  co.d.. 


U   S  MARINE  CORPS 
nELD  SERVICE  CAP 


U,  S.  MARINE  CORPS  DEVICE 

Warn  on  all  Hais  and   Cap>  <r>d  or. 
Comtn.ai.ooed  OS>ce»   Colljri 


COLLAR  ORNAMENTS  STAFF  AND  WARRANT  OFFICERS 

Staff  Officers  Wear  both  Corps  and  Department  Device 

Warrant  Officers  Wear  Depajtmenl  Device  Only 


LI     COLONEL  MAIOR  CAPTAIN  FIRST  LIELT  SECOND  LIELT  WARRANT  OFFICERS. 

RANK  INSIGNIA  COMMISSIONED  OFFICERS  OF  THE  U,  S  MARINE  CORPS  ON  OVERCOAT  SLEEVES 


"dt(H 


SECOND  LEADER 

OF  BAND 

i-W..h  Three  Chev,t,n,i 


Cl-iN  POINTER 


GUNNERY 

SERGEANT 

DISTINCTIVE  SLEEVE  MARKS  ENLISTED' MEN "oF  THE  U.  S.  MARINE  CORPS 

Note.     The    U    S.    Marine   Corps  follows  gener^llv  ihc  Insignia  ot    the    U    S,    Army,  with  iKe    exceptions   shown  abo' 
Shoulder  loop  insignia  is  the  same  as  (ot  similar  rank  in  the  army,  but  brsides  being  worn  on  servite  coat  is  also  worn  on  over 


DRLM  MAJOR 

Wnh  Three  Chevroni) 


U  S  COAST  GUARD 
SHIELD 

I.'>t.ll.lTr'»,   Si.'  or,  £1hv<. 


COLLAR  (Blue  Service  Co, 


«*  ^9^ 


■^  COMMANDANT 


WARRANT  OFFICER-S 
CAP  DEVICE 


PETTY  OFFICERS  CAP  DEVICE  CADETS  CAP  DEVICE 

(Alio  i-o.n  ot.  collarl 

:OMMISSIONFD  OFFICER  S  CAP  DEVICE 

UNITED  STATES  COAST  GUARD 

SLEEVE  I  Blue  Senice  Coal,  SHOL'LDLR  w k?,;";^'""".,. 


CAPTAIN  COMMANDANT 


CAPTAIN  COMMANDANT 


Eqml  Si. ,p», -Senior  Capla.n 
Hill  W.dlh  Cenle.  Sinpe-Capla 


SENIOR  CAPTAIN  AND  CAPTAIN  senior  captain  and  cap 


Two  B«r.-F.t.i  Lieu.eti 
One  Bat— Second  Lnute 
No  Bai-Th.td  L.euicnai 


One  Stirpe-Thiid  LIculcnanI 


. ,      ,     ,    ,  ^,  ,    LIEUTENANTS 

S.lvei  Leal  — EriEinet'-in-Chiet  c 

GoldLeaf-Caplam 

Two  B*r,-F.rji  L.eu.cnani 

One  B.r-Second  L.euleninl 

No  Leil  or  Bai,-1  h..d  L.eulen^n. 

No  Ancho;,  Leatei  in  Centei— Cade 


LIEUTENANTS 


Si..pe.a.Sho-i.~Engin«t-m-Cl.ie( 
Holl  Widlh  Ccnie.  5lr.pe-C»pla.n 
T«.o  Equal  Slr.pe,-FiMl  L.eulenan, 
One  >nd  Otie-hall  Sinpei-Second 

Liemenanl 
One  S,Mpe-Tt.,idLieuten«nl 


ENGINEER  OFFICERS         ^°  s„.pc,-Cadei  engineer  of  (  icers 


DISTRICT  5LTERINTENDENTS 


CONSTRUCTORS  cunstructohs 

^  Siript)  at  Shown— Senioi  Supelir 

Gold  Leal-Senm.  S.,pei.n1endehi     M^BH  lender.1 

TwoBa<9-F.r>l  L.eulenani  ^^^H  T»o  Fqu.l  Sli.pe.-Fi.M  L.euleni 

One  B»,-Second  L.cu.enaM  W^^m  One  and  One-hall   Sit.pe.-Setor 

Anchor  Only-Th.-d  L.ei,ien»ni  I"  —  L.euienant 

^^^^^  One  Sitipe-Th.id  Lirutenanl  ^^^^^^^HHHagilUi 

DISTRICT    SUPERINTENDENTS    Cre  =  n  Cloth  Between  Sulpe*    DISTRICT  SLPEfilNTENDENTS 

COLLAR.  SLEEVE  AND  SHOULDER  INSIGNIA  OF  COMMISSIONED  OFFICERS 
OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  COAST  GUARD. 


lUARlSE  GUNNER  CARPENTER 


COLLAR  DEVICES  OF 
WARRANT  OFFICERS 
U-  S.  COAST  GUARD 


MACHINIST  CARPENTER  SAILMAK.ER  BLACKSMITH  COXSWAIN  'J'ATER  TFNDER 

SPECIALTY  MARKS  PETTY  OFFICERS  U,  S.  COAST  GUARD 

tWom  with  rating  badges  similar  lo  ihose  at  iooi  ol  page  -t  1  7 ) 


THE  NATIONAL  GEOGRArniC  MAf.AZlNi: 


-ll'J 


US. 


UNITED  SI  \IL>  I'LULIC  llt^XLTH  SERVICP 


AflaaaaaAi 


MK„LU,\  .^Sal-StHu  it-M^K-^-ilL,  F,\i^^a)Ai^I  .V^l    5LHU.  I 

tJ.sU«AL  CO.ERAL  o«.vtJ»  jLiRa  HV 

SliRCE"N  -caa        INSIGNIA  OF  RANK  ON  SHOl'l  OS 


\H.VMIM  Ut\J-l_V-'.  IMU'-'M 


CLNLK.\L  lJ-N  L        "■  >i 


-  r.  AiMSTANT 

'•^  SLRGEON. 


M^H         ta^M         ^^1        ^^^ 

1  1  11 


tOTr.  r*.kM*w  <W4* 


riUKUAcuT 


iM  lLAA^ 


SLEEVE  MARKS  ON  OVERCOATS 


■.>  (NUtoon  S>lk) 


Crnx^ftix^^^ 


K     LAL-NDRYIklAN       ; 
LMTEO  STATES  PUBUC  HEALTH  SERVKE 


THE  GENEVA  CROSS 


r* 


-> 

\ 


•  a       ' 


'-UBKLS  CLOnt 


i.Hr.A.'i.KUj 


\'/ 


\  «nRN    XSBOAO 

-.l\  r    M    r     *    Ml  »fT*RIJ.« 


TSOr  COI.L'UM.S  MCBM 


graph  by  May  I,.  Smith 


MAKERS   OF    TIIR    FLAG 


Then  conquer  \vc  must,  wlien  our  cause  it  is  just, 
And  tills  be  our  motto-  "In  God  is  our  trust." 
And  tlie  Star  Spangled  Banner  in  triumph  shall  wave 
O'er  the  land  of  the   free  and  the  home  of  the  brave. 


420 


(^ 


TJFO^NIA  L1B1>  \V^' 


14  DAY  USE 

RETURN  TO  DESK  FROM  WHICH  BORROWED 

LOAN  DEPT. 

This  book  is  due  on  the  last  date  stamped  below,  or 

on  the  date  to  which  renewed. 

Renewed  books  are  subject  to  immediate  recall 


2Sla^lL_JiU6 1  6  1974  V  0 


jr.- 28 '65-3  PM 


mLi»'H 


— ^ 


-IM3 


,\2'^^ 


SEP  t  2  2004 


>EB2b'65-2PW 


f  tB  1 7  1969  7  0 


RECEIVED 


I^OftM  DEPT. 


BFr-n  LB  toi>§i?W/ 

-60m-4  '64  Geoeral  Liorary  , 


LD  21A-60m-4,'64 

(E4555sI0)476B 


Geoeral  Library 

Uoiversity  of  California 

Berkeley 


8 


YD  06685 


:*(Sl»Wt 


